語法--從句.ppt

1、從句,名詞從句,定語從句,狀語從句,主語從句,表語從句,賓語從句,同位語從句,名詞從句,引導名詞從句的連詞:,1、that: 在從句中不作句子成分；引導賓語從句(不含介 詞賓語從句)時可以省略（尤其是當主句的主語與從句 的主語一致時或從句的主語為代詞時），但有時引導 后置的主語從句時也可以省略（口語中）； 2、what/who(whom)/which/whose：在從句中分別作 主語、賓語、表語或定語，不可以省略； when/where/why/how：在從句中分別作狀語，表示 時間、地點、原因及方式，不可以省略；,3、whether (or)/if：意為“是否”，在從句中不 作句子成分，不可

2、以省略； whether (or)可引導主語從句、賓語從句、 表語從句及同位語從句； if 只能引導動詞賓語從句；,主 語 從 句,1. That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us. (月球環(huán)繞地球轉動， 這是我們大家都熟知的。) It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth. 2. When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decided. (會議什么時候召開還沒有決定。)

3、 It has not yet been decided when,3. Whether she will join us wont make too much difference. (她是否參與我們的活動無關緊要。) It wont make too much difference whether 4. Which way is more effective is still a question. (哪種辦法效率更高還是個問題。) It is still a question which way,賓 語 從 句,1. We know (that) a parrot cant really

4、 speak. (我們知道鸚鵡不會真的說話。) 2. He wants to tell us what he thinks. (他想告訴 我們他所想的事情。) 3. A little observation will show how the temperature changes. (稍加觀察就可以看出溫度 是怎么變化的。),4. Up to now we cant say whether/if his theory can stand the test. (到目前為止我們還不能說他的理論是否經得住考驗) 5. There is disagreement among economists a

5、bout what money is and how money is measured. (什么是貨幣以及怎樣計量貨幣在經濟學家之間存有分歧。),表 語 從 句,One idea is that fish is the best brain food. (有一種看法認為魚是最好的補腦食品。) 2. Thats why we decided to put the discussion off. (這就是我們決定推遲討論的 原因。) 3. It looks as if /though it s going to rain. (看起來好象要下雨。),4. Raw material is what

6、we are badly in need of. (原料才是我們急需的東西。) 5. My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory. (我的問題是信息是怎樣儲存在長時記憶中的。),同位語從句,I have an idea that parents should monitor the kind of television their children watch.(我有一個想法，父母應檢查孩子看電視的內容。) 2. Is there any proof that the food of the plant di

7、ffers from that of animals? (有沒有任何證據(jù)能說明植物的食物不同于動物 的食物？),3. There is the news that some British customers will visit our company.(有消息說幾個英國客戶要來我公司參觀。) 4. This is still a question whether we will hold a evening party or not.(我們是否會舉辦晚會，這還是個問題。) 注意：常帶同位語從句的名詞有fact (事實), news (消息), belief (信仰), doubt (懷疑)

8、, evidence (證據(jù)), proof (證明), hope(希望), possibility(可能性), idea(主意), thought(想法)等。,定語從句,限制性定語從句,非限制性定語從句,引導定語從句的連接詞（關系代詞/關系副詞）：,1、關系代詞： who/whom-指人，在從句中作主語/賓語，作賓語可省略； which-指物，在從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語可省略； that-指人或物，在從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語可省略； 不能引導非限制性定語從句，不能接在介詞后引導 從句； whose-指人或物，在從句中作定語； which/as(正如)-指代整個主句, 引導非限制性定語從句

9、， 在從句中作主語或賓語； 注意: 在非限制性定語從句中，關系代詞不能省略。,2、關系副詞： when-修飾表時間的名詞，在從句中作時間狀語； where-修飾表地點的名詞，在從句中作地點狀語； why-修飾表原因的名詞，在從句中作原因狀語； 3、介詞 + 關系代詞： when at /in /on +which where at /in /on /to + which why for which,There are many sounds which/that have a meaning and yet are not words. (有許多聲音有意義但不是詞。) 2. Some peop

10、le who/that are successful language learners often fail in other fields. (有些在語言學習上很有成就的人，在其 他領域常常一無所成。),3. Here is the man (whom/who/that) youre been looking for. (這就是你一直在找的人。) 4. She lives in the house whose door and windows are broken. (她住在門窗已經壞了的房子里。),At the time when I saw him, he was well. (在我看

11、到他的時候，他身體很好。) 2. This is the place where the accident took place last night. (這就是昨晚發(fā)生事故 的地方。) Or: This is the place at which 3. This is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan. (這就是我不贊成你的計劃的原因。) Or: This is the reason for which ,4. There are scientific ways (in which) man solve problems. (有一些人

12、類用來解決問題的 科學方法。) 5. The girl to whom you spoke is my sister. (跟你說話的那個女孩是我妹妹。) Or: The girl (whom/that) you spoke to is my sister.,非限制性定語從句,1. Steel, which has many useful properties, is widely used in the machine-building industry.(鋼有許多有用的特性，所以它在機械制造業(yè)中得到了廣泛的應用。) 2. Mr. Brown, who just came from Brita

13、in yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.(布郎先生昨天剛從英國來，這學期將教我們會計學。),3. She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives. (她準備到海南度寒假，那兒她有一些親戚。) 4. I have known Mr. Li , whose novels are now very popular with the young. (我認識了李先生，他的小說目前很受年輕人的喜 愛。),非限制性定語從句中 which

14、 /as 都可指代整個主句，但which引導的從句只能放在主句之后，而as引導的從句可放在主句之前、中和后，位子較活。,1. He is very selfish, which his friends know well.(他非常自私，這一點他的朋友都很了解。) 2. The earth is round, which has been proved to be true.(地球是橢圓形的，這一點已得到證實。),1. As our teacher pointed out, that is of benefit to the people.(正如我們老師所指出 的，那對人民是有好處的。) 2.

15、This machine, as might be expected, has stopped operating.(正如所料，這臺機器已 停止轉動。) 3. He came very early this morning, as (was) usual. (他象往常一樣，今天早晨來得很早。),注意：1. I love the city (which/ that) I visited last year.2. I love the city where/ in which I was born.,區(qū)別：定語從句或同位語從句 1. He told me the news that they ha

16、d gone to Japan. 2. This is the news that he told me yesterday.,只能使用 that 情況：,1、先行詞(被修飾的名詞) 前的定語為序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高 級時； 1) The first thing (that) we should do is to work out a plan. (我們應當做的第一件事是訂個計劃。) 2) This is one of the most exciting football games (that) I have ever seen. (這是我所看過的足球賽中最激烈的一場。),2、先行詞為 all,

17、 everything, nothing, something, anything, little 等不定代詞時； 1) Is there anything (that) I can do for you? (有什么 事我可以幫你做嗎？) 2) He told me something (that) I had never heard of. (他告訴我一些我過去聞所未聞的事情。) 3) Thats all (that) I know. (我知道的就這些。),狀語從句,狀語從句按其意義可分為 時間、地點、原因、目的、 結果、條件、比較、方式、讓步 等類別。,I. 常用連詞: when (當時侯

18、, 就在這時) whenever (在任何時候) as (當時候, 一邊一邊,隨著 ) while (正當時;在期間) before (在以前) after (在之后) since (自從以來) once (一旦) until (直到) by the time (到時) as soon as (一就) hardly/scarcely(had + S. done) when(一就) no sooner (had + S. done) than (一就),1、時間狀語從句,Come and see me whenever you want to. (任何時候想來就來看看我。) 2）As he wa

19、s making his experiments, he observed this physical phenomenon. (當他在做實驗時,他觀察到這個物理現(xiàn)象。) 3) You havent changed much since we met last year. (自從去年我們見面以來, 你變化不大。) 4) I was just getting into the bath when the telephone rang. (我正要洗澡,電話響了。),II. 由名詞和副詞充當?shù)倪B詞: the moment /minute / instant(that) (一) the first /

20、last / next time (第一次/最后一次/下次)every /each time (每次,每當)instantly /directly / immediately (立刻就 , 馬上就),1）Every time I went to his house, he was out. (我每次去他家時,他總不在。) 2）I realized her the instant (that) I saw her. (我一眼就認出是她。) 3）I started the very moment I got your message. (我一接到你的口信就動身了。) 4）I went home d

21、irectly I had finished work. (我一干完活就回家了。) 5）I came immediately I heard the news. (一聽到這個消息，我馬上就來了。) 6）The fist time I saw her, she was still a little girl. (我第一次見到她時，她還是個小女孩。),2、條件狀語從句,常用連詞： If (如果), unless (除非,若不) suppose /supposing (假設) provided /providing (that) (假若) on condition (that)(如果) as/so

22、long as (只要) in case (如果),I shall return on Thursday unless something unexpected happens. (除非發(fā)生以外情況,否則我星期四回來。) 2）Suppose /Supposing we cant get the necessary data, what shall we do? (假如我們弄不到必要的數(shù)據(jù),那我們怎么辦呢?) 3）Well let you use the room provided/ providing you keep it clean and tidy. (我們可以讓你用這個房間, 但你要保

23、持房間整潔。),4) You can go out as long as you promise to be back before 11 oclock. (只要你保證11點以前回來， 你就可以出去。) 5) Send me a message in case you have any difficulty. (萬一有什么困難，請給我捎個信。) 6) Ill lend you my computer on condition (that) you keep it in good shape. (如果你能保持我的計算機的良好狀態(tài)，我 就可以借給你用。),3、地點狀語從句,常用連詞: where(

24、哪里，在地方), wherever(無論什么地方);,1) Wherever you go, you will see great changes that have taken place in that city. (不管你走到哪里,你都會看到那座城市發(fā)生的巨大變化。) 2) My home town lies where the two rivers meet. (我的故鄉(xiāng)位于那兩條河匯合的地方。) 3) Sit where you like.(你想坐在哪里就坐在哪里。) 4) Ill go where my parents live for the holiday. (我要到我父母度假

25、住的地方去。) 5) After the war, a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre. (戰(zhàn)后,在曾經是個劇院的地方建起了一幢新校樓。）,4、比較狀語從句,常用連詞： asas (像一樣), not so/asas (不像一樣) than (比更), thethe (愈愈) asso (正如那樣),much, still, a little, a bit 等詞語可用來 放在形容詞或副詞比較級的前面起修飾作用，表示程度。,1) He worked as fast as a skilled wo

26、rker. (他干得像熟練工人一樣地快。) 2) The project was completed earlier than we had expected.(這項工作完成得比我們預計的要早。) 3) She didnt work so/as hard as her sister. (她工作不象她姐姐那么努力。) 4) The more you practice, the more you know. (練習愈多，知道的愈多) 5) Just as the French love their wine, so the English love their beer. (正如法國人喜歡喝葡萄酒

27、，英國人愛喝啤酒。),5、原因狀語從句,常用連詞： because(因為), as(由于), since(既然，由于), not thatbut that (不是因為 而是因為), in that (因為) 書面 now that(既然), seeing that (因為), considering that (鑒于), etc.,She has just missed her bus because the timetable has changed. (因為汽車時刻表變了，她沒有趕上汽車。) 2) As the weather was fine, we decided to climb t

28、he mountain. (因為天氣很好，我們決定爬山。) Now that all are present, lets start the discussion. (既然全都到場了，我們就開始討論。) 4) He felt a bit worried, not that his students were not working hard, but that they cared little for their health. (他有些著急，不是因為他的學生不努力，而是因為他們不太注意身體健康。),6、目的狀語從句,常用連詞: that (為了，以便), so that (為了，以便),

29、in order that (為了，以便), lest (以免，以防), for fear that (生怕), in case（萬一）etc.,1) They set out early that they might arrive at the station in good time. (他們很早就出發(fā)了，以便及時趕到車站。) 2) We sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach them in time. (這封信我們航空郵寄，以便他們能及時收到。),3) We must hurry off lest we (sh

30、ould) miss the bus. (我們得馬上走了，以免趕不上汽車。) 4) Lets take the front seats so that we can see more clearly. (我們坐前排吧，這樣可以看得清楚些。),7、結果狀語從句,常用連詞: that (結果，以致) so that (結果，以致) sothat (如此以致) suchthat (這樣的以致),1) The problem is so complicated that it will take us much time to work it out. (這道題這么復雜,我們要用很多時間才能解決.)

31、2) The weather was bad for some weeks, so that progress with the building of the power station slowed down.(一連好幾個星期天氣都很惡劣, 因此發(fā)電站的 建設進度放慢了.),The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it. (飛機飛行高度這么高,以致我們幾乎看不到它。) His father gave him so many toys that he couldnt play with

32、them all. (他父親給了他那么多玩具,他都玩不過來。）,8、方式狀語從句,常用連詞： (just) as (像，如同) as if /though (似乎，好象) the way (that) (以的方式),Please state the facts as they are. (請如實地陳述事實。) 2) Just do as I am doing.(就照我這樣做。) I remember the whole thing as if /though it happened yesterday. (整個事情我都記得，就像昨天才發(fā)生的一樣。),9、讓步狀語從句,常用連詞： although/though (雖然) as (盡管，雖然)