科技論文英文摘要的寫作1.ppt

科技論文的英語表達(dá)及英文摘要的寫作,南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報編輯部 王征愛,概 述,意義:縱向傳播;橫向交流 現(xiàn)實:付出與目的并非一致；鍛煉，供人學(xué)習(xí)誤人子弟 難度:非易事,但非不能;3000詞匯;基本語感;英語思維 要點:(1)內(nèi)容的完整性;(2)數(shù)據(jù)跟文中/中文是否一致;(3)內(nèi)容可以不跟中文全對應(yīng),應(yīng)比中文更詳細(xì);(4)主謂一致:常識,但錯誤不少見;(5)時態(tài):簡單,但有時也很難掌握;(6)語態(tài):有講究,但基本不限;(7)人稱:可一可三;(8)詞法:重點;(9)語法:基本;(10)句法:轉(zhuǎn)換,七絕終審 之一 洋洋灑灑二十萬，字字句句過我篩。 正體斜體需審定，大寫小寫亦仲裁。 之二 常遇新語需釋義，遍翻辭書哪有跡？ 光盤檢索千百次，頭腦析分定無歧！ 出差 今日去北京，明天返廣州， 雖只住一晚，電腦也同路。 成都會議 蓉城十月是金秋，百萬客房一無留， 車水馬龍奔九寨，孤家寡人回廣州。,蝶戀花三亞行 佇立危樓陽光媚。鶴落鶴飛，銀羽熠熠輝。人說海南山水美，天涯海角游人醉。 今到三亞赴一會。揚我學(xué)報，風(fēng)景又何味？會后舊朋結(jié)新友，足不出屋也無悔。 垂釣 忙里偷閑應(yīng)郊游，臨置漁具釣花都。 人在池旁心系刊，一疊文稿不離手。 七律周日加班有感 鞠躬盡瘁創(chuàng)品牌，不在本土在海外。 寒暑有假不曾度，晝夜各吃一中餐。 周日伏案逾八時，累極背項疼難耐。 搖頭晃腦再一程，有怨無悔圖心安。,國慶長假賦 長假又七天，人皆議景點；友人頻來電，問可來游園？ “學(xué)報十期在編，寫作課次層迭，保先自評三千，交稿近在眼前?！?科技日新月異，新語屢見不鮮，英文修改何其難，長詞短句須慎選。 終日埋頭電腦前，常為一詞覓三天。鼠標(biāo)手，職業(yè)頸，熒屏眼。蟻影游動，字里行間，困睡沙發(fā)，饑餐素面。一旦模棱定一可，喝口涼水嘴也甜。諸君疑問何所求？我為名刊當(dāng)總編！ （雖苦尤榮，樂在其中） 20051006,網(wǎng)址： 郵箱： PubMed: ,提綱,1.摘要的類型 2.英文摘要與中文摘要的區(qū)別 3.摘要常用詞和句型 4.摘要的語態(tài)和人稱 5.摘要的時態(tài) 6.摘要常用表達(dá)和幾個/組高頻詞辨析 7.虛詞的用法 8.副詞的用法 9.關(guān)于Chinglish 10.修辭 11.分詞、合成詞有關(guān)問題 12.名詞的特殊用法及名詞的數(shù),1、摘要的類型,1.1 評論性摘要(Critical abstract) 1.2 說明性摘要(Descriptive abstract) 1.3 資料性摘要(Informative abstract) 1.4 資料-指示性摘要(Informative-indicative abstract) 1.5 結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要(Structured abstract),1.1 評論性摘要不常用,可見于綜述,內(nèi)容上側(cè)重于評價/論理. ABSTRACT: Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is a common disorder characterized by a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic urinary abnormalities to acute oliguric renal failure. Tubular dysfunction out of proportion to the degree of renal failure is an important clue to the diagnosis. This review describes its pathogenesis, pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy, emphasizing the drug-induced form of ATIN.,1.2 說明性摘要 又稱指示性或通報性摘要(Indicative abstract)：說明文章的內(nèi)容范圍，只是簡單地報道研究主題，泛泛而談，不涉及具體內(nèi)容。一般只一到三句話，多見于臨床醫(yī)學(xué)論文。 Example The survival rates of a series of patients with unstable angina treated surgically and medically are compared.,1.3 資料性摘要: 詳細(xì)、具體，重要觀點和數(shù)據(jù) Postoperative bleeding is usually attributed to stress ulcer; however, occult preoperative lesions could also be responsible (背景). To determine their frequency and nature, we prospectively examined 72 patients (目的) endoscopically prior to major elective operations. Entry criteria included a planned stay in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit, 2 days, and a negative history, physical examination, and stool guaiac (愈傷木脂，一種檢便潛血試劑). Gastric and duodenal mucosae were scored separately, using a 0- to 7-point scale. Scores were graded negative (0), hyperemia (1), gastroduodenitis (2-5), mucosal erosions (6), and ulcers (7) (方法). Erosions or ulcers were found in 14% of patients and gastroduodenitis is an additional 10%. We found that none of the 27 risk factors or any combination of factors tested correlated with ulcers, erosoins, or gastroduodenitis (結(jié)果). Thus, patients with asymptomatic gastroduodenal erosions or ulcerations could not be identified preoperatively, except by endoscopy (結(jié)論). Until the significance of these lesions as cause of postoperative bleeding is determined, we recommended routine postoperative gastric pH titration with antacids for patients undergoing major elective operations (建議).,1.4 資料-指示性摘要: 內(nèi)容更完整,多了一條提示 The relationship between depression（抑郁癥）and stressors （應(yīng)激）and the relationship between depression in children and depression in their parents were investigated. （概括或提示性語言）Depressed children aged 7-11 years (n = 20) were compared with clinical non-depressed children (n = 88) and normal children (n = 55). Children, mothers and fathers in the three groups were tested. Measures included the Childrens Depression Inventory, Recent Life Events Scale, Stressor Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. The findings showed that children and mothers in the depressed group reported more stressors than other children and other mothers while fathers of children in the depressed group did not report more stressors. The findings also showed that mothers of depressed children were more depressed than mothers of normal children while there were no differences between the scores of fathers in the three groups.,1.5 結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要(structured abstract) BACKGROUND: Hypothyroidism is a common condition that is frequently irreversible and requires lifelong thyroid replacement therapy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence and factors that can predict reversibility of hypothyroidism caused by Hashimotos thyroiditis. METHODS: We studied 79 patients in whom Hashimotos thyroiditis was diagnosed according to suggestive cytologic features and/or the presence of thyroid antibodies (antimicrosomal antibody titer, or = 1:1600; antiglobulin antibody titer, or = 1:400) . RESULTS: After withdrawal of levothyroxine treatment, thyroid blood tests showed that the degree of hypothyroidism worsened in 20 patients, remained unchanged in 40, and improved in 19. Nine patients (11.4%) did show normalization of the thyroid blood test CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that hypothyroidism caused by Hashimotos thyroiditis is not always permanent. The presence of a larger goiter and high thyrotropin levels at the time of diagnosis, associated with a familial incidence of thyroid disease, may be related to an increased incidence of hypothyroidism remission.,2、英文摘要與中文摘要的區(qū)別,21 獨立摘要和隨文摘要 22 內(nèi)容的詳簡度內(nèi)外有別,21獨立摘要和隨文摘要 獨立摘要 指用于檢索性刊物如Excepta Medica、Index Medicus、Chemical Abstracts、Biological Abstracts、Engineering Index等及大型國際會議的論文摘要匯編，此外還有一些文摘雜志。 隨文摘要 指一般期刊內(nèi)與正文同存的摘要。,22 內(nèi)容的詳簡度內(nèi)外有別 中文摘要詳細(xì)介紹國外經(jīng)驗； 英文摘要重點描述國內(nèi)特色； 總的來說英文摘要應(yīng)比中文摘要更全面反映全文主旨。,3、摘要常用詞和句型,31 表達(dá)目的的常用詞和句型或結(jié)構(gòu) 32 表達(dá)方法的句型 33 表達(dá)結(jié)果的句型 34 表達(dá)結(jié)論的句型,31 表達(dá)目的的常用詞和句型或結(jié)構(gòu) 3.1.1 摘要中表示“目的”常用詞的用法, 用于表示“目的”的常用名詞（字順） Aim A.名詞用法 B.動詞用法 Attempt A. 名詞用法 B. 動詞用法,A 名詞用法 The aim of this investigation /study / the present study was to Our aim is to determine whether a clinically relevant positive inotropic effect（增強收縮力作用） can be demonstrated in humans. establish an objective, easy-to-use technique to evaluate . The aims of this study were: 1) to .；and 2) to ,B 動詞用法 a. 主動態(tài)后接動詞不定式 This study aimed to ./ We aimed to ./ This study aims to . b. 主動態(tài)后接介詞at動名詞 This research aimed at identifying c. 被動態(tài)后接介詞at動名詞 This study was aimed at document- ing , Attempt A 名詞用法 An attempt was made to / An attempt has been made to/ An attempt was undertaken to . The present study is an attempt to replicate earlier evidence that For this reason, an attempt was undertaken for 嘗試干 .,In an attempt to extend this finding, three experiments were conducted In a first attempt to elucidate its function, we examined B 動詞用法 In this study we attempt to The authors attempt to evaluate the degree , Goal,A major goal is prevention of acceleration-induced loss of con-sciousness. The goal of this investigation was to Goal一詞的含義、用法及其句式跟名詞aim完全一樣，例句從略。, Intend 想要，旨在(人作主語用主動態(tài)， 事物作主語用被動態(tài)) This report/paper is intended to . In brief the article is intended to . This three-group design / This study was intended to In this study, we intended to test the hypothesis that, It is intended to remind the reader ., Intent 意圖，目的(不太常用) The intent of the study was to Objective（常用作標(biāo)題或項目詞） The objective of this study was to evaluate Objective Methods Results Conclusion(s), Purpose Purpose 的用法同aim，不復(fù)舉例。 但在for the purpose (of) 這一固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用aim替換其中的purpose。如：. is described for the purpose of .,目的句中的常用動詞(多用被動態(tài)), Carry out 執(zhí)行 The retrospective study / An experimental study / An investigation was carried out to evaluate We carried out this study to determine Conduct 引導(dǎo)，實施，進(jìn)行 A (.) study/ survey / An experiment was conducted to evaluate/ establish/ investigate , Perform 執(zhí)行vt; 進(jìn)行vi This study was performed to determine Undertake 從事，著手做 Human studies have been undertaken to test this thesis. Design 設(shè)計 This study / The present study / Our study was designed to We also designed an in vitro study to , Develop 研制，創(chuàng)立 method(s) .was/were developed to (動詞不定式)/for (名詞或動名詞) An on-line thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method was developed to Two methods were developed to displace . We have also developed methods for the analysis of Formulation/drug/strategy/protocol/recipe,3.1.2 結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要中表示目的常見不定式結(jié)構(gòu),To analyze whether patients with RA have an intrinsic defect（先天性缺陷）in T cell proliferation and survival, 為了分析. To ascertain/assess/characterize/clarify/compare/construct/describe/determine/distinguish/elaborate/elucidate/establish/estimate/evaluate/examine/explore/expose/help/identify/investigate/isolate/provide/report/study/test/understand To validate criteria predicting .為了驗證預(yù)測.的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),3.2 表達(dá)方法的句型,3.2.1 using/by using分句+主動態(tài)主句 Using a rabbit model of pneumococcal meningitis, we compared . and 3.2.2 using/by using分句+被動態(tài)主句 By using a multivariate risk algorithm, 56.5% of Down syndrome cases could be detected with a 5.3% false-positive rate.,3.2.3 被動態(tài)using/by using/by/with引出的狀語,The diagnoses were established using American College of Rheumatology criteria. The mechanism of .was studied by using a set of PCR products were detected by gel electrophoresis and dot-blot hybridization. In this prospective study, 142 patients with early RA were treated actively with ,3.2.4 敘述方法最常涉及的幾個動詞(carry out、conduct、perform、do、make、develop; receive、undergo; had 等)及其句型,Hyperthermia was carried out using a novel water-filtered, infrared -A radiation technique. A prospective study was done in 76 subjects who underwent Clinical evaluations were made on the 14 patients including 4 with pharyngitis, 7 with tonsillitis, .,All patients received satisfactory anesthesia for operation. . patients underwent operations and there were no operative deaths. Among the 62 survivors, 18 had another operation.,3.2.5 表達(dá)分組的句型,be (randomly) divided/ allocated/ assigned categorized/classified/grouped/separated (in)to . groups. . be randomized into groups . be (randomly) into . groups, based on . The groups were as follows . (例句見第一軍醫(yī)大學(xué)學(xué)報2002，11：66970),326 有關(guān)各種檢查的句型,Blood sugar（項目）was examined in 50 patients（對象）. Fifty patients（對象） were examined for blood sugar （項目） by （手段）at 2 and 24 h after admission. 寫“檢查”句的時候，注意for的用法：檢查病人的x可以說：The x （對象）was examined by .也可以說：The patient was examined for x （項目） by .,326 有關(guān)各種檢查的句型,Each tooth was sectioned and examined for dye penetration under a stereomicro- scope (x 60 magnification). 注意在描述用顯微鏡觀察或檢查什么的時候，很多人常常用錯microscope和microscopy這兩個詞。正確的用法是：under microscope或by microscopy/ with microscope。,3.3 表達(dá)結(jié)果的句型,331 敘述觀察或發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么 （1）主動態(tài)句：We found (observed, noted, saw, recorded .) that . （2）被動態(tài)句：It was found (observed, noted, seen, recorded .) that .,332 量的或,泛言或 The prevalence increased with age. / Cyclic AMP levels were increased by NECA. Estrogen replacement therapy reduced excretion of zinc, . levels rapidly declined in HL- 60 cells following induction of apoptosis by , but were transiently elevated by two other apoptosis- inducing agents. . levels of greatly declined with a subsequent increase in the concentration of ,(2) 或了多少 一般地說，應(yīng)該用by引出實際增加或減少的數(shù)目： Cell number increased by almost 50% during the first 24-h after the beginning of treatment. Zinc excretion decreased (by) 35% after 3 months and 26% after 1 year of treatment.,332 量的或,(3) 從多少或到多少 Urine maximum flow rate and average flow rate increased significantly from . to . and from . to ., respectively. Residual urine volume decreased significantly from . to less than By 60 min of reperfusion, levels of 6-keto were reduced to those in the IVC.,332 量的或,(4) 跟B相比，A 或了 Healing times of the donor sites were significantly decreased (as) compared with patients . showed a significant increase in comparison with previous determinations.,332 量的或,There was a/an . association of A with B / between A and B. / . did not demonstrate an association of A with B. / . suggest that A appears to have no association with B. / A . association was observed* between A and B. / Associations between A and B were assessed with A was associated with B. 同、與、跟： of A with B；之間：between A and B.,333 表示關(guān)系的句型,A .correlation was found* for A and B/ between A and B. / No (statistically significant) correlation was found* between A and B. / There was a (no) . correlation between A and B/ among the four / Correlation between concentrations in A and B serum was poor / Correlations were highest between measures with similar response formats.,333 表示關(guān)系的句型,A correlated (well*) with B. / A be .* correlated with B. / A be not correlated to B. A did not correlate with B. / A .* correlates with B. In addition, there was a significant relation between A and B. 跟relation搭配的介詞用to、with、between and，如： Intralymphocytic sodium and free calcium concentrations in relation to salt sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension.,333 表示關(guān)系的句型,A more likely to be related to B. / A may be .* related to B / A were not related to B. The relationship between A and B has been well established in histopathological studies. / No relationship was noted* between A and B. / Regression analysis showed no relationship between A and B. / In contrast, there were highly significant relationships between A and B . *found或noted 可與seen、observed、obtained 互換； *此處副詞可以據(jù)意使用closely、directly、highly、positively、negatively、inversely、roughly、significantly或strongly之類詞。,333 表示關(guān)系的句型,3341 相同比較 用as . as .等表示 In fact, for all health resources categories studies, Canadians utilized at least as many services as their American counterparts.,A與B和C兩者的關(guān)系怎么表達(dá)? The relationship between A and both B and C 334 表示比較的句型,3342 不同比較 to be + 比較級 + than，如：Generally, men are higher than women. 動詞 比較級 than，如：A secreted and expressed higher amounts than did B. 比較級 compared with，如：A was lower in OA chondrocytes (as) compared with B. In comparison with ，含“比較級”的主句，如： In comparison with B, A occurred earlier, but displayed a clearly lower magnitude of expression. The more the more 越是就越 ,334 表示比較的句型, The more the more 越是就越 1）省略 2）詞序 3）語序 4）翻譯,334 表示比較的句型,1）省略 （1）從句中某些成分（謂語），如： The warmer water (is), the faster it evaporates. 水越熱，蒸發(fā)越快。 The smaller the particles (are), the more freely do they move. 粒子越小，運動越自由。 （ do為倒裝助動詞） （2）主、從句中主語、謂語全部省略，如： The more, the better. 多多益善。 The sooner, the better. 越快越好。,2）詞序 （1） 倒裝詞序： The + 比較級(從句)，the + 比較級（主句） 從句在前，主句在后，主從句的比較級都在謂語之前，并且不能把more和后面的形容詞、副詞及名詞分開： The more he worked on the arithmetic problem, the more confused he became. 這道算術(shù)題他越做越糊涂。,（2）正常詞序 + 比較級（主句），the + 比較級被比較成分或從句 主句在前，從句在后，主句的比較級在謂語之后： Therefore a compound is considered the more stable, the smaller its potential energy. 因此勢能越小，化合物就被認(rèn)為越穩(wěn)定。,3）語序 大多數(shù)情況是前者為從屬分句（相當(dāng)于程度狀語分句），后者為主句： According to Keynes, the greater the total income of a nation is, the less (the) people want to invest, because it is not profitable to invest when production is highly developed. 結(jié)論是：主句若用正常語序，則前置；換言之，若主句前置，則主句為常序。,4） 翻譯 英譯漢，先從后主，即“順句倒譯，倒句順譯”； 漢譯英，正序翻譯主句在前，倒序翻譯主句在后。 not so . as 不如(或沒有) 那樣，not as . as (和 . 不一樣) 不多見。提法不一 手27/指南88 The incidence of acute DV is not as common among women visiting an ED as previously reported, although the cumulative prevalence of DV is strikingly high.,就是多用了指示代詞that或those，如： SDH activity of cochlea was lower in group A than (that) in group B. 比較狀語 （找不到這個that所替代的對象） 把that去掉就對了。要用that的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是： SDH activity of cochlea in group A was lower than that in group B. 比較主語 （這個that替代的是畫線部分）就如： 個子你比我（的）高；你的個子比我的個子高。,3343 比較級句中一個最常見的錯誤,34 表達(dá)結(jié)論的句型,341 由結(jié)果引出結(jié)論 3411 句型結(jié)構(gòu) The /These /Our result(s) /finding(s) /study(ies) /data /observation /analysis.(主語) show(s) /showed /suggest(s/ed) / confirm(s/ed) /indicate(s/d) /demonstrate(s/d) support(s/ed) accord(s/ed) with /agree(s/d) well with /illustrate(s/d) /provide(s/d) evidence / point(s/ed) out /reveal(s/ed).(謂語) that (賓語從句),show(s)/showed suggest(s)/-ed confirm(s)/-ed results indicate(s)/-d findings demonstrate(s)/-d The/Our study/ies support(s)/-ed that data accord(s)/-ed with observation agree(s)/-d well with analysis illustrate(s)/-d provide(s)/-d evidence point(s)/-ed out reveal(s)/-ed,3412 例句,Results / Our data indicate that ICV Adenocard ameliorates theophylline-induced seizures. This study suggests that IVIg can ameliorate the symptoms and improve the functional capability of RA patients. These data/Our results suggest that glucoregulation in patients with VH does not differ from that in matched controls. The results/These findings support the hypothesis that plasma kallikrein is present in synovial fluid. This study confirms that ,342 直接表達(dá)結(jié)論的句型 (1) It be concluded that . (2) In conclusion, . (3) The/Our conclusion(s) (of.) is/are that (4) We/they/The author(s) concluded that 343 在conclusion的標(biāo)題后直接描述,It is concluded that the antiplatelet action of gingerol is mainly due to the inhibition of thromboxane formation. It was concluded that flumazenil 10 microgramskg-1 does not influence recovery from propofol anesthesia. On the basis of the obtained results it has been concluded that . （得出的）結(jié)論是；可以下這樣的結(jié)論；已經(jīng)得出結(jié)論,In conclusion, we think that the leukemic transformation might have been developed in the natural course of essential thrombocy-themia in the present case. However, we cannot exclude 最后；總之；綜上所述,The conclusion was that . Our principal conclusion is that . 結(jié)論是；我們的結(jié)論是,We concluded that They concluded that (1) .; (2) .; The authors concluded that . 下的結(jié)論是,4、摘要的語態(tài)和人稱,41 語態(tài)和人稱的選用原則 一般地講： （1）盡量采用主動態(tài)，因為主動態(tài)有助于文字的清晰、簡潔及有力的表達(dá)； （2）強調(diào)動作承受者，要采用被動語態(tài)； （3）除非采用第一人稱可避免語句結(jié)構(gòu)繁瑣、累贅從而更易于理解，一般應(yīng)采用第三人稱。 42 語態(tài)和人稱的具體應(yīng)用,421 第三人稱(動作承受者)+被動態(tài) 422 第一人稱主動態(tài) （1）在摘要或全文的開頭部分，可以用第一人稱主動態(tài)介紹論文內(nèi)容 （2）在摘要或正文的方法和結(jié)果部分，常見第三人稱主動態(tài)句 （3）在正文的方法部分，只要有利于文字的清晰和句子的簡練，也用第一人稱表達(dá) （4）在摘要或論文的結(jié)尾部分，可用第一人稱主動態(tài)陳述作者的結(jié)論,42 語態(tài)和人稱的具體應(yīng)用,第三人稱同被動語態(tài)幾乎是密不可分的，因此，大多數(shù)情況用第三人稱被動態(tài)，如: A quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR) was used to measure the type 1 IGFR mRNA level, and Northern blotting was used to measure type 2 IGFR and IGFBP mRNA levels. Mice were inoculated intravenously with 1 107 colony-for