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附 錄 A 外文翻譯 英文資料翻譯 原文 Wheel type electric cars driving system 1. Development situation and overview Wheel type electric car is a kind of driving type electric cars, there are two basic forms, namely direct driving type electric wheels and belt wheel edges reducer electric wheels. It will be installed on the wheel hub of motor is omitted, traditional clutch, the transmission, the main reducer and differential unit etc, simplifies configuration and improve the transmission efficiency, and to realize the electric control technology through the electronic differential control wheels. Electric wheel will become the future development direction of electric cars. The electric car wheel type of the study in Japan. Japans keio university of electric car research group has developed five different forms of vehicles. In 1991, with Tokyo electric power company jointly developed by IZA electric car seat, Cd - battery power method, with four rated power for 6.8 kW, 25kW reached the peak power of the rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor driving wheel speed can reach the highest, 176km/h. In 1996, the Japanese national institute of environmental groups jointly developed electric wheel drive system of rear wheel drive electric cars, the ECO electric wheel drive system chooses permanent brushless dc motor, power rating for 6.8 kW, for 20kW peak power, and planetary gear reducer, the electric wheels adopt mechanical braking and motor is a combination of regenerative braking. In 2001, the group launched by using lithium battery for power supply, eight high power ac synchronous motor driving wheel independent KAZ electric car. The installation of the eight wheels, and greatly increased the power, thereby the highest speed 311 km/h. The electric system KAZ used in high speed, high performance of motor rotor inside, the peak power can reach 55 kW, improve the ability of the limit speed KAZ cars, make its 0 100km/h acceleration time reach 8s. In order to make the motor output speed with the actual requirements, wheel rotation KAZ electric system matching planet gear. Using KAZ front disc brake drum brake using, rear. In 2003, Toyota motor company launched in Tokyo motor show the fuel cell concept car is also used to end an argument - N electric wheel drive technology. General motors corp. In 2001, the new trial wire four wheel drive car fuel cell concept also USES electric wheel drive Autonomy, electric wheel drive system of flexible control and arrangement, the better able to realize control technology. Domestic electric wheel drive mode study also made some progress. Tongji university chunhui series of fuel cell vehicles using the concept of four brushless dc motor driving wheel independent electric wheels module. Byd in 2004 Beijing auto ET concept car also adopted new drive electric car: four wheel drive motor independent pattern edge. Chinese academy of sciences, Beijing three-ring general electric company developed electric car brushless dc motor with wheels, say again electric wheels. A single wheel electric power, voltage 7.5 kW, double rear 264 V direct drive. The Chinese institute of four wheel corporation 724 electric automobile, motor performance index for the power rating: 3 kW, rated speed 3000r/min, rated voltage is 110 V. 2. Structure analysis Wheel electric drive system have direct driving type electric wheels and belt wheel edges reducer electric wheels are two basic forms. It depends on the rotor speed is using high-speed rotor motor or within. Direct drive a car with the rotor motor, electric wheels and a complete parts assembly wheel, electronic differential mode, motor, decorate in the wheels within wheels drive vehicle driven directly. Its main advantage is the motor, small volume, light quality and low cost, high transmission efficiency, compact structure, vehicle structure layout and design, also facilitate the retrofit design. This electric wheel directly in the installation of the wheel rim driving wheel rotation. But when the electric car in large torque, need is installed in the direct drive motor must type electric wheels can provide large in low torque. In order to make the car can have good performance, motor must also has a wide range of torque and speed adjustment. The work of the impact and vibration and the wheel rims wheels, request must be strong and reliable supporting, at the same time, because of the spring load, to ensure the quality of the comfort of vehicle suspension systems, elastic elements and damping element optimization design, motor output torque and power is limited, the system of wheel size high cost. Belt wheel gear wheel drive electric power while using high-speed rotor motor system in modern high-performance electric cars, suitable for the operation. It KuangYongChe originated from the traditional electric wheels, belongs to the slowdown driven type, the electric motor speed wheels allow in operation, usually the highest speed motor design in 4000-20000 r/min, its purpose is to obtain higher than the power, and the other performance of motor without special requirement, and can be used in ordinary speed motor rotor. In motor and reducer institution arrangement between the wheels, deceleration and increase torque of electric cars, thus ensuring the role in the speed to make enough big torque. Motor output shaft through institutions and wheel drive shaft, motor bearing not connected directly under the load and the road wheels, improve the working conditions of the bearings, Adopts fixed planetary gear reducer, ratio of the system with large range of speed and torque, give full play to the characteristics of the motor speed, eliminate the motor torque and power under the influence. Size wheel In the design of main consideration should be given to the solution of gear noise and lubrication problem, work of motor and internal system structure design requirements. Figure 1 for wheel edges deceleration ware electric wheels. 3. Wheel type electric car key technology (1)The wheel motor and its control technology Currently used electric wheels of the rotor motor speed and high-speed rotor motor are within the radial magnetic flux permanent magnet motor wheel. Within the high-speed rotor motor structure and the traditional permanent magnet synchronous motor or brushless dc motor are basically the same. The highest speed motor coil and mainly by friction loss and variable factors such as organization ability. As the rotor wheeled permanent magnet motor electric car driven directly by the actuator, motor NdPeB installation of the surface of the rotor surface-mounted stator slots structure more rare. The wheel diameter had substructure of constraint conditions make the armature diameter increase and improve the motor ability, At the same time, had made motor cooling conditions worsen substructuring for long time, overload ability have certain effect. Adopt stator slots structure, few &reduce volume, simplified structure, to generate electricity needed to improve the indexes of harmonic. Magnetic rotor position sensor adopts magnetic resistance type, and motor multipole rotating transformer ontology integration installation, compact structure. Motor driven by axial Angle transform technique, use axis rotation Angle transform chip will output signal is transformed into digital signals, for the current instruction position of each phase of the synthesis of circuit current instruction, With the current negative feedback signal current instruction by current regulator (CR), control type inverter power circuit, SPWM drive motor running. Wheel type electric vehicle generally has two or four wheel edges of multiple motor, implement coordinated control. The key to achieve technology is the drive motor operating control, including the vehicle steering stability control, differential control system dynamic performance optimization and control, etc. In the stab ility control, traction control system for the main research direction, the comprehensive energy strategy in battery technology progress, not enough before are equally important. In order to research on vehicles, electric cars and the optimization design of effective mathematical model and the rapid and effective system operation control algorithm is also world research hotspot. (2) Energy and energy management system Battery electric vehicle is the source, is also restricted the development of key factors of electric cars. Electric car battery is the main performance indexes than energy, energy density, power, circle life and cost, etc. To make electric cars and fuel automobile competition, the key to develop high energy, power and long-life efficient battery. So far, the electric car battery after three generations of development, has achieved breakthrough progress. The first generation is lead-acid batteries, mainly is the valve-control lead-acid battery (VRLA), due to its high price lower than energy, and discharge, high magnification is currently only high-volume production electric car batteries. Second generation is mainly alkaline battery, have Ni - Cd, Ni fd-mh, making - S, Li ion - and Zn/Air etc. Various battery, the ratio of energy and power than lead-acid battery is high, can greatly improve the performance of the electric vehicle dynamic range and lead-acid batteries, but the price is high. Article 3 the batteries in fuel cells. Fuel cells directly will fuel energy into electricity, high efficiency, energy transformation of energy and power than than all high, and can control the reaction process, energy conversion process can be continuous, is the ideal car batteries, but is still in the development stage, and some key technology is still a breakthrough. Because the electric vehicle Co., LTD, its energy vehicle driving car fuel mileage far less than the level of energy management system, the purpose is to maximize the use of the vehicle, increase energy limited trip mileage. Intelligent energy management systems acquisition from each subsystem, the sensor information input these sensors and temperature sensor, including car when the source current and voltage recharge sensor, motor current and voltage sensor, speed and acceleration sensor and the outside environment and climate, sensors, etc. Energy management system can realize the following basic functions: the energy distribution system, The prediction of the surplus energy and continue to trip mileage, Provide the best driving mode, When the regenerative braking rationally adjust the renewable energy, Automatic temperature control and adjustment. Intelligent management system as the brain, electric car, with great flexibility and adaptability. 4. Conclusion The paper introduces development status of electric vehicle wheel type and structure characteristics, illustrates the steering wheel motor-driven car control model and key technologies. Compared with the traditional electric cars and electric car wheel type of vehicle structure, transmission efficiency and dynamic performance, range, etc are very obvious advantages, is the future development direction of electric cars. At present, low quality of high power, wheel motor research is still hot. At the same time, the power steering wheel, driving, braking torque and speed of motor control is the key and difficult point for future research. 輪轂式電動汽車驅動系統 1、發(fā)展現狀 輪轂式電動汽車是一種新興的驅動式電動汽車,有兩種基本形式,即直接驅動式電動輪和帶輪邊減速器電動輪。它直接將電機安裝在車輪輪轂中,省略了傳統的離合器、變速器、主減速器及差速器等部件,簡化了整車結構,提高了傳動效率,并且能通過控制技術實現對電動輪的電子差速控制。電 動輪將成為未來電動汽車的發(fā)展方向。 目前國際上對輪轂式電動汽車的研究主要以日本為主。日本慶應義塾大學的電動汽車研究小組已試制了 5 種不同形式的樣車。其中, 1991 年與東京電力公司共同開發(fā)的 4座電動汽車 IZA,采用 Ni-Cd電池為動力源,以 4個額定功率為 6.8kW、峰值功率達到 25kW的外轉子式永磁同步輪轂電機驅動,最高速度可達 176km/h。 1996年,該小組聯合日本國家環(huán)境研究所研制了電動輪驅動系統的后輪驅動電動汽車 ECO,該車的電動輪驅動系統選用永磁直流無刷電動機,額定功率為 6.8kW,峰值功率為 20kW,并配以行星齒輪減速機,該電動輪采用機械制動與電機再生制動相結合的方式。 2001 年,該小組又推出了以鋰電池為動力源,采用 8 個大功率交流同步輪轂電機獨立驅動的電動轎車 KAZ。該車安裝了 8 個車輪,大大增加了該車的動力,從而使該車的最高速度達到 311 km/h。KAZ的電動輪系統中采用高轉速、高性能內轉子型電動機,其峰值功率可達 55 kW,提高了 KAZ轎車的極限加速能力,使其 0 100km/h加速時間達到 8s。為了使電動機輸出轉速符合車輪的實際轉速要求, KAZ 電動輪系統匹配行星齒輪減速機構。 KAZ前輪采用 盤式制動器,后輪采用鼓式制動器。 2003年日本豐田汽車公司在東京車展上推出的燃料電池概念車 FINE-N 也采用了電動輪驅動技術。美國通用汽車公司 2001 年試制的全新線控 4 輪驅動燃料電池概念車Autonomy 也采用電動輪驅動型式,電動輪驅動系統靈活的控制與布置方式,使該車能更好地實現線控技術。 國內對電動輪驅動方式的研究也取得了一些進展。同濟大學研制的 “春暉 ”系列燃料電池概念車采用了 4個直流無刷輪轂電機獨立驅動的電動輪模塊。比亞迪于 2004年在北京車展上展出的 ET概念車也采用了電動汽車最新驅動方式: 4個輪邊電機 獨立驅動模式。中國科學院北京三環(huán)通用電氣公司研制的電動轎車用直流無刷輪轂電機,又稱電動車輪。單個電動車輪功率為 7.5 kW,電壓 264 V,雙后輪直接驅動。中船總公司 724研究所的 4輪電動汽車,其電動機性能指標為:額定功率 3 kW,額定轉速 3000r/min,額定電壓為 110 V。 2、結構分析 輪式電驅動系統有直接驅動式電動輪和帶輪邊減速器電動輪兩種基本形式。這取決于是采用低速外轉子還是高速內轉子電動機。直接驅動式汽車采用低速外轉子電動機,電動輪與車輪組成一個完整部件總成,采用電子差速方式,電機布置在車輪內部,直接驅動車輪帶動汽車行駛。其主要優(yōu)點是電機體積小、質量輕和成本低,系統傳動效率高,結構緊湊,既有利于整車結構布置和車身設計,也便于改型設計。這種電動輪直接將外轉子安裝在車輪的輪輞上驅動車輪轉動。然而電動汽車在起步時需要較大的轉矩,也就是說安裝在直接驅動型電動輪中的電動機必須能在低速時提供大轉矩。為了使汽車能夠有較好的動力性,電動機還必須具有很寬的轉矩和轉速調節(jié)范圍。由于電機工作產生一定的沖擊和振動,要求車輪輪輞和車輪支承必須堅固、可靠,同時由于非簧載質量大,要保證車輛的舒適性,要求對懸架系統彈 性元件和阻尼元件進行優(yōu)化設計,電機輸出轉矩和功率也受到車輪尺寸的限制,系統成本高。 帶輪邊減速器電動輪電驅動系統采用高速內轉子電動機,適合現代高性能電動汽車的運行要求。它起源于礦用車的傳統電動輪,屬于減速驅動類型,這種電動輪允許電動機在高速下運行,通常電動機的最高轉速設計在 4000 20000 r/min,其目的是為了能夠獲得較高的比功率,而對電動機的其它性能沒有特殊要求,可以采用普通的內轉子高速電動機。減速機構布置在電動機和車輪之間,起到減速和增矩的作用,從而保證電動汽車在低速時能夠獲得足夠大的轉矩。電機 輸出軸通過減速機構與車輪驅動軸連接,使電機軸承不直接承受車輪與路面的載荷作用,改善了軸承的工作條件;采用固定速比行星齒輪減速器,使系統具有較大的調速范圍和輸出轉矩,充分發(fā)揮驅動電機的調速特性,消除了電機輸出轉矩和功率受到車輪尺寸的影響。設計中主要應考慮解決齒輪的工作噪聲和潤滑問題,對電機及系統內部的結構方案設計要求更高。圖 1為輪邊減速器型電動輪示意圖。 圖 1 輪邊減速器型電動輪示意圖 3、 輪轂式電動汽車關鍵技術 ( 1)輪轂電機及其控制技術 目前電動輪所用的低速外轉子電動機和高速內轉子電動機都是

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