研究生英語精讀教程UnitFive.ppt

Unit Five,The End Is Not at Hand,1. Text,2. Exercises,5. Supplementary Reading,The End Is Not at Hand,rhetoric n. speech or writing that sounds fine and important, but is really insincere or without meaning浮夸之言語或文章 overblown adj. using too many words夸張的,Menu,Translation,impending adj. (of something unpleasant) about to happen行將發(fā)生的 catastrophe n. disaster災(zāi)難 aura n. an effect or feeling that seems to surround and come from a person or place氣氛,Menu, 1 Whoever coined the phrase “save the planet“ is a public relation genius. It conveys the sense of impending* catastrophe* and high purpose that has wrapped environmentalism in an aura* of moral urgency.,It also typifies environmentalisms rhetorical excesses, which, in any other context, would be seen as wild exaggeration* or simple dishonesty. 2 Up to a point, our environmental awareness has checked a mindless enthusiasm for unrestrained economic growth.,exaggeration n. (an example of) saying or believing more than the truth about something夸張，夸大,Menu,We have sensibly curbed* some of growths harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade* addicted to hype* and ignorant of history.,curb v. control 控制 crusade n. a struggle or movement for the defence or advancement of an idea, principle, etc.為促進(jìn)或維護(hù)理想、原則而進(jìn)行的運(yùn)動(dòng)或斗爭 hype n. something that artificially stimulates sales, interest, etc. such as advertising or promotion (刺激銷售、興趣等的 )廣告，宣傳,Menu,Every environmental ill is depicted* as an onrushing calamity* thatif not stopped will end life as we know it. 3 Take the latest scare: the greenhouse effect. We re presented with the horrifying specter* of a world that incinerates* itself.,depict v. describe描寫 calamity n. a terrible or very bad event；serious misfortune災(zāi)難；極不幸的事 specter n. something that is seen in the mind and causes fear心中幻見而引起恐懼之事物 incinerate v. destroy by burning焚化,Translation,Menu,Act now, or sizzle* later. Food supplies will wither. Glaciers* will melt. Coastal areas will flood. In fact, the probable losses from any greenhouse warming are modest*: 1 to 2 percent of our economys output by the year 2050, estimates economist William Cline.,sizzle v. make a hissing sound as if water falling on hot metal or food cooking in hot fat發(fā)出咝咝聲(如水落在灼熱的金屬上或食物煎炸時(shí)) glacier n. mass of ice, formed by sonw on mountains, moving slowly along a valley冰河，冰川 modest adj. moderate, not large in size or amount適度的，適中的,Menu,The loss seems even smaller compared with the expected growth of the economy (a doubling) over the same period. 4 No environmental problem threatens the “planet“ or rates with the danger of a nuclear war.,Translation,Menu,No oil spill ever caused suffering on a par with* todays civil war in Yugoslavia, which is a minor episode* in human misery. World War left more than 35 million dead. Cambodias civil war resulted in 1 million to 3 million deaths.,on a par with equal to 等于 episode n. one separate event, esp. an important or serious one插曲；獨(dú)立的一段事,Menu,The great scourges* of humanity remain what they have always been: war, natural disaster, oppressive government, crushing poverty and hate. On any scale of tragedy, environmental distress is a featherweight*.,scourge n. a cause of great punishment, harm or suffering導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)懲、災(zāi)害或痛苦的禍端，禍患 featherweight n. sb. or sth. of very little importance不重要的人或物,Translation,Menu, 5 This is not an argument for indifference or inaction. It is an argument for perspective and balance. You can believe (as I do) that the possibility of greenhouse warming enhances an already strong case for an energy tax.,Menu,A tax would curb ordinary air pollution, limit oil imports, cut the budget deficit* and promote energy efficient investments that make economic sense. 6 But it does not follow that anyone who disagrees with me is evil or even wrong.,deficit n. the amount by which money that goes out is more than money that comes in赤字,Translation,Menu,On the greenhouse effect, for instance, theres ample* scientific doubt over whether warming will occur and, if so, how much. Moreover, the warming would occur over decades. People and businesses could adjust. To take one example: farmers could shift to more heat-resistant seeds.,ample adj. enough or more than is necessary充足的,Menu,Translation, 7 Unfortunately, the impulse of many environmentalists is to vilify* and simplify. Critics of environmental restrictions are portrayed* as selfish and ignorant creeps*.,vilify v. speak evil of (sb. or sth. ) without good cause, esp. in order to influence others unfavourably辱罵，誹謗；把 (人或事 )說得一無是處 portray v. describe in words in a lifelike way以文字生動(dòng)描寫 creep n. an unpleasant person who tries to win the favour of a person of higher rank, esp. by praising insincerely拍馬屁者，獻(xiàn)媚者,Menu,Doomsday scenarios* are developed to prove the seriousness of environmental dangers. Clines recent greenhouse study projected warming 250 years into the future. Guess what, it increases sharply. This is an absurd exercise akin to* predicting life in 1992 at the time of the French and Indian War (17541763).,scenario n. a written description of the action to take place in a film, play, etc.劇本，劇情說明書 akin to of similar character, like 同性質(zhì)的，類似的,Menu,Translation, 8 The rhetorical overkill is not just innocent excess. It clouds our understanding. For starters, it minimizes the great progress that has been made, especially in industrialized countries. In the United States, air and water pollution have dropped dramatically*.,dramatically adv. with the force or vividness of the drama戲劇性的；顯著地,Menu,Since 1960, particulate* emissions (soot, cinders*) are down by 65 percent. Lead emissions have fallen by 97 percent since 1970. Smog has declined in most cities. 9 Whats also lost is the awkward necessity for choices. Your environmental benefit may be my job. Not every benefit is worth having at any cost.,particulate adj. of minute separate particles微粒的 cinders n. the refuse of burned coals煤渣,Menu,Translation,Economists estimate that environmental regulations depress the economys output by 2.6 to 5 percent, or about $150 billion to $290 billion. (Note: this is larger than the estimated impact of global warming.) For that cost, weve lowered health risks and improved our surroundings. But some gains are small compared with the costs. And some costs are needlessly high because regulations are rigid.,Translation,Menu, 10 Balance: The worst sin of environmental excess is its bias* against economic growth. The cure for the immense problems of poor countries usually lies with economic growth. A recent report from the World Bank estimates that more than 1 billion people lack healthy water supplies and sanitary* facilities.,bias n. prejudice偏見 2. sanitary adj. of or concerning health, esp. the treatment of human waste substances, dirt or infection harmful to health (有關(guān) )衛(wèi)生的 (尤指廢物等的處理 ),Menu,The result is hundreds of millions of cases of diarrhea* annually and the deaths of 3 million children (2 million of which the World Bank judges avoidable). Only by becoming wealthier can countries correct these conditions.,diarrhea n. the type of illness in which the bowels are emptied too often and in too liquid a form腹瀉,Translation,Menu, 11 Similarly, wealthier societies have both the desire and the income to clean their air and water. Advanced nations have urban-air-pollution levels only a sixth that of the poorest countries. Finally, economic growth tends to reduce high birthrates, as children survive longer and women escape traditional roles.,Menu,Translation, 12 Yes, we have environmental problems. Reactors* in the former Soviet Union pose safety risks. Economic growth and the environment can be at odds*. Growth generates carbon dioxide emissions and causes more waste. But these problems are not - as environmental rhetoric implies - the main obstacles to sustained development. The biggest hurdle is inept * government.,reactor n. 反應(yīng)堆 be at odds (with) be quarrelling or disagreeing (with) 與爭吵，爭論 inept adj. totally unable to do things無能的，無用的,Menu,Inept government fostered* unsafe reactors. Inept government hampers* food production in poor countries by, say, preventing farmers from earning adequate returns on their crops.,foster v. care for; help the growth or the development of照顧，撫育，培養(yǎng) hamper v. cause difficulty in movement or activity阻礙,Menu,Translation, 13 By now, everyone is an environmentalist. But the label is increasingly meaningless, because not all environmental problems are equally serious and even the serious ones need to be balanced against other concerns. Environmentalism should hold the hype. It should inform us more and frighten us less.,Translation,Menu,Exercises,. Comprehension,. Vocabulary,. Cloze,. Translation (English to Chinese),. Translation (Chinese to English),. Writing,Menu,. Comprehension,Decide which of the following statements is true and which is false according to your understanding of the text. If it is a question, answer it briefly.,The phrase “save the planet“ was coined by a public relation genius. Every environmentalist ill is an onrushing calamity that will end life. The losses from any greenhouse warming are much smaller than the growth of the economy over the same period.,Menu,Answers,. Comprehension,Environmental problems are insignificant as compared with the great scourges of humanity. Do you think Clines recent warning about greenhouse effects is acceptable? Why or why not? Environmentalisms rhetorical excesses are misleading. Since 1960 great achievements have been made in curbing air and water pollution in the United States. All environmental benefits are worth having at any cost.,Menu,Answers,In lowering the health risks and improving our surroundings, the costs and gains are always at odds. Do you think it worthwhile that environmental regulations depress the economys output by 2.6 to 5 percent? Why or why not? Are environmental problems the main obstacles to the development of all the poor countries? What do you think the poor countries should do to remove the obstacles to their development?,. Comprehension,Answers,Menu,Urban-air-pollution levels in developing countries are much higher than those in developed countries. Inept government is to blame for environmental problems. The label “an environmentalist“ is meaningless. It is suggested that we learn more about environmentalism and not be frightened by it.,. Comprehension,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,1. His beautiful writing is akin to drawing. A. as B. from C. above D. like 2. His knowledge on the subject seems to be on a par with my own. A. different from B. the same as C. related to D. in accordance with,Answers,Menu,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,3. Tom and Mary were married a week after they met and soon found themselves at odds about religion. A. in disagreement B. on strike C. in question D. on purpose 4. The inventor was vilified in yesterdays newspaper. A. abused B. slandered C. praised D. criticized,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,5. The Mississippi flood of 1973 was a major catastrophe in which a great many lives were lost. A. casualty B. disaster C. change D. threat 6. She almost yielded to an unexpected impulse to dance in the street. A. urgent desire B. sudden wish C. good idea D. fancy thought,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,7. Mr. Green posed as a rich man though he owed more than he owned. A. worked B. looked C. clothed D. Behaved 8. They feared the plague and regarded it as a deadly scourge. A. punishment B. Illness C. trouble D. ailment,Answers,Menu,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,9. Some people have a bias against foreigners. A. prejudice B. dislike C. hatred D. favour 10. Your stay abroad will give you ample opportunities to learn a new language. A. good B. suitable C. proper D. enough,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,B. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.,11. The dark clouds suggest a(n) _ storm. A. impending B. surprising C. fast D. unexpected 12. Since the club owed $15 and had only $10 in the treasury, there was a _ of $5. A. sum B. deficit C. difference D. surplus,Answers,Menu,. Vocabulary,B. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.,13. The oil lamp _ softly on the table. A. glowed B. lighted C. sizzled D. sounded 14. It _ with you to decide. A. talks B. refers C. lies D. indicates,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,B. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.,15. He _ among the best heavyweight boxers of the past fifty years. A. projects B. shows C. displays D. rates 16. The constant turmoil in the office proved that he was an _ administrator. A. able B. inept C. experienced D. active,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,B. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.,17. The mother tried to _ her sons interest in music by taking him to concerts when he was young. A. give B. show C. foster D. cause 18. No matter how you read it, this sentence doesnt make any _. A. meaning B. sound C. progress D. sense,Answers,Menu,. Vocabulary,B. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.,19. I tried to find my keys but I was _ by my thick gloves. A. helped B. hampered C. annoyed D. upset 20. To our grief, he became _ to the drug. A. addicted B. interested C. amused D. disturbed,Menu,Answers,. Cloze,Read the passage through and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage.,Robots have been the stuff of popular culture for so long that we think of them mostly 1 fun. In the next decade they will finally become practical 2 factory assembly lines. Granted, they wont perform the wondrous stunts they 3 in sci-fi movies; the first generation of “real“ robots may seem a bit crude.,A. about B. for C. as D. in A. in B. beyond C. from D. for A. have B. do C. give D. appear,Answers,Menu,But by the end of the decade, we 4 encounter tiny robots cooking hamburgers in fast food restaurants, mopping up, shopping meals, even 5 meal trays in hospitals.,A. may also B. may again C. may well D. may indeed A. to deliver B. Deliver C. delivered D. delivering,Menu,Answers,Two factors are pushing the development of robotics, technology and economics. Artificial intelligence is the key 6 a successful robot, but some of the simplest tasks 7 a human mind are difficult for a robot. One example, the ability to look at the corner of a room, 8 walls and ceiling meet, and know that the corner goes in, not out. Easy for humans, very tough for robots.,A. to B. of C. for D. in A. of B. for C. in D. with A. that B. which C. where D. the point,Answers,Menu,Economics is the key to the acceptance 9 robots. As declining birthrates lead to a shortage of entry-level workers in much of the industrialized world, the researchers 10 robots that can manage at least portions of such jobs as burger flippers or hospital orderlies.,A. of B. by C. with D. for A. design B. are designing C. are being designing D. will design,Menu,Answers,In the next decade, improved robots will be inexpensive enough to serve as aids 11 the disabled, giving even quadriplegics the ability to feed themselves and perform office work. And the long-promised home robot? This little electronic servant, capable of delivering a frosty beer from the fringe, picking up the kids toys and washing the occasional window, probably wont be a mass-market item in the 1990s 12 we modify our homes to accommodate them.,11. A. to B. with C. for D. of 12. A. when B. if C. though D. unless,Menu,Answers,Every room 13 tiny radio beacons 14 the robot where it is, and staircases would need special construction for easy robot access. Sound unlikely? Perhaps. But in 1890 a person 15 it unlikely if he had been told that the entire urban landscape of the planet would be modified to accommodate the automobile.,A. need to have B. need having C. would need to have D. would need having A. to tell B. tell C. telling D. Told A. might think B. thought C. might have thought D. would think,Answers,Menu,. Translation (English to Chinese),Peering into the 21st century, new scientific breakthroughs will allow genetic engineering to transform everything from machine and agriculture to computer technology and industry.,Menu,Answers,. Translation (English to Chinese),A few near-term prospects. In agriculture, possibilities include larger trees, increased grain yields and even square tomatoes, easily packaged with less water content. It is possible to breed cows the size of elephants that could produce 40 percent more milk. Scientists talk of using protein to replace the silicon in computer chips to allow billions of times more information to be contained in the same space.,Answers,Menu,. Translation (Chinese to English),1.作者論文的副本已交給了編輯部。(present) 2.雖然他在班上名列最后，但不能推斷他沒頭腦，他可能只是很懶而已。(follow) 3.這些異常現(xiàn)象值得注意。(worth) 4.股東們在聘用新經(jīng)理問題上發(fā)生了分歧。(at odds),Menu,Answers,. Translation (Chinese to English),5.這使我們得出結(jié)論：無知助長迷信。(foster) 6.當(dāng)你知道并不是年齡使你喪失記憶力之后，你可能會(huì)大吃一驚。記憶差的原因可能是因?yàn)槟恪皯小钡萌ビ洠皇怯洃浟匣?。如同身體一樣，你的記憶力可能因鍛煉而加強(qiáng)?？茖W(xué)家們相信，如果兩側(cè)大腦都得到了鍛煉，我們的工作效力至少可以提高75%。,Answers,Menu,. Writing,Outline: 導(dǎo)言：人們開始認(rèn)識保護(hù)環(huán)境的重要性。 問題狀況：過度開采自然資源和破壞自然環(huán)境造成嚴(yán)重后果。例如砍伐森林、水源污染、空氣污染等。 結(jié)論：為了生存和健康，必須保護(hù)自然環(huán)境。,Menu,Answers, . Supplementary Reading, . Questions,Supplementary Reading,Menu,Supplementary Reading, 1 JAKARTA - Planet Earth was battered by floods, drought and fire in 1997, a year which ended wi