大學(xué)英語四六級考試之翻譯

大學(xué)英語四六級考試之翻譯,閱卷統(tǒng)計顯示，有相當(dāng)一部分考生在詞匯方面并沒有多大障礙，但卻仍然沒能寫出準(zhǔn)確地道的譯文，究其原因，主要有以下幾點：這些考生只注重漢語意思的表達，而沒有明白題目考查的重點；忽略了整個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和語法需要，單從句子的漢語意思出發(fā)；忽略了英語的表達習(xí)慣，只按照漢語的順序直譯出來。 針對以上問題，考生除了掌握必要的詞匯以外，還要了解一些實用有效的避錯秘訣，才能使自己的譯文更加準(zhǔn)確地道，最終博得高分。,一、首先要明確考查要點,每道漢譯英題都有其考查重點，下筆翻譯前要通讀整個句子，思索該句子的考查重點是什么，明確出題人的意圖之后再進行有針對性地翻譯，這樣才能寫出準(zhǔn)確地道的譯文。,【例1】   （07-6-82）,82. The auto manufacturers found themselves _（正在同外國公司競爭市場的份額）. 【答案】competing against foreign companies for market share,【解析】本題考查現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補用法的掌握。明確了這一考查要點，就可以很容易給出正確的譯文。表示“與競爭”一般用compete against表達，注意介詞against的用法。,二 理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)再下筆,由于是補全句子，所以所給譯文不僅要清楚地表達出括號內(nèi)漢語的意思，還必須符合整個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)需要，因此，在下筆翻譯前考生要判斷該句是簡單句還是復(fù)雜句，分清句子的主干和修飾成分，然后根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)需要給出正確的譯文。,【例2】 （07-6-83）,83. Only in the small town _（他才感到安全和放松）. 【答案】can he feel safe and relaxed,【解析】本題考查倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握。當(dāng)“only狀語成份”位于句首時，句子結(jié)構(gòu)要求部分倒裝，故將情態(tài)動詞can提到主語he的前面。如果在翻譯之前沒有理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，則很容易將本句譯成正常語序。,三、不要受漢語語序影響,英語和漢語在語序的安排上存在很大差別，考生平時要注意培養(yǎng)英語的邏輯思維，漢譯英時不要一味地按照漢語的順序生搬硬套，要根據(jù)英語的語言習(xí)慣正確安排語序。,【例3】,Nobody thinks it advisable that the government  _（停止那條公路的建設(shè)）. 【答案】(should) stop the construction of the road,【解析】本題考查對虛擬語氣的掌握。advisable意為“可取的”，與其連用的名詞性從句中的謂語動詞要用should do的形式，should常省。翻譯本題時要注意根據(jù)英文表達習(xí)慣調(diào)整語序，如果按照漢語的語序直接譯成stop the roads construction就不符合英文的表達習(xí)慣。,四、用詞要簡潔規(guī)范,漢譯英時用詞要簡潔，譯文以表達清楚為宗旨，譯文中多余的詞不但不能增強語言的表現(xiàn)力，反而使語言顯得累贅，使表達顯得不夠清晰，因此漢譯英時要盡量避免重復(fù)啰嗦。另外，用詞要規(guī)范，盡量使用書面語言，避免使用成語、俚語和過于生僻的詞語，也不要堆砌華麗的辭藻。,【例4】 （新06-12-75）,75. I prefer to communicate with my customers _（通過寫電子郵件而不是打電話）. 【答案】via / by email instead of telephone,【解析】本題考查對介詞by或via以及短語instead of用法的掌握。表示通過某種方式，可以用by或via；表示“代替，而不是” 常用介詞短語instead of。需要注意的是，漢語中雖然有“寫”和“打”，但按照英語習(xí)慣可不必將其譯出，如果譯成by writing email instead of making a telephone，不但不會更加準(zhǔn)確地表達出漢語意思，反而會使表達顯得累贅而且不夠地道。,五、用詞要準(zhǔn)確貼切,漢譯英時用詞除了要簡潔規(guī)范以外，還要能夠準(zhǔn)確貼切地表達出所給漢語的意思?？忌诜g某個漢語詞匯時，往往在腦子會浮現(xiàn)出不止一個英文單詞，但是一般來說，這些英文單詞中只有一個是最符合此處的表達需要的，這就要求考生結(jié)合語境進行反復(fù)斟酌，從而選擇出最能夠準(zhǔn)確貼切地表達出此處漢語意思的詞匯。,【例5】,Human behavior is mostly a product of learning _ (然而，動物的行為主要依靠本能). 【答案】while animal behavior depends mainly on instinct /whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on instinct,【解析】本題考查對表示對比或相反情況的連接詞的掌握。while或whereas都可以作為連詞，表示前后的一種對比或相反的情況，意為"然而"。注意此處不要用however，盡管however也可以譯成漢語的“然而”，但however表示的是一種強烈的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，而不能強調(diào)前后情況的對比。,六、結(jié)合全句進行核查,翻譯完成后，要通讀全句，進行全面核查，這是不可缺少的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)，主要涉及以下幾項內(nèi)容：標(biāo)點符號、大小寫、單復(fù)數(shù)使用是否正確；譯文與漢語是否完全對應(yīng)，是否有多譯或漏譯單詞的情況；譯文時態(tài)與已給出的英文部分的時態(tài)是否一致、與所給漢語時態(tài)是否一致；譯文與已給出的英文部分連在一起是否通順、是否符合英語表達習(xí)慣。,七、注意合理分配時間,由于漢譯英只有5分鐘的時間，所以要合理分配各題時間，切忌在某一題上花費太長的時間，而最后耽誤了其他幾道題的翻譯，或是最后由于時間緊張而出現(xiàn)單詞拼寫、單復(fù)數(shù)、大小寫、標(biāo)點等方面的失誤。平時訓(xùn)練時，要注意控制時間，培養(yǎng)良好的翻譯習(xí)慣。,評分原則及標(biāo)準(zhǔn),1. 整體內(nèi)容和語言均正確，得1分。2. 結(jié)構(gòu)正確，但整體意思不確切、信息不全或用詞不當(dāng)，得0.5分。3. 整體意思正確但語言有錯誤，得0.5分。4. 整體意思完全錯誤，即使結(jié)構(gòu)正確也不得分。5. 大小寫錯誤及標(biāo)點符號忽略不計。,解題思路,1, 首先根據(jù)語法判斷待譯部分在句中的功能，結(jié)構(gòu)及形式，即在句中充當(dāng)什么成分,用動賓短語,介賓短語還是名詞性短語,是否要用從句,是否要倒裝等2, 注意選詞應(yīng)盡量貼切,尤其要注意搭配是否正確,不要混用近義詞和形近詞.3, 翻譯完成后再次通讀句子，檢查有無拼寫,用詞,語法或邏輯錯誤，檢查句子(整句)是否完整，主謂是否一致,代詞和名詞是否一致,是否遺漏了結(jié)構(gòu)詞,介詞等,并進行必要的修改和潤色.,種?？颊Z法要點歸納,. 比較結(jié)構(gòu)1). On average, it is said, visitors spend only_ （一半的錢）in a day in Leeds as in London. 2)Americans eat_（兩倍）protein as they actually need every day. 3) The number of the students in this city has _ (增加了6倍) in comparison with 2001.,half as much money,twice as much,increased 6 times,.用于表示“與相比”的短語Your losses in trade this year are nothing_（與我的相比）2) Since my childhood I have found that _( 沒有什么比讀書對我更有吸引力 ) 3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt bothered by his loudness so such_（而是他缺乏天分）,compared with mine/ in comparison with mine,nothing is more attractive to me than reading,as by his lack of talent,.狀語從句包括： as though   即使 hardly/barely/scarcelywhen  一就  Hardly had we sat down at the table, when the phone rang.  no soonerthan    一就       No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang. now that    既然，由于        so that 結(jié)果/以致in that      因為，由于In case that/ for fear that/ lest   以防，萬一，以免Unless     除非（才）  until 直到才Whetheror     不管是還是  as long as 只要   even if/though 雖然/即使,Examples:1)._（家也許很簡陋）, theres no place like home, wherever he may go. 2)._（我們一到山頂）than we all sat down to rest. 3)._(既然你很熟悉作者的想法), try reading all the sections as quickly as you possibly can.4).Criticism and self-criticism is necessary _(由于他們能幫助我們找出和改正錯誤),Humble as it may be,in that it helps to find and correct our mistakes,Now that you are familiar with the authors ideas,No sooner had we reached the top of the hill,5） Give me your telephone number _(以備我需要你的幫助) 6）_（政府才能有效運行） unless it is free from such interference.7） The substance does not dissolve in water _（不管是否加熱）8）_(要不是你們的幫助）,we would not  have succeeded.,in case I need your help,Government cannot operate effectively,whether (it is) heated or not,If it hadnt been for your help,.名詞性從句  (主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句及同位語從句）1) In some countries, _（所謂的平等）does not really mean equal rights for all people. 2) _ （給我印象最深的） were her liveliness and sense of humor. 3）We couldnt _（就該怎么辦達成一致）4) This is _ （魯迅曾經(jīng)住過的地方）,what is called “equality”,What impressed me most,agree on what should be done,where Lu Xun used to live,. 定語從句1) A good many proposals were raised by the delegates,_(正如預(yù)料的那樣).2)The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _（正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生在其他國家的情形一樣）3) Im not accustomed to such luxury, _ (它簡直是浪費錢).,as was to be expected,as is often the case in other countries,which is just a waste of money,分句關(guān)系代詞只能用that，而不能用which的主要情況1）當(dāng)先行詞是all, anything, everything, nothing, something, few, little, much, none, 等不定代詞時2）當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞(the first, the second) 或形容詞最高級所修飾時3）當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only等詞修飾時4） 當(dāng)先行詞是人而且有only, all, any等限定詞時，其后用作分句主語的關(guān)系代詞通常用 that (Any boy that wants to succeed must work hard.),.虛擬語氣）用于以下動詞之后的 that 分句當(dāng)中，分句動詞用原型或者是should +原型   (order, command, demand, insist, maintain, request, require, ask, recommend, propose, suggest, move, desire, etc) ）以下形容詞用于 It is +adj. +that 結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句動詞用原型或者是should +原型(advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fundamental, imperative, obligatory, important, necessary, proper, urgent, vital, proper,)3) 用在以下名詞之后的that 分句當(dāng)中，分句動詞用原型或者是should +原型（decision, decree(法令，判決)，demand, instruction, order, requirement, resolution, a pity, a shame, no wonder that,4）用于賓語從句中  wish5）用于某些特定結(jié)構(gòu)中, 如   If only,     as though/if,   It is (high) time that  是時候做某事了 （Its time you went to bed.）    would rather+從句 -would rather后接句子時，句子謂語習(xí)慣上要用虛擬語氣，具體用法為：    A.一般過去時表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?如     Id rather you came next Saturday.          我寧愿你下星期六來。     Id rather you were happy. 我愿你快樂。    B.用過去完成時表過去的愿望， 如      Id rather you hadnt said it.         我真希望你沒有這樣說過。      Id rather you hadnt done that.          我寧愿你沒這樣做。,1) The professor required that _（我們交研究報告）2) It is highly desirable that a new president_（被任命） for this college.3)Some women _(本來能夠掙一份很好的工資) in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.,we hand in our research reports,be appointed,could have made a good salary,4) But for his help, I _(我不可能這么早完成) 5)The victim _( 本來有機會活下來 ) if he had been taken to hospital in time .6) Its time_(采取措施) about the traffic problem downtown.,would not have finished so early,would have survived,something was done/some measures were taken,.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)）表示否定或限定意義的詞或短語位于句首時a. seldom, rarely, never;      b. Hardly/Scarcely  when, No sooner  than;      c. 包含only的狀語出現(xiàn)在句首;      d.當(dāng)包含no的短語出現(xiàn)在句首, at no time, under no circumstances, in no way, on no account, on no condition, by no means, etc.）so, neither, nor引導(dǎo)的句子承前表示同類情況時）地點狀語位于句首，動詞是come, lie, stand, walk等,1) Not until the game had begun _（他才到達）the sports around.2) If you wont agree to our plan,_(他們也不會同意).3) He had understood nothing, _ (也沒嘗試著去) understand. 4) Only after I slapped him on the back _( 他才發(fā)現(xiàn)我并高興得叫起來 ).,did he arrive at,neither will they,nor did he try to,did he notice me and shouted with happiness,.并列成分    and,    or,   nor,   but,    not but,        both and,    than,        not only but (also),         either or ,   neither nor      rather than  而不是 （instead of）I think Ill have a cold drink rather than coffee.    other than   (常用于否定句) 除以外（except）Ill be going away in June but other than that Ill be here all summer.,1) In fact, Peter would rather have left for San Francisco_ （而不愿待在紐約）2)In no country_ （除了在英國）, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.3)_（這兩本書都不認為）the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing.    neither of后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞，動詞用單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)都可以，復(fù)數(shù)動詞較正式。either or 亦同。,than stayed in New York,other than Britain,Neither of the two books hold,種?？荚~匯要點歸納,A. 接不定式或動名詞的動詞及短語以下單詞或詞組后接動名詞 ing     anticipate,   appreciate,   consider,   deny,   dislike,   enjoy, favor,   mind,   practise,   report,   resent,   risk,   keep, imagine/fancy,   recall,   defend, ,   include，   involve, justify（證明正確；對 解釋）, advise/suggest,   confess,       admit / acknowledge,      delay, postpone, put off,      excuse / forgive,    miss,     escape,   avoid,  tolerate,   resist,     give up,      dream of / about,  despair of （對喪失信心，感到絕望）,     object to,  feel like (想做某事),    count on （依靠, 指望）,  succeed in, insist on,     stick to,   persist in （堅持做某事）,   persevere in （堅持）,    look forward to, have (no) trouble / difficulty) in,以下單詞或詞組后接不定式 to do    refuse,   afford,   agree,   choose,   claim,   manage,   offer,   pretend,   promise,     swear to do (發(fā)誓，承諾去做某事), venture to do (小心謹慎地去做某事),                   guarantee to do保證去做某事,   decide/determine/resolve to do (決心去做某事),   desire/hope/wish,    expect,   以下單詞或詞組后接不定式 to do. 但是 to 省略   had better do   cannot but  do   may/might as well do  不妨做某事   would rather/sooner     ,1)Mr. Johnson preferred_. （別人給他重活干）2)She would appreciate_（收到來信）you sometime.3) I used _（以前抽煙抽得很兇）, but I gave it up three years ago.4) If you dont like to swim, you _（不妨待在家里）,to be given heavier work to do,hearing from,to smoke heavily,may as well stay at home,B.表因果關(guān)系的動詞詞組  lead to/result in  give rise to   使發(fā)生 The novels success gave rise to a number of sequels. 這部小說的成功帶來就系列的續(xù)篇。  result from/arise from  originate in/from  be responsible for,.常用短語 與動詞有關(guān)take  into account/consideration    把考慮在內(nèi);   accuse sb of (doing) sth    因為某事控告/譴責(zé)某人; charge sb with sth     因為某事控告/譴責(zé)某人;             charge sb (money) for sth     收費，要價;               benefit by/from sth     得益于，得利于;               comment on sth / make comments on sth  對作評論;                                                                        concentrate (ones attention) on/upon  集中注意力于; focus on (doing) sth集中注意力于;,convince sb. of sth.    使確信，使信服 You need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job. 你要使他們相信你殷切希望得到這份工作。come/go into effect     生效;開始實施 New control come into effect next month. 下月開始實施新的管制措施take effect 開始起作用;見效; 生效;開始實施 The aspirins soon take effect. 阿司匹林藥片見效快be entitled to (doing) sth   有資格/權(quán)利去做某事 You will be entitled to your pension when you reach 65. 你到65歲就有資格享受養(yǎng)老金。)find fault with  批評,catch a glimpse of sth/sb看了一眼He caught a glimpse of her in the crowd. 他一眼瞥見她在人群里 inform sb of/about sth知會某人某事Please inform us of any changes of address. 地址若有變動請隨時通知我們be/get involved in sth參與keep/hold pace (with)  與并駕齊驅(qū)，步調(diào)一致make sense   有意義，講得通，合乎情理  It makes sense to do sthspend (time, money.) on sth / in doing sth 花時間/金錢在某事上have access to     有機會、權(quán)利、途徑 Students must have access to good resources. 學(xué)生必須有機會使用好的信息資源,與形容詞有關(guān)be accustomed /used to (doing) sth    習(xí)慣于 be ashamed of     對.感到羞愧be (well/fully) aware of    完全明白，意識到 be committed to    盡心盡力的; 忠誠于的be composed of     由構(gòu)成be concerned about    擔(dān)心的，憂慮的 be concerned with      關(guān)切的，關(guān)注的 be conscious of      意識到，注意到 be consistent with      與一致的，相符的,be content with     對感到滿意 be critical of      對批評的，挑剔的(sb.) be familiar with (sth)    對熟悉 I am familiar with the voice. (sth./sb.)be familiar to (sb.)     對熟悉 The voice seems to be familiar to mebe ignorant of/about     對某事不了解，無知 Hes completely ignorant about modern technology. 他對現(xiàn)代科技一無所知be jealous of sb/sth    嫉妒,feel/be nervous about/of     因而緊張，焦慮，擔(dān)憂be optimistic about    對感到樂觀be relevant to     與緊密相關(guān)，切題的be sensitive to     對敏感的，體貼的，易生氣的 be similar to     與相似be uneasy about/at sth      對感到不自在，擔(dān)心be inferior to   比不上; 劣于  This model is technically inferior to its competitors. 這一款式在技術(shù)上比不上它的競爭者be superior to  占優(yōu)勢; 更勝一酬 This model is technically superior to its competitors. 這一款式在技術(shù)上超過了它的競爭者,介詞詞組on behalf of / on sbs behalf  代表某人 I would   like to thank you all on behalf of the teamin behalf of    為幫助某人 We collected money in behalf of the homeless. 我們?yōu)閹椭鸁o家可歸者募捐。 in case  以防萬一  Youd better take the keys in case Im out. 你最好帶上鑰匙以防我不在家。in case of   如果，假使   In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 如遇火險，即按警鈴。)in charge of （或 take charge of） 主管，掌管   He has been in charge of the farm since his father passed away.,be in (out of) contact with    與有聯(lián)系/失去聯(lián)系 to a certain extent     在某種程度上 To some extent what she argues is true. 她的話在某種程度上是符合事實的。in favor of     贊同，支持 ; 看中，選擇 He argues in favor of a stike. 他據(jù)理力爭主張罷工。 He abandoned teaching in favor of a career as a musician. 他棄教從事音樂In support of     支持 He argues in support of a stike. 他據(jù)理力爭主張罷工。in honor of    為紀(jì)念; 向表示敬意 This ceremony was held in honor of those killed in the explosion. 舉行這個儀式來紀(jì)念爆炸中的死難者。,in particular   尤其，格外；特殊的，專門的He loves science fiction in particular. 他特別喜愛科幻小說。 She directed the question at no one in particular. 她的問題沒有針對任何個人。on the point of    在 的時刻，關(guān)頭  We were on the point of giving up. 我們當(dāng)時幾乎要放棄了。)to the point of 達到某種程度，近乎  He was rude to the point of being aggressive. 他粗魯?shù)叫U不講理的地步。on purpose     故意地 for the sake of   為了的緣故；為獲得某物   They stayed together for the sake of the children. 為了孩子，他們還待在一起。 She gave up smoking for the sake of her health. 為保持身體健康，她戒了煙。,in case      以防萬一in case of     如果，假使in any case   無論如何，總之 in no case      決不，無論如何不 in the case of     就來說；至于 in this case       既然是這樣 ,名詞詞組     a heart attack;        a tourist attraction （景點）;                                 heavy rain/snow/traffic;   opening/closing/degree/graduation ceremony;          severe punishment/pain/injuries/drought/storm    a case in point（一個恰當(dāng)?shù)睦? 明證） ;,歷年真題解析 -2006.6,1. Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble _(找到去歷史博物館的路).  （finding the way to the history museum)關(guān)鍵采分點之一必然是看在答案中是否使用了動名詞形式 2. _(為了掙錢供我上學(xué))， Mother often takes on more work than is good for her.   (In order to to finance my education)動詞的選擇， 還可用raise money, support ，afford3. The professor required that _(我們交研究報告)。   (we hand in our research reports) 句型：虛擬語氣require that sb. (should) do sth.,4. The more you explain, _(我愈糊涂).    (the more confused I am)掌握the more, the more 句型 ；另外confused的使用5. Though a skilled worker, _(他被公司解雇了).   (he was fired by the company )讓步狀語從句 ；關(guān)鍵采分點之一是看考生是否掌握though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，主句不應(yīng)有but存在。,歷年真題解析 -2006.12,1)Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to _(適應(yīng)不同文化中的生活)    (adjust/adapt to life in a different culture    或者     adapt to living in different cultures)注意adapt to 后接動名詞2)Since my childhood I have fond that _(沒有什么比讀書對我更有吸引力)   (nothing attracts me more than reading   或者    nothing is more attractive/appealing to me than reading ) "Nothing is morethan"和"Nothing is soas"都具有最高級比較的意思，指“沒有比更”。,3)The victim _來會有機會活下來)if he had been taken to hospital in time. （would have had a chance of surviving; would have survived ）虛擬語氣4)Some psychologists claim that people_(出門在外時可能會感到孤獨)（are likely to/may/might feel lonely when (they are) away from home）5)The nations population continues to rise _(以每年1200萬人的速度)（at a rate of 12 million per/a/each year ;    at the rate of 12 million people annually;     at an annual rate of 12,000,000;   by 12 million yearly） at a speed of (以的速度)；其二是數(shù)字1200萬人的表達，也就是12個百萬12 million 而million后面加上多余的復(fù)數(shù)s則是很多同學(xué)容易出現(xiàn)的錯誤。,歷年真題解析 -2007.6,1) The finding of this study failed to_(將人們的睡眠質(zhì)量考慮在內(nèi))（take people's sleep quality into account ） take into account/consideration2) The prevention and treatment of AIDS is_（我們可以合作的領(lǐng)域）（the field (where) we can cooperate / the field in which we can cooperate）定語從句,3) Because of the leg injury, the athlete_(決定退出比賽）   （decided to quit the match） decide to do sth.;另外quit 的使用4) To make donations or for more information, please_（按以下地址和我們聯(lián)系）（contact us at the following address） contact的用法5) Please come here at ten tomorrow morning_（如果你方便的話） （if it is convenient for you / at your convenience）,歷年真題解析 -2007.12,1_（ 多虧了一系列的發(fā)明），doctors can treat this disease successfully. （Thanks to a series of new inventions ）2. In my sixties, one change I notice is that _(我比以前更容易累了).（I am more inclined to get tired than before ）3.Im going to pursue this course, _(無論我要做出什么樣的犧牲) （no matter what kind of sacrifice I will make ）,4.I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because_(它更加方便和省時)（the former is more convenient and time-saving ）5.Many Americans live on credi