計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第1章.ppt

計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語,第1 章 Introduction,本章要點(diǎn) What is the Computer and the Internet? Words and Expressions How To Do：Improving Your Current System How To Work：A Server Grammar Focus：名詞、代詞、形容詞及副詞 Text in Chinese：計(jì)算機(jī)和因特網(wǎng) Reading Selection : Processor 構(gòu)詞法（） Practical Writing: 怎樣寫名片,What is the Computer and the Internet?,The fast development of computers has brought Information Technology into our lives. Today nearly everybody can easily use a micro-computer together with the Internet for work and entertainment. Among the four types of computerssupercomputers, mainframe computers, mini-computers and micro-computersthe most widely used and the fastest-growing type is the micro-computers, and the other three types are solely professional computers used in large organizations. Micro-computers include desktop computers (See Figure 1-1), notebook computers (See Figure 1-2), and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) (See Figure 1-3). PDAs are also known as palmtop computers or handheld computers.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2 Figure 1-3,What is the Computer and the Internet?,A micro-computer system involves a variety of devices called hardware essentials. * Micro-computer hardware includes the system unit(See Figure 1-4)holding the microprocessor, the memory, the expansion slots and expansion cards etc., input devices(See Figure 1-5Figure 1-7)including the keyboard, the mouse, and the scanner etc., output devices(See Figure 1-8Figure 1-10) including the monitor, the printer, the speakers etc., and secondary storage devices(See Figure1-11Figure 1-13) including the hard disk, the floppy disk, and the optical disk etc.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Figure 1-4 Figure 1-5 Figure 1-6 Figure 1-7,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Figure 1-8 Figure 1-9 Figure 1-10,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Figure 1-11 Figure 1-12 Figure 1-13,What is the Computer and the Internet?,The system unit is a container that houses most of the electronic components that make up the computer system. Inside the system unit, the major part is the system board (See Figure 1-14) that holds the microprocessor (mainly CPU), Memory (Random Access Memory & Read Only Memory), and expansion slots with expansion cards. Other components include disk drivesthe hard disk drive, the floppy disk drive and the optical disk drivesand power supply. Outside the system unit there is the floppy disk drive unit, the optical drive unit (See Figure 1-15), USB ports, microphone ports etc.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,* Input and output devices translate data and programs between languages that people can understand and that the computer can recognize and process. Secondary storage devices are designed to hold data and programs even after the power to the computer system is turned off. The important kinds of secondary media are floppy, hard, and optical disks. Optical disks are commonly known as CDs (Compact Discs) and DVDs (Digital Versatile/Video Discs).Figure 1-16 Using cables and satellites, electronic networks establish communications among computers throughout the world. The Internet is a worldwide network for countless connected computers to share information and make communications. (See Figure 1-16) * The World Wide Web or WWW is an Internet service that provides an easy-to-use multimedia interface to connect to the Internet and to access numerous resources available on the Internet. Users with their computers logged on to the Internet can share information with others, send E-mail, use instant message to chat with friends, conduct commercial transactions, etc. With a modem, an Internet connection and a browser, your PC is ready for you to surf the Internet and send E-mail.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Notes: 1“Micro-computer hardware includes the system unitand the optical disk etc. ” 本句中由破折號(hào)引導(dǎo)的4個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語分別作：the system unit, input devices, output devices, secondary storage devices的同位語，對(duì)其補(bǔ)充說明。 2“Input and output devices translate data and programs between languages that people can understand and that the computer can recognize and process.” 本句中兩個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句共同修飾languages. 意為：人能夠理解的語言和計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別和處理的語言。 3“The World Wide Web or WWW is an Internet service that provides an easy-to-use multimedia interface to connect to the Internet and to access numerous resources available on the Internet.” 本句中由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾an Internet service，在該定語從句中to connect to the Internet和to access numerous resources兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式短語同作interface的后置定語，available on the Internet又作resources的后置定語。 意為：環(huán)球網(wǎng)（萬維網(wǎng)）屬于因特網(wǎng)的一種服務(wù)系統(tǒng)，它提供了使用簡便的多媒體界面來連接因特網(wǎng)和存取因特網(wǎng)上的大量資源。,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Grammar Focus：名詞、代詞、形容詞及副詞 名詞：可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞。專有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱。普通名詞是一類人或東西，是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞。 代詞：形容詞和副詞都有級(jí)的變化。用來代替名詞、數(shù)詞、短語或從句的詞叫代詞。按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞等。 形容詞及副詞：形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。副詞主要用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、介詞短語或其他副詞。形容詞和副詞都有級(jí)的變化。 同等比較句型： 1）肯定句式：“A +謂語+ as +adj./adv.原級(jí)+ as + B”表示A與B一樣。 2）否定句式：“A+謂語+not as(so)+adj./adv.原級(jí)+ as + B”表示A與B不同，或A不如B。 比較級(jí)常用句型： 1）“A+謂語+adj./adv.比較級(jí)+ than +B”表示A比B更 2）“which is + adj./adv.比較級(jí), A or B?”表示兩者之間選擇。 3）“adj./adv.比較級(jí) + and + adj./adv.比較級(jí)”表示越來越 4）“the+比較級(jí)the+比較級(jí)”表示越 越,What is the Computer and the Internet?,最高級(jí)常用句型： 1）“adj./adv.最高級(jí)+of（in）+比較范圍”表示“在（范圍）中，最” 2）“one of the + adj.最高級(jí)+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”表示“其中之一”。 3）“this is / was the + adj.最高級(jí)+單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞+that定語從句”表示“這 是最” 倍數(shù)表示法： A is + 基數(shù)詞+ times + as + adj. + as B. Your house is twice as large as his. A is + 基數(shù)詞+ times + 比較級(jí)+than B Your house is three times larger than his. A is + 基數(shù)詞+ times the size (length) of B Your house is one third the height of his.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Text in Chinese：計(jì)算機(jī)和因特網(wǎng) 計(jì)算機(jī)的飛速發(fā)展已將我們的生活帶入信息技術(shù)時(shí)代。今天，幾乎每個(gè)人都能很容易地使用計(jì)算機(jī)和因特網(wǎng)來工作和娛樂。 在4種類型的計(jì)算機(jī)巨型計(jì)算機(jī)、主機(jī)計(jì)算機(jī)、小型計(jì)算機(jī)和微型計(jì)算機(jī)中，微機(jī)是最廣泛使用和發(fā)展最快的計(jì)算機(jī)類型，其他3種計(jì)算機(jī)只作為專業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用與大型組織或機(jī)構(gòu)中。微型計(jì)算機(jī)包括臺(tái)式、筆記本便攜式和個(gè)人數(shù)字助手。個(gè)人數(shù)字助手又稱為掌上微機(jī)。 微機(jī)系統(tǒng)裝備的各種設(shè)備稱為硬件。微機(jī)硬件包括：系統(tǒng)裝置包括微處理器、內(nèi)存儲(chǔ)器、擴(kuò)充卡槽等，輸入設(shè)備包括鍵盤、鼠標(biāo)、掃描儀等，輸出設(shè)備包括監(jiān)視器、打印機(jī)、音箱等，二級(jí)存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備包括硬盤、軟盤、光盤等。 系統(tǒng)裝置容納著多數(shù)構(gòu)成微機(jī)系統(tǒng)的電子元件。 系統(tǒng)裝置內(nèi)部最主要部分是主板。主板上有微處理器、內(nèi)存儲(chǔ)器（隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器和只讀存儲(chǔ)器）和擴(kuò)展卡槽。其他部件包括磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器（硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器、軟盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器）和光盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器，以及電力供應(yīng)設(shè)備。,What is the Computer and the Internet?,系統(tǒng)裝置外部有軟盤驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置、光盤驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置、USB 端口、麥克風(fēng)、耳機(jī)端口等。 輸入和輸出設(shè)備是人機(jī)間語言翻譯的中介，將人類語言翻譯為計(jì)算機(jī)識(shí)別和處理的語言輸入，再將計(jì)算機(jī)語言翻譯為人能理解的語言輸出。 二級(jí)存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備用于存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)和程序，即使計(jì)算機(jī)斷電數(shù)據(jù)也不會(huì)失去。重要的二級(jí)存儲(chǔ)器包括：軟盤、硬盤、光盤。光盤即CD和DVD，使用激光技術(shù)，在二級(jí)存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備中擁有最大的存儲(chǔ)容量。 數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中，數(shù)據(jù)指以電子信號(hào)形式存入文檔的數(shù)據(jù)，例如，電子文本，電子表格，電子幻燈片等。 網(wǎng)絡(luò)和因特網(wǎng)。電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用電纜和衛(wèi)星在全球范圍建立計(jì)算機(jī)之間的通信。因特網(wǎng)是遍及世界的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，為世界上無數(shù)計(jì)算機(jī)提供網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接、共享信息和通信。萬維網(wǎng)是因特網(wǎng)的一個(gè)服務(wù)器，它為連網(wǎng)的計(jì)算機(jī)提供簡便的多媒體界面，讓計(jì)算機(jī)能夠讀取因特網(wǎng)上大量的資源。將計(jì)算機(jī)連接到因特網(wǎng)的用戶可與他人共享信息，發(fā)送電子郵件，與朋友聊天，網(wǎng)上買賣交易等。只要你的個(gè)人微機(jī)安裝了調(diào)制解調(diào)器、瀏覽器并連接了因特網(wǎng)就可以在網(wǎng)上沖浪了。,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Reading Selection : Processor A processor is a functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions. Every processor comes with a unique set of operations such as ADD, STORE, or LOAD that represent the processors instruction set. An instruction is made up of operations that specify the function to be performed and operands that represent the data to be operated on. If an operand refers to data in the computers memory, it is called an address. The processors job is to retrieve instructions and operands from memory and to perform each operation. Having done that, it signals the memory to send it to the next instruction. This step-by-step operation is repeated over and over again at awesome speed. A timer called a clock releases precisely timed electrical signals that provide a regular pulse for the processors work. A processor is composed of two functional unitsa control unit and an arithmetic/logic unitand a set of special workspaces called registers.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,The control unit is the functional unit that is responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system. It makes the connections between various functional units of the computer system and calls into operation each unit that is required by the program currently in operation. The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities. Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit, and the ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction. A register is a storage location inside the processor. Registers in the control unit are used to keep track of the overall status of the program that is running. Control unit registers store information such as the current instruction, the location of the next instruction to be executed, and the operands of the instruction. In the ALU, registers store data items that are added, subtracted, multiplied, divided, and compared. Other registers store the results of arithmetic and logic operations. An important factor that affects the speed and performance of a processor is the size of the registers. The word length describes the size of an operand register. If the operand registers of a processor are 16 bits wide, the processor is said to be a 16-bit processor.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,構(gòu)詞法（） 對(duì)于一個(gè)不熟悉的單詞，我們可以通過上下文來知道其意思，同時(shí)我們知道許多英語單詞是由英語、古希臘語、拉丁語合成。如果知道這些詞的各個(gè)組成部分，就可以通過英語單詞的各組成部分的含義猜出不熟悉的英語單詞了。學(xué)習(xí)英語構(gòu)詞法就是通過研究單詞構(gòu)造來幫助你學(xué)習(xí)英語單詞，這對(duì)擴(kuò)大英語詞匯量具有重大意義。 一般來說，比較復(fù)雜的英語單詞可由三部分組成：前綴（prefix）、詞干（stem）或詞根（root）、后綴（suffix）。也就是說，固定的基礎(chǔ)詞部分叫詞干或詞根，它是有意義的，是能存在的詞的最小單位。在詞干或詞根前的稱前綴，在詞干或詞根后的稱后綴。 例如，microcomputer一詞里，micro-是詞的前綴，表示“微小的”；comput是詞的詞干或叫詞根，表示“計(jì)算”；-er是后綴，表示“者”。如果我們知道詞干或詞根的含義，再知道典型的前綴、后綴的意義，就不必查閱字典，也可以準(zhǔn)確地判斷該詞的意義了。 學(xué)習(xí)少量的構(gòu)詞成分能有多大的作用呢？對(duì)此，人們?cè)?jīng)做過估計(jì)，掌握了本書中的基本構(gòu)詞法，就可能悟出多達(dá)14000個(gè)左右單詞的意義。很顯然，學(xué)會(huì)構(gòu)詞法是增大英語詞匯量的捷徑。,What is the Computer and the Internet?,英語構(gòu)成新詞主要有以下三種形式。 轉(zhuǎn)化（Conversion）：即由一個(gè)詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一個(gè)詞類，而詞的原型不變。 1）動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 例如：to water（澆水） some water（水） to excuse（原諒）an excuse（借口） to try（嘗試） to have a try（試一下） to dream（做夢(mèng)）a dream（夢(mèng)想） 2）名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)詞 例如：a house（房屋） to house（居?。?a mail（郵件） to mail（郵寄） a bridge（橋） to bridge（度過） a nurse（護(hù)士） to nurse（護(hù)理） 3）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 例如：slow（慢慢的） to slow（減速） empty（空空的）to empty（倒空） warm（暖暖的） to warm（使暖和） dirty（臟臟的） to dirty（弄臟） 合成（Compounding）：即由兩個(gè)（或兩個(gè)以上）詞合成另一個(gè)新詞。合成的組成形式有時(shí)是用連字符“-”連在一起的，有時(shí)是直接連在一起的。,What is the Computer and the Internet?,1）合成形容詞 例如：good-looking （好看的） high-level （高級(jí)的；高水平的） new-born （新生的） heartfelt （由衷的） first-rate （一流的） happy-go-lucky （無憂無慮的） 2）合成名詞 例如：input （輸入量） shorthand （速記） output （輸出） handwriting （書法） 3）合成動(dòng)詞 例如： overthrow （推翻） blacklist （列入黑名單） eavesdrop （偷聽） sleep-walk （夢(mèng)游） 派生（Derivation）：即由一個(gè)詞根或詞干加詞綴（前綴或后綴）構(gòu)成新詞。 1）加前綴 例如：happy （高興的） unhappy （不高興的） write （寫） rewr