AP微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)必備單詞匯總

1、AP微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)必備單詞匯總?cè)榇蠹揖恼砹薃P微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)必備單詞匯總，分享給大家，供大家參考，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助!1、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)部分n Scarcity 稀缺性n Resources 資源: labor land capitaln Comparative advantage 比較優(yōu)勢(shì), absolute advantage 絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)n opportunity cost機(jī)會(huì)成本n Production possibilities frontier生產(chǎn)可能性邊界n an outward bow 向外彎曲n PPF上的點(diǎn)：Unattainable 不能達(dá)到的，efficient 有效率的n Th

2、e Principle of Increasing Cost 機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增規(guī)律n Specialization 專(zhuān)業(yè)化n Beneficial 有好處的n Command economy(socialism)計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)n Market economy (capitalism)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì): buyers and sellers exchange(交易) goods and services on a voluntary basis(自愿基礎(chǔ)上)n Equitable 公平的n Productive 有生產(chǎn)能力的n Fundamental 基礎(chǔ)的n Adaptable 形容生產(chǎn)兩種產(chǎn)品所需的資源差不多

3、，如運(yùn)動(dòng)衣和襯衣。n Constant 持續(xù)的，不變的2、供給和需求，彈性n Equilibrium Quantity / price 均衡數(shù)量/價(jià)格n increase/decrease 增加/減少n demand/supply 需求/供給n quantity demanded/quantity supplied 需求量/供給量n shift to the left 向左移動(dòng) a movement along the curve 沿著曲線的移動(dòng)n determinants 決定因素，影響因素n taste preference 口味，偏好n expectation of income 對(duì)未來(lái)

4、收入的預(yù)期n substitute/complement 替代品/互補(bǔ)品n Necessity/Luxury 必需品/ 奢侈品n Normal goods/ inferior goods 收入增加購(gòu)買(mǎi)增加的產(chǎn)品/ 收入增加購(gòu)買(mǎi)反倒減少n Expenditure 消費(fèi)，支出n tax/ subsidy 稅/補(bǔ)助n shortage/surplus 供不應(yīng)求/ 供大于求n Simultaneous 同時(shí)的n indeterminate 不確定的n Price ceiling/price floor 最高限價(jià)/最低限價(jià)n Gasoline 汽油 steak 牛排n Input 投入n Below/a

5、bove 在下/在上n Effective 有效的 efficient 有效率的n Price Elasticity of Demand 需求價(jià)格彈性n Price Elasticity of Supply 供給價(jià)格彈性n Income Elasticity of Demand 收入需求彈性n cross elasticity of demand 交叉需求彈性n Proportion 比例3、剩余，稅收，國(guó)際貿(mào)易n Trade 貿(mào)易n Tax稅, tax revenue稅收收入=T*Q, distribution of tax burden 稅收負(fù)擔(dān)的分配n a per-unit(an exc

6、ise) sales tax 每賣(mài)出一件收取Tn a lump sum tax 無(wú)論盈利多少，固定收取T可以理解成罰款n price without tax 不收稅時(shí)的價(jià)格n price buyers pay 消費(fèi)者支付價(jià)格 price sellers receive 廠商得到的價(jià)格n Tariff 關(guān)稅n Consumer/producer surplus,消費(fèi)者生產(chǎn)者剩余 deadweight loss無(wú)謂損失n Export出口, import進(jìn)口n Domestic price 國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格, world price世界價(jià)格n Net gain 凈收益4、要素市場(chǎng)部分n derived d

7、emand 派生需求n Factors 要素：Labor 勞力 capital 資本 land 土地-注意各要素之間的影響!n MRP marginal revenue product 邊際產(chǎn)量值n MP marginal (physical)product 邊際產(chǎn)量n Wage taker 指企業(yè)只能接受市場(chǎng)工資水平n Immigration 移民-使勞動(dòng)供給增加n Productivity 生產(chǎn)能力n Leisure 休閑，閑暇n Lorenz curve曲線n Gini coefficient基尼系數(shù)-一般不考，作為常識(shí)5、市場(chǎng)失靈，外部性，公共物品n Market failure 市場(chǎng)

8、失靈n Negative 負(fù) positive 正n externality 外部性 spillover effects 外溢效應(yīng)n allocate resources efficiently 有效配置資源n Marginal Social Benefit 邊際社會(huì)效益 MSC 邊際社會(huì)成本n Remedy 補(bǔ)救措施 policy 政策 action 措施n Internalize 內(nèi)部化n Impose a tax 征稅 use subsidy 補(bǔ)貼n Public goods 公共物品 private goods 私人物品n Prevent from doing 排除，阻止n Rival

9、 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的n Excludable 排他的 exclude排除n Free rider 搭便車(chē)的人，享用公共物品但不付費(fèi)的人n Neither consumers nor producers，other than the buyers and sellers 消費(fèi)者和廠商之外的群體n Chemical industry 化工企業(yè) Pollute the air 污染空氣-見(jiàn)于負(fù)外部性n National defense 國(guó)防-見(jiàn)于正外部性或公共物品!n vaccine 疫苗 disease 疾病-見(jiàn)于正外部性!n firework 爆竹-見(jiàn)于負(fù)外部性6、消費(fèi)者選擇n Income effect

10、收入效應(yīng)n substitution effect替代效應(yīng)n Total utility 總效用n Decreasing marginal utility邊際效用遞減-例子：吃餅的故事n Budget constraint 消費(fèi)者的預(yù)算約束n real income 收入的實(shí)際購(gòu)買(mǎi)力-見(jiàn)于價(jià)格變動(dòng)時(shí)的收入效應(yīng)7、成本和市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)n Accounting profit會(huì)計(jì)利潤(rùn)，economic profit經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)n Explicit costs顯性成本，implicit costs隱性成本n Normal profit/ breaking even指的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)為0(但依然賺著會(huì)計(jì)利潤(rùn))n tot

11、al cost總成本, fixed cost固定成本, variable cost可變成本, production function生產(chǎn)函數(shù)n law of diminishing marginal returns/product 邊際產(chǎn)量遞減n efficient scale有效規(guī)模產(chǎn)量(ATC最小時(shí))n economies of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) diseconomies of scale 規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì), returns to scalen eventually 最終n Earn (zero) economic profit有經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)或0利潤(rùn)n Incur a loss 導(dǎo)致?lián)p失n Pr

12、ofit maximization 利潤(rùn)最大化n Imperfect competition 非完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)n Price taker 企業(yè)只能接受市場(chǎng)定價(jià) price maker/ market power 企業(yè)可自行定價(jià)n Exit停業(yè), shutdown退出, enter進(jìn)入, entry進(jìn)入(名詞)n Patent專(zhuān)利, copyrights版權(quán), natural monopoly自然壟斷n price Discrimination 價(jià)格歧視n Antitrust policy反托拉斯法管制非完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的企業(yè)n Excess Capacity 產(chǎn)能過(guò)剩(有多余產(chǎn)能沒(méi)用上)n Product differentiation 產(chǎn)品差異化， advertising廣告n Interdependent互相依賴(lài), collusion 聯(lián)盟，cartels卡特爾n Efficient, inefficient 有效的，無(wú)效的n Payoff matrix支付矩陣, dominant strategy占優(yōu)策略 game theory 博弈論n Fair return 需求曲線和AC曲線