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選修七Unit 1語(yǔ)法:動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形”,有時(shí)可以不帶to。動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化。在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),但仍保留動(dòng)詞的特性,可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。動(dòng)詞不定式同它的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。例如:to sell flowers in the street 在街上賣(mài)花 to speak in the classroom 在教室里講話不定式省to有四種情況:1、使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have等后接不定式。例如:Let him go! The boss made the child labors work the whole night.2、would rather, had better后。例如:You had better stay at home.3、Why/Why not后。例如:Why not have a good rest on Sunday?4.感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find,notice等后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),省to。例如:I saw him dance.注意:這些情況在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,不可省to.例如:The child labors were made to work the whole night.不定式的主要用法:1.不定式作主語(yǔ),往往用it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)不定式放至句子的后面。例如:Its so nice to hear your voice. 聽(tīng)到你的聲音真高興。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用車(chē)的時(shí)候,鎖車(chē)是有必要的。 Its very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們,他真好。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西,這顯得太自私了。但是,用不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中還有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不能用It is to的句型。另外,這樣的句子,不能用動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)。2.不定式作表語(yǔ) 不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面,形成表語(yǔ)。例如:My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清掃房間。His dream is to be a doctor. 他的夢(mèng)想是成為一名醫(yī)生。3. 不定式作定語(yǔ) 不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后,往往表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:I have a lot of work to do.我有許多事要做。There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家時(shí))兩手空空。 4. 不定式作狀語(yǔ) 1)目的狀語(yǔ)常用結(jié)構(gòu)為to do , only to do(僅僅為了), in order to do,so as to do,so(such) as to(如此以便)。例如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車(chē)。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),可以表示沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果,不定式要放在句子后面。例如: I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見(jiàn)了。He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房間,沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。3) 表原因 例如:Im glad to see you. 見(jiàn)到你很高興。She wept to see the sight. 她一看到這情形就哭了。4)表示理由和條件 例如:He must be a fool to say so.You will do well to speak more carefully. 5. 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 1)有些有動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:adviseallowcausechallenge commandcompel drive 驅(qū)使enable encourageforbidforceimpel induce instructinvitelike/love order permit makelethave want get warn persuaderequestsend telltrain urge例如;Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠?。The officer ordered his men to fire. 長(zhǎng)官命令士兵開(kāi)火。注意:有些動(dòng)詞如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做賓補(bǔ),也可用分詞作賓補(bǔ)。現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng),也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。2) 有些有動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu),不定式的動(dòng)詞往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。例如:consider find believe think declare(聲稱)appoint guessfancy(設(shè)想)guess judge imagine know 例如:We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。We know him to be a fool. 我們知道他是個(gè)笨蛋。(to be 不能省去)典型例題Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案:C. 一般沒(méi)有consider+賓語(yǔ)+be以外不定式的結(jié)構(gòu),也沒(méi)有consider+賓語(yǔ)+doing的結(jié)構(gòu),排除A、B、D。consider用動(dòng)詞be以外的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),一般要求用不定式的完成式,故選C。3) 有些動(dòng)詞可以跟there +to be的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:believe expectintendlike love mean prefer want wish understand 例如:We didnt expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。 You wouldnt want there to be another war. 你不至于想讓另外一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)發(fā)生吧。6. Its for sb.和 Its of sb.這樣的句子中,由于表語(yǔ)形容詞性質(zhì)的不同,導(dǎo)致了不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)標(biāo)志用for或of的區(qū)別。 1)for sb. 句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如:Its very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很難的。 2)of sb句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如:Its very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我,你真是太好了。用for還是用of 的另一種辨別方法:用介詞for或of后面的邏輯主語(yǔ)作句子的主語(yǔ),用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ),造個(gè)句子。如果通順用of,不通則用for。例如: You are nice.(通順,所以應(yīng)用of)。 He is hard. (非所表達(dá)的意思,不通,因此用for。)7.做獨(dú)立成分。常用的這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)有:to be frank(坦白地說(shuō)), to begin with(首先)等 例如:To be frank, I dont agree with you.8. 動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義 1) 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)與被修飾詞之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,同時(shí)與主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,動(dòng)詞不定式應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。例如:He has a lot of questions to ask.他有很多問(wèn)題要問(wèn) 2) 在”be+性質(zhì)形容詞+不定式”,此時(shí)不定式用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。常見(jiàn)此類(lèi)形容詞:easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, good, fit, comfortable, impossible等 例如:The water is not fit to drink.這水不適合飲用。 The sentence is hard to understand.這句子很難理解。3) 在”with+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,若動(dòng)詞不定式與賓語(yǔ)之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,動(dòng)詞不定式一般用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。 例如:With a lot of homework to do, I have to stay at home all day.由于很多作業(yè)要做,我不得不整天待在家里。9.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式在不定式標(biāo)志to前加上not。例如: Tell him not to shut the window。讓他別關(guān)窗。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過(guò)的時(shí)候,她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。10.帶疑問(wèn)詞的不定式短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式前面可以帶疑問(wèn)代詞what, which, who或疑問(wèn)副詞how, when, where, why等。這種結(jié)構(gòu)起名詞的作用,在句子里用作賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等,或者單獨(dú)使用。要注意的是,why后面的不定式不帶to。例如:I dont know what to try next. (作賓語(yǔ))Where to go is not decided yet.(作主語(yǔ))注意:?jiǎn)为?dú)使用時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句。What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?)Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?)11.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 不定式主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式to doto be done進(jìn)行式to be doing-完成式to have doneto have been done完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing-1)一般式表示的動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后,例如 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道這事。 I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再見(jiàn)到你。2)完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如: Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉,給你添了那么多的麻煩。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已經(jīng)得了感冒。3)進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如: He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么東西。4)完成進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始并延續(xù)至說(shuō)話的時(shí)候。例如: She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我們知道她研究這問(wèn)題有好幾年了。語(yǔ)文課本中的文章都是精選的比較優(yōu)秀的文章,還有不少名家名篇。如果有選擇循序漸進(jìn)地讓學(xué)生背誦一些優(yōu)秀篇目、精彩段落,對(duì)提高學(xué)生的水平會(huì)大有裨益。現(xiàn)在,不少語(yǔ)文教師在分析課文時(shí),把文章解體的支離破碎,總在文章的技巧方面下功夫。結(jié)果教師費(fèi)勁,學(xué)生頭疼。分析完之后,學(xué)生收效甚微,沒(méi)過(guò)幾天便忘的一干二凈。造成這種事倍功半的尷尬局面的關(guān)鍵就是對(duì)文章讀的不熟。常言道“書(shū)讀百遍,其義自見(jiàn)”,如果有目的、有計(jì)劃地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生反復(fù)閱讀課文,或細(xì)讀、默讀、跳讀,或聽(tīng)讀、范讀、輪讀、分角色朗讀,學(xué)生便可以在讀中自然領(lǐng)悟文章的思想內(nèi)容和寫(xiě)作技巧,可以在讀中自然加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)感,增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的感受力。久而久之,這種思想內(nèi)容、寫(xiě)作技巧和語(yǔ)感就會(huì)自然滲透到學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言意識(shí)之中,就會(huì)在寫(xiě)作中自覺(jué)不自覺(jué)地加以運(yùn)用、創(chuàng)造和發(fā)展。練習(xí)、單選選擇1. My teacher was made _ his teaching because of poor health.A. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up2. The sentence wants _ once more.A. explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining3. The Arctic is considered _ the northern part of the Atlantic.A. having been B. to have been C. to be D. being4.The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off5. We find it impossible for us _ the work ahead of time.A. to be finished B. finishing C. being finished D. to finish6.-I usually go to Shanghai by train. -Why not _ there by boat for a change?A. to try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go 7._ a living, she had to work from morning till night.A. To make B. Made C. Making D. To have made8. I would rather starve to death than _ for food.A. beg B. begging C. begged D. to beg9. The boy pretended _ when his teacher entered.A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read10. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to二、用所給的動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. I cant stand _ (work) with Jane in the same office, she just refuses _ (stop) talking while she works.2. After he became conscious, he remember _ (attack) and _ (hit) on the head with a rod.3. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness _ (make).4. _ (make) this cake, youll need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour.5. AID is said_ (be) the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.6. Mr Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _ (blame).7. He hurried to the booking office only _ (tell) that all the tickets had been sold out.這個(gè)工作可讓學(xué)生分組負(fù)責(zé)收集整理,登在小黑板上,每周一換。要求學(xué)生抽空抄錄并且閱讀成誦。其目的在于擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的知識(shí)面,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注社會(huì),熱愛(ài)生活,所以內(nèi)容要盡量廣泛一些,可以分為人生、價(jià)值、理想、學(xué)習(xí)、成長(zhǎng)、責(zé)任、友誼、愛(ài)心、探索、環(huán)保等多方面。如此下去,除假期外,一年便可以積累40多則材料。如果學(xué)生的腦海里有了眾多的鮮活生動(dòng)的材料,寫(xiě)起文章來(lái)還用亂翻參考書(shū)嗎?8. It remains _(see) whether Jimll be fit enough to play in the finals hold.唐宋或更早之前,針對(duì)“經(jīng)學(xué)”“律學(xué)”“算學(xué)”和“書(shū)學(xué)”各科目,其相應(yīng)傳授者稱為“博士”,這與當(dāng)今“博士”含義已經(jīng)相去甚遠(yuǎn)。而對(duì)那些特別講授“武事”或講解“經(jīng)籍”者,又稱“講師”?!敖淌凇焙汀爸獭本瓰閷W(xué)官稱謂。前者始于宋,乃“宗學(xué)”“律學(xué)”“醫(yī)學(xué)”“武學(xué)”等科目的講授者;而后者則于西晉武帝時(shí)代即已設(shè)立了,主要協(xié)助國(guó)子、博士培養(yǎng)生徒?!爸獭痹诠糯粌H要作入流的學(xué)問(wèn),其教書(shū)育人的職責(zé)也十分明晰。唐代國(guó)子學(xué)、太學(xué)等所設(shè)之“助教”一席,也是當(dāng)朝打眼的學(xué)官。至明清兩代,只設(shè)國(guó)子監(jiān)(國(guó)子學(xué))一科的“助教”,其身價(jià)不謂顯赫,也稱得上朝廷要員。至此,無(wú)論是“博士”“講師”,還是“教授”“助教”,其今日教師應(yīng)具有的基本概念都具有了。9. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _ (hold) in Beijing in 2019.唐宋或更早之前,針對(duì)“經(jīng)學(xué)”“律學(xué)”“算學(xué)”和“書(shū)學(xué)”各科目,其相應(yīng)傳授者稱為“博士”,這與當(dāng)今“博士”含義已經(jīng)相去甚遠(yuǎn)。而對(duì)那些特別講授“武事”或講解“經(jīng)籍”者,又稱“講師”。“教授”和“助教”均原為學(xué)官稱謂。前者始于宋,乃“宗學(xué)”“律學(xué)”“醫(yī)學(xué)”“武學(xué)”等科目的講授者;而后者則于西晉武帝時(shí)代即已設(shè)立了,主要協(xié)助國(guó)子、博士培養(yǎng)生徒。“助教”在古代不僅要作入流的學(xué)問(wèn),其教書(shū)育人的職責(zé)也十分明晰。唐代國(guó)子學(xué)、太學(xué)等所設(shè)之“助教”一席,也是當(dāng)朝打眼的學(xué)

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