(一高考名詞及練習

精品文檔本資料來源于七彩教育網(wǎng)第一章 名詞表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱的詞，叫做名詞。 高考重點要求：1、 分清名詞同義詞、近義詞在語境中語義的差別2、 物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞數(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)化3、 掌握名詞的s 屬格，of屬格,雙重屬格4、 名詞復數(shù)的構(gòu)成第一節(jié) 知識點概述名詞分為專有名詞（Proper Nouns）和普通名詞 (Common Nouns），專有名詞是某個（些）人、地方、機構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類： 1）個體名詞（Individual Nouns）：表示某類人或東西中的個體，如：gun。 2）集體名詞（Collective Nouns）：表示若干個個體組成的集合體，如：family。 3）物質(zhì)名詞（Material Nouns）：表示無法分為個體的實物，如：air。 4）抽象名詞（Abstract Nouns）：表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計算，稱為可數(shù)名詞（Countable Nouns），物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞（Uncountable Nouns）。一、普通名詞 普通名詞指一類人或事物的名稱。英語中普通名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞一般有單、復數(shù)兩種形式。如a/one child，ten children。而不可數(shù)名詞一般只有一種形式。如cash（現(xiàn)金）。不可數(shù)名詞之前不可直接用泛指限定詞和數(shù)詞。不可數(shù)名詞可與some一起用。如：some money，some water。也可與the一起用：the information（這信息）。（一）可數(shù)名詞及其復數(shù)形式 （1）可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式一般由詞尾加-s或-es構(gòu)成（2）可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式的不規(guī)則構(gòu)成法1) 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復數(shù)時，直接加s變復數(shù)： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeysholiday-holidays比較： 層樓：storey -storeys story-stories 2) 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復數(shù)時：a. 加s，如： photo-photospiano-pianos radio-radioszoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesc. 均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復數(shù)時： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves；c. 均可,如：handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves （二）可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 英語中的絕大多數(shù)名詞既可以用作可數(shù)名詞也可以用作不可數(shù)名詞。 1可數(shù)名詞 可數(shù)名詞一般可以分成以下二類： 第一類：如bike，desk， factory等，這類名詞占可數(shù)名詞的多數(shù)。以bike為例： There are fifty bikes at this shop這家商店有50輛自行車。 第二類：如clothes等，本身表示復數(shù)形式。以clothes為例： She cares for nice clothes她愛好穿著。 2不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞的用法特征主要有以下幾種： （1）不帶冠詞的單數(shù)形式需用動詞單數(shù)作謂語。例如： Knowledge is power知識就是力量。 （2）由much，little等詞修飾。例如： They have saved much money for future use他們存了很多錢以備未來使用。 （3）與表示單位的量詞如a piece of等連用。例如： Go and fetch me a piece of chalk給我去拿一支粉筆。 要十分注意的是：不可數(shù)名詞不能與不定冠詞或數(shù)詞直接用在一起。如不能說a good news, an advice, a hard work等。 不可數(shù)名詞可以與量詞使用構(gòu)成不同的詞組：如： a piec e of paper 一張紙 a drop of water 一滴水a(chǎn) 1oaf of bread 一條面包 a bag of money 一袋錢a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 a pair of shoes 一雙鞋二、專有名詞專有名詞用來指具體的人、地點、日子或物體的專有名稱。其特點是：第一個字母大寫，通常不與冠詞連用，無復數(shù)形式。（一）人名 英美人的姓名與中國人的恰恰相反，姓在后面，名在前面，姓名前通常不用冠詞。例如：Mary Smith , George Washington。 （1）一般熟人間通常用名稱呼。例如： Hows John getting on? 約翰近來好嗎？ （2）在不熟悉人之間或表示禮貌時，常把姓和稱謂連用。例如： Would you please tell Dr. Smith to come to the office? 請你告訴史密斯博士到辦公室來一次好嗎? （3）姓氏復數(shù)前加定冠詞可表示全家人。例如：The Turners have gone to America特納一家人去美國了。（二）地名（1）大部分單數(shù)形式的地名不用定冠詞。例如： Asia, America , China , London , Shanghai （2）大部分單數(shù)形式的湖、島、山名前不加定冠詞。例如： Silver Lake；Mount Tai（3）山脈、群島、海洋、河流、運河、海灣、海峽、半島、沙漠名前一般加定冠詞。例如：the Pacific , the English Channel , the Sahara（三）日期名（1）節(jié)日名前通常不用冠詞。例如： Christmas , National Day（2）星期名前通常不用冠詞。例如： Sunday , Tuesday（3）月份名前通常不用冠詞。例如： April , December三、名詞所有格名詞所有格是指一個名詞與另一個名詞之間存在所有關(guān)系時所用的形式。其構(gòu)成有兩種：一種是由名詞末尾加s構(gòu)成；另一種由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多用來表示有生命的東西；后者多用來表示無生命的東西。例如：Childrens Palace 少年宮Toms bike 湯姆的自行車the title of the book 書名the legs of the table 桌子的腿（一）所有格形式的構(gòu)成（1）單數(shù)名詞后加s，其讀音與名詞復數(shù)結(jié)尾的讀音相同。例如： the girls father 女孩的父親 （2）以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞后加。例如： two hours walk 兩個小時的步行 （3）不以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞后加s。例如： the childrens holiday 孩子們的節(jié)日 （4）以s結(jié)尾的名詞或人名，可以加s，也可加號。例如： Thomass brother 托馬斯的兄弟 the bosss handwriting 老板的書寫 （5）表示各自的所有關(guān)系，不是共有的，要分別在各個名詞末尾加s，如： Johns and Marys rooms 約翰和瑪麗各人的房間 若表示共有的，則在最后一個名詞的末尾加s，如： John and Marys room 約翰和瑪麗合住的房間（二）“s”所有格的用法 s所有格常表示有生命的東西，但也可表示無生命的東西。例如：（1）表示時間： todays newspaper 今天的報紙 （2）表示自然現(xiàn)象： the moons rays 月光 （3）表示國家、城市、機構(gòu)：Shanghais industry 上海的工業(yè) （4）表示度量衡及價值：twenty dollars value 20美元的價值five miles distance 5英里的距離（三）“s”和of所有格所表示的關(guān)系1表示所有關(guān)系可分為可分割的所有關(guān)系和不可分割的所有關(guān)系?？煞指畹乃嘘P(guān)系通常指身外之物，一般不可用of表示。例如：Johns pen（John has a pen）約翰的鋼筆不可說：a pen of John但不可分割的所有關(guān)系，指自身擁有的不可分割的東西可用s也可用of表示。例如：Marys hands（Mary has two hands）瑪麗的手也可以說：the hands of Mary2表示主謂關(guān)系the doctors advice（The doctor advised）醫(yī)生的建議his mothers request（His mother requested）他母親的請求3表示動賓關(guān)系the war prisoners release 釋放戰(zhàn)俘childrens education 年輕一代的教育4表示同位語關(guān)系（通常用of表示）the city of Rome羅馬城the city of Pairs巴黎城第二節(jié) 實戰(zhàn)演練一、復習時需注意的要點1、 有些名詞形式像復數(shù)，但含義是單數(shù)，而有些名詞是沒有單數(shù)形式的，應注意謂語動詞的選用。例如：Maths is the language of scienceNo news is good newsThe Chinese people are a great people2、集體名詞用作整體時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。如用作整體中的各個成員時，謂語動詞要用復數(shù)。例如：His family is a big one .His family are fond of music.3、在“there be”的句子中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應和其最近的主語的數(shù)相一致。例如：例如：There are two pictures on the wallThere is a cat and two dogs in the garden4、表示兩者共有關(guān)系時，只需在最后一個名詞后加s；表示幾個并列名詞的各自所有關(guān)系時，必須在每個名詞后加“s”。例如：Li Ping and Li Yings father . 李平和李英的父親.Li Pings and Li Yings fathers . 李平的父親和李英的父親.二、歷屆高考試題分析例1、The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took _ pictures of them. A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of答案為B?！窘馕觥?此題考查可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞表示不定量意義的限定詞。many修飾可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)時不用of，故A不可選。number用來表示大量，很多時，應為a number of，故C也不可選，a large amount of用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞，而picture是可數(shù)名詞，故D也不可選。B項masses of是非正式的表達方式，后跟可數(shù)名詞。例2、He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his _ was seen at its best when he worked with others.A. temper B. appearanceC. talentD. character答案：D【解析】 temper脾氣；appearance外表；talent天賦，才能；character 性格。例3、One of the consequences of our planets being warned up is a (n) _ in the number of natural disasters.A. result B. account C. reason D. increase答案為D?！窘馕觥?result意為結(jié)果；account意為數(shù)量；reason意為理由，原因；increase意為增加。原句是說地球升溫造成的后果之一是(增加)了自然災害的數(shù)量。只有填increase比較合適，而其他幾個詞則無法講通。例4、Life is tough in the city. In order to lose their_, some people drink alcohol.A. temper B. mood C. consciousness D. pressures答案為D。【解析】 lose ones temper意為發(fā)脾氣;mood意為心境，情緒；consciousness意為清醒，意識。第一句說“在城市生活很困難”。所以應是“為了緩解壓力”。 例5、The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it.A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles shop答案為B?！窘馕觥?名詞做定語如表示所屬關(guān)系有兩種情況：有生命的東西的名詞要加s；無生命的東西通常用of。名詞做定語如不表示所有關(guān)系，往往只用名詞單數(shù)形式。表示什么樣的商店要用名詞單數(shù)修飾shop。譯文：自行車商店就在拐角處，你不會錯過它。 例6、 His daughter is always shy in _and she never dares to make a speech to _.A. the public; the public B. public; the publicC. the public; public D. public; public答案為B?！窘馕觥?In public的意思是“在公眾場合”；the public的意思是“公眾”。譯文：他女兒在公眾場合很害羞，她從來沒有對公眾做過報告。例7、What he has done is far from _.A. satisfactory B. satisfied C. satisfaction D. satisfy答案為C?！窘馕觥?句中from是介詞，后接名詞。譯文：他所做的事離滿意還差得遠。satisfactory是形容詞，意思是“令人滿意的”；satisfied是過去分詞，可作為形容詞使用，意思是“感到滿意的”；satisfy是動詞，意思是“使?jié)M意”。例8、Chinese arts have won the _ of a lot of people outside China.A. enjoyment B. appreciation C. entertainment D. reputation答案為B。【解析】 本題考察名詞。根據(jù)句意“中國藝術(shù)已經(jīng)贏得了許多外國人的欣賞”。選項A“enjoyment（樂趣）”和選項C“entertainment（娛樂）”以及D“reputation名聲”均不符合句意。例9、The environmentalists said wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.A. attendance B. escape C. absence D. appearance答案為D?！窘馕觥?本題考察名詞。根據(jù)句意“環(huán)境保護論者說也山羊在大草原上出現(xiàn)是環(huán)境得到改善的好兆頭”，選項D符合句意。例10、Im sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired. There is no _ for this while you are on duty. A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation 答案為B?！窘馕觥?考查名詞辨析。excuse理由、借口。說話人意為：你在值班的時候是沒有任何理由出去的。reason原因；cause事情起因；explanation解釋，與句意不符。第三節(jié) 鞏固練習1.If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask him to leave a _.A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice2. Ill look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little _.A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest3. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London.A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness4. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _.A. energy B. source C. power D. material5. These football players had no strict _ until they joined our club.A. practice B. education C. exercise D. training6. Who did you spend last weekend with?_.A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers7. You can take as many as you like because they are free of _.A. fare B. charge C. money D. pay8. We all know that _ speak louder than words.A. movement B. performances C. operation D. actions9. My parents always let me have my own _ of living.A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion10. This is not a match. We are playing chess just for _.A. habit D. hobby C. fun D. game11. Last Sunday his family went to _.A. the childs Park B. the Childrens parkC. the Childrens Park D. the Childrens park12. Peter is _ brother.A. Tom and Jack B. Toms and JacksC. Toms and Jack D. Tom and Jacks13.His sister had beautiful black long _ bur he could see some white _.A. hairshair B. hairhairs C. hairshairs D. hair hair14. There are many _ in the hospital.A. woman doctors B. women doctorsC. woman doctor D. doctor women15. Both Marx and Engels were _.A. Germans B. Germen C. from German D. Germany16. Mary always wears beautiful _.A. clothes B. cloth C. clothing D. dressing17. Did you ask for _ leave?A. two days B. two-day C. two days D. two-days18. I found the telephone number in the _.A. phone book B. phones book C. book of phone D. phones book19. _ is not a long way to drive.A. Three miles distance B. Three-mile distanceC. Three miles distance D. Three-mile-distance20. She had a good _ and sings beautifully.A. noise B. sound C. voice D. throat21. Give me your _ for refusing.A. reason B. cause C. excuse D. course22. No matter what you do, you should put your _ into it.A. mind B. heart C. brain D. thought23. There are usually at least two _ of looking at every question.A. means B. directions C. views D. ways24. Tables are made of _.A. wood B. woods C. wooden D. some woods25. Give my _ to your parents.A. best wish B. regards C. loves D. hello26. The manager lost his _ just because his secretary was ten minutes late.A. mood B. temper C. mind D. passion27. Living _ are usually higher in cities than in the country.A. costs B. charge C. price D. value28. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drinking and heart attack is not necessarily _ and effect.A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause29. The better _ you have of words, the better chance you have of saying exactly what youmean.A. demand B. master C. command D. performance30. The desk is only _ high.A. three-foot B. three foot C.three-footed D. three feet31.Food and _ are very important to us all. A. clothes B. cloth C. clothing D. dress32.I think its high time you made up your mind to choose a(n)_. A. ambition B. work C. employment D. career 33.The teachers may use these exercise as part of class work or home _. A. requirement B. assignment C. appointment D. entertainment34. The disease spreads fast by touch before any _ are noticed. A. marks B. clues C. symptoms D. characters35. Communication is more than speaking and listening. Body language expresses a persons different _. A. feelings B. signs C. minds D. senses36.As soon as their party came into _ they changed the law. A. force B. power C. strength D. energy37.Heres my card. Lets keep in _. A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship38.He gained his _ by printing _of famous writers. A. wealthwork B. wealthsworks C. wealthswork D. wealthworks39.Nobody would believe the man would end in _ when he started the project , but it turned out to be _. A. failuresfailure B. a failure failure C. failurea failure D. failurefailure40.The remote high school lacks the elementary sports _and recreational _. A. equipmentfacilities B. equipmentsfacilities C. equipment .facility D. equipments facility41.The young man over there is a scholar of _ . Particularly , he has _of the world history. A. wide knowledge a good knowledge B. a wide knowledgegood knowledge C. a wide knowledgea good knowledge D. wide knowledgesa good knowledge42. The wooden house caught _as the boy set off _nearby. A. firesome firework B. a fire fireworks C. the fire a fire work D. fire fireworks43. To attend an English family dinner , you must