詩(shī)歌的內(nèi)部要素.ppt

1、Appreciation of English and American Poetry,Zhang Wen-hui Department of Foreign Studies,第一講：詩(shī)歌概論（二）,Review 復(fù)習(xí)第一部分：詩(shī)歌概述,詩(shī)歌的界定 Definition of English Poetry the genological level the popular typographical level The intellectual level,The Externals of Poetry: Versification and Prosification,Syllable, Sy

2、llabification and Stress The Foot formation or the meter type The Stanzaic Form: the couplet, the triplet, and the quatrain. The rhyme and other sound devices： The numeral types of rhyme: masculine rhyme, feminine rhyme, Triple rhyme Positional types of the rhyme: End rhyme, Internal rhyme, Interlac

3、ed rhyme/ crossed rhyme, Beginning rhyme. Alliteration, Onomatopoeia,Content,詩(shī)歌的內(nèi)部要素： The Internals of Poetry 1.The Nature of Poetry 2. Imagination 3. Imagery: Image and Symbol 4. Subject Matters and Themes 詩(shī)歌的類式：The Genres of Poetry 1. lyrical poetry 2. narrative poetry 英語詩(shī)歌的分析方法 Approaches towards

4、 poetry text analyses,The internals of poetry:,Properties of poetry fall into two categories: the external, including all those concerning the outer form of poetry; and the internal, all those concerning the inner content of poetry. And it is often the internals rather than the externals decide whet

5、her a composition is poetry or not.,1.The Nature of Poetry詩(shī)歌的本質(zhì),literature that evokes a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience or a specific emotional response through language chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound, and rhythm. (The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 9) 詩(shī)的本質(zhì)屬性就是：“用凝練的

6、語言、充沛的情感、豐富的想象，高度集中地表現(xiàn)社會(huì)生活和人的精神世界。”,2. Imagination 想象,Imagination is often regarded as the more seriously and deeply creative faculty, which perceives the basic resemblances between things, as distinguished from fancy, the lighter more decorative faculty, which perceived superficial resemblances. (W

7、ebsters Dictionary of the English Language, Encyclopedic Edition),想象它是一種特殊的思維形式。是人在頭腦里對(duì)已儲(chǔ)存的表象進(jìn)行加工改造形成新形象的心理過程。也就是人們將過去經(jīng)驗(yàn)中已形成的一些暫時(shí)聯(lián)系進(jìn)行新的結(jié)合。它是人類特有的對(duì)客觀世界的一種反映形式。它能突破時(shí)間和空間的束縛，達(dá)到思接千載神通萬里的境域。,The generative or productive core of all the internals of poetry is (A) the act of power of forming mental images

8、of what is not actually present; (B) the act of power of creating mental images of what has never been actually experienced, or of creating new images or ideas by combing previous experiences. 有人問馮驥才“散文、小說和詩(shī)歌究竟怎樣區(qū)分？”馮答：“一個(gè)人平平常常走在路上，就像散文；一個(gè)人忽然被推到了水里，就成了小說；一個(gè)人被大地彈射到了月亮中，就是詩(shī)歌?！?如果沒理解錯(cuò)的話，作家的意思是說，詩(shī)人較之常人更

9、具有非凡的想象力。,W. Shakespeare, through the mouth of Theseus, Duke of Athens, describes the working of imagination: The lunatic, the lover, and the poet, Are of imagination all compact: One sees more devils than vast hell can hold; That is the madman: the lover, all as frantic, Sees Helens beauty in a bro

10、w of Egypt: The poets eyes, in a fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to earth, form earth to heaven, And as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poets pen Turns them to shapes, and give airy nothing A local habitation and a name. -(A Midsummer Nights Dream),莎士比亞的仲夏夜之夢(mèng)第五

11、幕： 瘋子、情人和詩(shī)人都是想象的產(chǎn)兒， 瘋子眼中所見的鬼， 比廣大地獄里所能容納的還多。 情人和瘋子一樣癲狂， 能從埃及黑人的臉上看到海倫的美。 詩(shī) 人的眼睛在神奇狂放的一轉(zhuǎn)中, 便能從天上看到地下,從地下看到天上。 想像會(huì)把不知名的事物用一種形式呈現(xiàn)出來， 詩(shī)人的筆再使它們具有如實(shí)的形象， 空虛的無物也會(huì)有了居處和名字。,3. Imagery: Image and Symbol,意象：意象 與象征 Imagery意象：Imagery is the production of imagination. It covers verbal, and non-verbal description o

12、r representation of objects, actions, feelings, thoughts, ideas, states of mind, and any sensory and extra-sensory experience. More specifically, imagery signifies the collective body of images, or images taken collectively; all the objects and qualities of sense perception referred to in the poem;

13、the formation and presentation of images.,所謂意象，就是客觀物象經(jīng)過創(chuàng)作主體獨(dú)特的情感活動(dòng)而創(chuàng)造出來的一種藝術(shù)形象。簡(jiǎn)單地說，意象就是寓“意”之“象”，就是用來寄托主觀情思的客觀物象。在比較文學(xué)中，意象的名詞解釋是：所謂“意象”簡(jiǎn)單說來，可以說就是主觀的“意”和客觀的“象”的結(jié)合，也就是融入詩(shī)人思想感情的“物象”，是賦有某種特殊含義和文學(xué)意味的具體形象。簡(jiǎn)單地說就是借物抒情。,Image意象,Image is an artifact that depicts or records visual perception, for example, a tw

14、o-dimensional picture, that has a similar appearance to some subjectusually a physical object or a person, thus providing a depiction of it. 1. Literal and figurative images: the former presented in literal language, the latter conveyed in figurative language.照字面意思的意象和比喻的意象,2. The conceptual and the

15、 perceptual images:概念上的意象與感覺上的意象 The former appeals to what is described as intellect, the latter pertains to one or more than one of the senses of the reader. It may be: visual, olfactory (smell), tactile (touch), auditory (hearing), gustatory (taste) and Kinaesthetic (pertaining to the sense of mo

16、vement and bodily effort)動(dòng)覺意象 Senses overlap, intermingle and combine, resulting in the mixing of sensations, such as seeing or hearing of a smell, touching or hearing a colour, and touching or tasting a sound.,概念上的意象：在談到東西方文化時(shí)，我們常常提到東方美，到底什么樣的美是東方美呢，似乎是個(gè)只可意會(huì)不可言傳的意象，但我們?nèi)匀荒軓倪@三個(gè)字中感到有一種神秘、魅力、美麗、悠遠(yuǎn)以及自豪的

17、東西存在。東方美是一個(gè)與文化、美學(xué)、心理學(xué)緊緊聯(lián)系的抽象概念，狹義地講，它是共存于中國(guó)和西方之間的文化沖突的一種產(chǎn)物。,感覺上的意象,掌上的心 如果我能把心托在掌上 像紅紅的草莓 托在厚厚的綠葉上 那么，你就會(huì)一目了然 你就會(huì)說 哦，多么可愛的紅潤(rùn) 可是，如果我真的把心托在掌上 像紅紅的草莓 托在厚厚的綠葉上 那么，定會(huì)被可惡的鳥啄破 我該怎么說呢 該怎么表達(dá)這裂心的痛苦？-雷抒雁，當(dāng)代詩(shī)人，作家,Eg: O, for a draught of vintage! that hath been Coold a long age in the deep-delved earth, Tasting

18、of Flora and the country green, Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth! - Ode to a Nightingale 哎，要是有一口酒！那冷藏 在地下多年的清醇飲料， 一嘗就令人想起綠色之邦， 想起花神，戀歌，陽光和舞蹈！ 荊溪白石出，天寒紅葉稀。 山路元無雨，空翠濕人衣。王維 山中,Symbol 象征 An image combined with a concept makes a symbol, a literary symbol. The symbol may be public or private,

19、 universal or local. A universal or public symbol is an image whose concept or significance is conventionally determinate within a particular culture, or known to several cultures. A local or private symbol recurs in the culture of a local community or merely in them and of a particular individual,

20、and its significance is generated for the community or the individual himself. Often pose a difficult problem in interpretation.,象征,藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的基本藝術(shù)手法之一。借用某種具體的形象的事物暗示特定的人物或事理，以表達(dá)真摯的感情和深刻的寓意，這種以物征事的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法叫象征。象征的表現(xiàn)效果是：寓意深刻，能豐富人們的聯(lián)想，耐人尋味，使人獲得意境無窮的感覺；能給人以簡(jiǎn)練、形象的實(shí)感，能表達(dá)真摯的感情。 象征：用具體事物表現(xiàn)某些抽象意義，或者用可以看見的標(biāo)記表現(xiàn)不可見的某種物

21、(如一種概念或一種風(fēng)俗) 。 例：十字架象征殉道和神圣。 例：花語。,根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣和一定的社會(huì)習(xí)俗，選擇人民群眾熟知的象征物作為本體，也可表達(dá)一種特定的意蘊(yùn)。如紅色象征喜慶、白色象征哀悼、喜鵲象征吉祥、烏鴉象征厄運(yùn)、鴿子象征和平，鴛鴦象征愛情等。運(yùn)用象征這種藝術(shù)手法，可使抽象的概念具體化、形象化，可使復(fù)雜深刻的事理淺顯化、單一化，還可以延伸描寫的內(nèi)蘊(yùn)、創(chuàng)造一種藝術(shù)意境，以引起人們的聯(lián)想，增強(qiáng)作品的表現(xiàn)力和藝術(shù)效果。 The nightgale in John Keats, and the perne and the gyre in W.B. Yeats.,4. Subject Matters

22、and Themes,Subject Matters內(nèi)容，題材 : refers to that which is treated in the work. theme 主題：signifies the central idea stated directly or indirectly in the work. Of innumerable subject matters or matter cycles, and themes or thematic areas, there are some dominant ones: Love, religion, philosophy and mo

23、rality, history, society, nature, war and peace, life and art, mortality and immortality, etc. The readers never fail to recognize the subject matter or matters of a poem. But very often he finds that there is a great complexity with the theme or themes of the poem. Sometimes a poem presents but one

24、 simple theme, and sometimes, a poem contains several themes, or ever stock themes.,5. The Genres of Poetry詩(shī)歌的類式,Conventionally, geologists classify poetry into two major domains: the lyrical and the narrative, but there are poems which belong to both or neither of these domains. 1) The lyrical poem

25、抒情詩(shī) The term lyric signifies any fairly short, non-narrative poem presenting a speaker who expresses a state of mind or a process of thought and feeling.,Lyrics fall in to classes, the folk and the literary. And there are subgenres of lyrics. They include aubade bd晨曲，黎明曲(適于日出時(shí)演唱的情歌), dramatic monolo

26、gue,戲劇獨(dú)白 elegy, 挽歌 epitaph, 墓志銘 epithalamion,賀新婚曲，?；榍?love song, ode, 頌歌 pastoral,牧歌；田園詩(shī) sonnet, 商籟體，十四行詩(shī) and many others.,2) The narrative poem 敘事詩(shī) It tells a story. It is widespread in all literatures. There are three major subclasses of narratives: epic史詩(shī), metrical romance羅曼司, and ballad民謠. 3) Dr

27、amatic poetry: refers to the poetic utterance in drama written in verse. Drama falls into two kinds: the performance drama and the closet drama. The performance drama: drama designed for performance. Closet drama案頭戲；書齋劇or dramatic poem: written in the form of a drama, designed to be read rather than

28、 to be performed in the theatre.,4) Other poetical Genres,Fable , allegory, and parable poem寓言詩(shī) Epistle poem書信詩(shī) Satirical poem 諷刺詩(shī) Didactic poem 說教/理詩(shī) Parodies(為嘲弄某作者或某作品而作成的)模仿滑稽詩(shī) Nursery rhymes童謠；兒歌 Concrete poetry (圖案式)有形詩(shī)體，圖像詩(shī)，具體詩(shī)(20世紀(jì)60年代流行于西方的一種文學(xué)流派，用字母或單詞排列成圖案來表達(dá)思想感情的圖案式有形詩(shī)體） Found poetry重拼詩(shī)(

29、從別的作品中拿出部分將之拼接起來） limericks打油詩(shī) （通常是小笑話乃至是胡謅，普通沒有標(biāo)題也無作者姓名，含有滑稽嘲笑性，常運(yùn)用雙關(guān)，內(nèi)韻等手法）,6. Approaches towards poetry text analyses,The extrinsic approach and the intrinsic approachRene Wellek Theory of Literature 韋勒克文學(xué)理論外緣方法和內(nèi)緣方法 The extrinsic study merely attempt to interpret literature in the light of its s

30、ocial context and its antecedents。(the life of the author, the social environment, the political, historical, social and economical factors etc.)基本上從社會(huì)背景、作者背景、作者思想背景等入手，考察與解釋作品，并且把作品看成社會(huì)、生平與思想等注重外部要素的反映和體現(xiàn)。,The intrinsic study: the interpretation and analysis of the works of literature themselves. T

31、he study of literature should, first of all, and foremost, concentrate on the actual works of art themselves. 基本上把作品看成自在自為的存在物，直接從作品本身入手，考察與分析其中蘊(yùn)藏的各種內(nèi)容或信息，并進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的闡釋。,詩(shī)歌的內(nèi)部要素： The Internals of Poetry 1.The Nature of Poetry 2. Imagination 3. Imagery: Image and Symbol 4. Subject Matters and Themes 詩(shī)歌的類式

32、：The Genres of Poetry 1. lyrical poetry 2. narrative poetry 英語詩(shī)歌的分析方法 Approaches towards poetry text analyses: 1.The extrinsic approach 2.The intrinsic approach,A Red，Red Rose by Robert Burns,O my luve is like a red, red rose, Thats newly sprung in June; O my luve is like the melodie Thats sweetly p

33、layed in tune. As fair thou art, my bonie lass, So deep in luve am I; And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a the seas gang dry.,Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun; And I will luve thee still , my dear, While the sands o life shall run. And fare thee weel, my only luve, And