電氣外文文獻及翻譯.doc

淺談高層建筑供配電系統(tǒng)設計 摘要：隨著城市規(guī)模的不斷發(fā)展，高層建筑越來越多，因此，高層建筑電氣設計就成為設計者不得不面對的問題。本文結(jié)合工程實例，介紹了高層建筑電氣設計中一些比較典型且具有普遍意義的問題，結(jié)合某工程的實際做法闡述了問題的解決方法。關鍵詞：高層建筑；電氣設計；配電；負荷計算1工程概況本項目商業(yè)綜合大樓，總建筑面積為405570m2，地上建筑面積272330m2，地下建筑面積133240m2,主體高度99m。項目組成為：辦公樓兩座，建筑面積為70800m2，28層，標準層高為3.2m。2 負荷計算1）負荷特點:用電負荷大,遠大于全國民用建筑工程設計術措施中大120W/m2的指標,尤其是餐飲的用電負荷更大，而且不同類型、不同飲食文化背景的餐飲差別也很大。2）負荷的不確定性大，因為商業(yè)地產(chǎn)往往根據(jù)市場租的需求，不斷調(diào)整商鋪的性質(zhì)，使得負荷在動態(tài)變化之中。3）目前的規(guī)范和技術措施沒有對商業(yè)項目中不同類別商鋪的參數(shù)指進行細化，工程設計中的負荷計算缺少據(jù)，大多數(shù)情況只能靠設計人員憑借以往工程經(jīng)驗進行計算。負荷參數(shù)的選擇：針對以上遇到的問題，進行負荷計算時，首先與開發(fā)商銷售部門進行良好的溝通，確定各層的業(yè)態(tài)形式商鋪面積和性質(zhì)，這是電氣負荷計算的基礎依據(jù)；其次確定商鋪內(nèi)單位面積參數(shù)指標也很重要且復雜，因為規(guī)范中沒有明確的指標可以參考；而且不同城市間的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平不均衡，用電指標也不同；便在同一城市不同區(qū)域的消費群體也有差異。3）需要系數(shù)的選擇：參數(shù)確定后，需要進行負荷計算。一般采用需要系數(shù)法，計算過程不再贅述。需要探討的是需要系數(shù)的選擇，這在現(xiàn)行規(guī)范、手冊及統(tǒng)一技術措施中也沒有明確的要求，根據(jù)多年的設計體會認為，在配電最末端商鋪內(nèi)戶箱或?qū)优潆娤溆嬎銜rKx一般取1，在各回路干線計算時取0.70.8，在變電所各配電變壓器計算時取0.40.6。3變電所設置根據(jù)負荷計算結(jié)果，本工程的變壓器總安裝容量為43400Kv.A，經(jīng)與供電公司反復協(xié)商，分別在本工程的北、中和南三段設置3個變電所為三段建筑供電，1#變電所設6臺2500Kv.A變壓器,承擔北段供電；2#變電所設4臺1600Kv.A變壓器,加6臺2000Kv.A變壓器,承擔中段的供電，另外還有5臺10Kv.A高壓冷水機組（合計4000Kv.A）；3#變電所設2臺2000Kv.A加2臺1000Kv.A變壓器，承擔南段A、B兩座辦公樓供電。本工程配置兩處10Kv電源引入點，每處為兩路10Kv線路,根據(jù)供電公司對10Kv電源容量的規(guī)定：每路最大負荷為11000Kv.A左右，兩路即為22000Kv.A，設計1#、3#變電所合用一處10Kv,電源進線，總?cè)萘繛?1000Kv.A；2#變電所內(nèi)變壓器和10Kv,冷水機組共用一處10Kv電源進線，總?cè)萘繛?2400Kv.A。在變電所平面布置的設計中，除了滿足規(guī)范要求以外，還需要考慮高壓柜、變壓器和低壓柜按供電順序布置，尤其是低壓配電柜饋出電纜的走向順暢，值班人員巡視方便等問題如不認真考慮，會造成施工時電纜交叉多、繞遠路、浪費建筑面積以及巡視不方便等問題。4較小消防負荷的供配電在大型商業(yè)項目設計中經(jīng)常會遇到消防用電設備負荷較小且分布較分散，若均由變電所饋出，會使得變電所低壓柜饋出很多小電流回路，對斷路器分斷能力和導體的動、熱穩(wěn)定帶來一定的影響。根據(jù)GB50045-1995高層民用建筑設計防火規(guī)范規(guī)定“消防用電設備應采用專用的供電回路，其配電設備應設有明顯標志”。對供電回路的條文解釋系指“從低壓總配電室（包括分配電室）至最末一級配電箱，與一般配電線路均應嚴格分開”。在本設計中，采用了增加一級配電的方法，即從變電所不同母線段上分別饋出一條消防專用回路，在適當位置設置兩臺配電柜，再由此配電柜放射式配至末端雙電源互投箱，這樣既滿足了規(guī)范對專用供電回路的要求，又避免在變電所級饋出許多小電流回路。5斷路器及導體的選擇由于商業(yè)地產(chǎn)項目房間用途的不確定性，在選擇斷路器和導體時必須考慮一定的裕量以滿足調(diào)整造成的負荷變化。根據(jù)這一特點，在設計中較多地使用了插接母線供電，既可以滿足大載流量的要求，又使供配電靈活性加大，在每層豎井中均預留備用插接箱，以便在變化時，可根據(jù)上下層負荷的變化，進行調(diào)整。例如：某豎井一段母線負責13層供電，當1層由于變化容量增大，而3層容量減小時，就可使用1層的備用插接箱把3層富裕的容量配給1層使用。在變電所這級配電中，選擇斷路器時要選整定值可調(diào)整的斷路器，以便在末端負荷變化時調(diào)整整定值；在母線和互感器的選擇上一般按斷路器框架值來選。例如：某段干線設備容量530Kv，Kx取0.7，計算電流為704A，選擇斷路器框架值為1000A，整定值為800A；電流互感器為1000/50；母線載流量為1000A，此路最大可滿足1000A電流的負荷使用要求，即便有調(diào)整，配電開關及線路也可不必作大的變動。6層配電箱的設置根據(jù)各層防火分區(qū)的劃分，分別在各層編號為AK豎井內(nèi)設置層照明配電箱為各商鋪供電,各商鋪的供電采用一對一放射式供電。需要指出的是由于各層的業(yè)態(tài)比較復雜各層的防火分區(qū)上、下層不對應，使得有的豎井在負責本防火分區(qū)供電的同時，還要負責相鄰的防火分區(qū)的供電。在設計時，采用了就近原則，同時也考慮到整條干線負擔的負荷情況，盡量使各個豎井內(nèi)負荷比較平衡。7公共區(qū)域配電箱的設置考慮到商業(yè)的公共區(qū)域?qū)硇枰窝b修，必須預留電源。此處的設計需要考慮以下幾點：電量預留多少的問題，其中照明用電可根據(jù)GB50034-2004建筑照明設計標準表6.1.3及其6.1.8條，商業(yè)建筑照明功率密度值計算，高檔超市營業(yè)廳為20W/m2，根據(jù)“裝飾性燈具總功率50%計入照明密度計算值”的規(guī)定，采用的預留標準為40W/m2。為方便裝修設計，在每個防火分區(qū)內(nèi)設置了公共區(qū)域照明配電箱和應急照明配電箱，以便明確裝修設計的電氣配電分界點。將樓梯間、儲藏間等不需要做裝修的部位，單獨設置配電回路或配電箱，盡量不從公共區(qū)域預留精裝用電的配電箱內(nèi)饋出。公共區(qū)域照明的控制，大部分采用兩種方式，即CBUS系統(tǒng)或BA系統(tǒng)控制，利用CBUS的優(yōu)點是控制比較靈活，可按每一路饋出控制，也可調(diào)光控制；缺點是造價較高。利用BA系統(tǒng)控制優(yōu)點是造價低，控制簡單；缺點是由于交流接觸器為三相，控制時可能會三路同時開或者同時關，在裝修設計時需將各接觸器饋出回路岔開供電，避免造成故障時大面積停電。8戶配電箱的設計在商業(yè)地產(chǎn)設計中，往往只為商鋪設計一個電表箱，而出線回路由用戶根據(jù)自己的需要進行二次設計，但是商鋪內(nèi)風機盤管的供電很難解決，無法進行空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的整體調(diào)試。本工程的做法是在電表箱內(nèi)增加一個斷路器為風機盤管供電，另一路為用戶二次設計時使用，如下圖所示。 用戶配電箱設計圖9配電柜/箱與配電回路的編號大型項目往往低壓配電柜/箱很多，低壓饋出回路就更多，往往會出現(xiàn)柜/箱編號及線路編號重復的問題，造成在設計圖中查找及將來維護檢修的困難。本工程有3個10Kv變電所，20臺變壓器，上百臺低壓饋出柜，饋出回路更多。按照國際電工委員會（IEC）及中國國標的要求：所有的配電編號要簡單明了，不能太箱和線路編號不重復。編號要簡單明了，不能太長。區(qū)分負荷性質(zhì)和類型。規(guī)律明顯便于查找，能使看圖者一目了然。根據(jù)以上要求及地上、地下建筑防火分區(qū)和業(yè)態(tài)形式的不同情況，采用了兩種略有差別的方式。地下部分基本為車庫，用途比較單一，防火分區(qū)也比較整齊，按防火分區(qū)編號，如ALBL1/1、AP與APE等各字母及數(shù)字含義：AL代表照明配電箱（AP代表動力配電箱，APE代表應急動力配電箱）；BI代表地下一層；1/1代表I防火分區(qū)1號箱。地上部分比較復雜，防火分區(qū)比較多，且上、下層防火分區(qū)不對應，按豎井編號較好，如AL1A1、AP和APE等字母及數(shù)字含義：1代表一層；A1代表A號豎井饋出的1號配電箱。低壓饋出回路的編號采用了如：W36AL1A1，W36)表示此回路由3號變壓器所供電的6號配電柜饋出，AL1A1表示本回路所接的第一個配電箱為AL1A1等，以此類推。10結(jié)束語隨著商業(yè)設計項目越來越復雜，需要設計人員不斷地提高設計水平，精心設計，作出精品。以上僅是在商業(yè)設計中的點滴經(jīng)驗總結(jié)，希望能和廣大設計人員交流Power supply system of high-rise building design Abstract: With the continuous development of city size, more and more high-rise buildings, therefore, high-rise building electrical design to the designers had to face. In this paper, an engineering example, describes the electrical design of high-rise buildings and some of the more typical issues of universal significance, combined with the actual practice of an engineering solution to the problem described. Key words: high-rise building; electrical design; distribution; load calculation 1 Project Overview The commercial complex project, with a total construction area of 405570m2, on the ground floor area of 272330m2, underground construction area of 133240m2, the main height of 99m. Project components are: two office buildings, construction area is 70800m2, 28 layers, the standard story is 3.2m. 2 Load Calculation 1) Load characteristics: electric load, much larger than the national civil engineering technical measures Large 120W/m2 indicators, especially in the electricity load more food, and different types of food and beverage catering different cultural backgrounds also high. 2) the uncertainty of a large load, because the commercial real estate rents are often based on market demand, and constantly adjust the nature of the shops, making the load in the dynamic changes. 3) There is no specification and technical measures in the different types of commercial projects refer to the detailed parameters of the shops, engineering design load calculation in the lack of data, in most cases to rely on staff with previous experience in engineering design calculations. Load the selection of parameters: for the above problems, the load calculation, the first developer of sales and good communication, to determine the form of layers of the forms and nature of floor area, which is calculated on the basis of electrical load basis; followed to determine parameter index within the unit area of shops is also very important and complex because there is no clear indicator of the specification can refer to; and different levels of economic development between cities is not balanced, power indices are also different; will be in the same city, different regions have different consumer groups . 3) the need to factor in the choice: parameters determined, the need for load calculation. Need to factor commonly used method, the calculation will not repeat them. Need to explore is the need for coefficient selection, which in the current specifications, manuals and the unified technical measures is also not clear requirements, based on years of design experience that most end shops in the distribution or level within the household distribution box with case Kx generally take a while, in the calculation of the loop route to take 0.7 to 0.8, the distribution transformers in the substation calculations take 0.4 to 0.6. 3 substations set Load calculation based on the results of this project the total installed capacity of transformer 43400Kv.A, after repeated consultations with the power company, respectively, in the project in northern, central and southern three sections set the three buildings into three power substations, 1 # set 6 sets 2500Kv.A transformer substation, take the northern section of power supply; 2 # 4 1600Kv.A transformer substations located, plus 6 sets 2000Kv.A transformers, take the middle of the power supply, in addition to 5 Taiwan 10Kv.A high-pressure water chillers (total 4000Kv.A); 3 # substation located 2 units plus 2 units 1000Kv.A 2000Kv.A transformers, take the southern section of A, B two office supply. 10Kv power configuration of this project into two points, each at the two 10Kv lines, the power company under the provisions of 10Kv power capacity: maximum load per channel is about to 11000Kv.A, two is the 22000Kv.A, design # 1 , 3 # combination of a substation 10Kv, power line, with a total capacity of 21000Kv.A; 2 # substation transformers and 10Kv, 10Kv chillers sharing a power line, with a total capacity of 22400Kv.A. The design of the substation layout, in addition to meeting regulatory requirements, it also need to consider the high-pressure cabinets, transformers and low voltage power supply cabinet by order of arrangement, especially in low voltage distribution cabinet to feed the cable smooth and easy inspection duty problems are not seriously consider the construction of the cable crossing will cause more long detour, a waste of floor space, and convenient inspections and other issues. 4 small fire load power supply In the design of large commercial projects often encounter small fire load of electrical equipment and more dispersed distribution, if fed by a substation, a substation will be fed a lot of low-voltage low-current counter circuit breaking capacity circuit breaker and conductor of the dynamic and thermal stability in a certain extent. According to GB50045-1995 fire protection design of tall buildings, rule should be used in Fire Equipment dedicated power supply circuit, the power distribution equipment shall be provided with clear signs. Interpretation of the provisions of the power supply circuit means from the low-voltage main distribution room (including the distribution of electrical room) to last a distribution box, and the general distribution lines should be strictly separated. In this design, the use of methods to increase the level of distribution, that is different from the substation bus segments, respectively, a fire fed a special circuit, set in place two distribution cabinets, distribution cabinets and then the resulting radial allocated to the end of the dual power to vote each box, so that not only meets the specification requirements for dedicated power supply circuit, but also to avoid feeding the substation level of many small current loop. 5, the choice of circuit breaker and conductor Commercial real estate projects use the room as the uncertainty in the choice of circuit breakers and conductors must be considered in a certain margin to meet the needs caused by adjustment of the load changes. According to this characteristic, increased use in the design of the plug bus-powered, not only meet the requirements of large carrying capacity, and also allows the flexibility to increase supply and distribution, are reserved in each shaft in the plug-box backup in order to change, according to changes in upper and lower load, to adjust. For example: a bus is responsible for a shaft 1 to 3 layers of power, when a layer due to the change in capacity increases, while the 3-layer capacity is reduced, you can use a spare plug box layer off the 3-layer 1 layer capacity rationing . This level distribution in the substation, select the circuit breaker to choose the setting value when the circuit breaker to adjust to changes at the end to adjust the load setting value; in the bus and the transformer circuit breaker according to the choice of the general framework of values to select . For example: Route certain equipment capacity 530Kv, Kx take 0.7 to calculate current of 704A, select the frame circuit breaker is 1000A, tuning is 800A; current transformer for the 1000/50; bus carrying capacity for the 1000A, this road can meet the maximum 1000A current load requirements, even if there is adjustment, power distribution switches and circuit can not make big changes. 6 layer distribution box set According to the division of layers of fire protection district, respectively numbered as A K layers within the set level shaft for the retail lighting power distribution box, with one on one power supply shops in radial power. Should be noted that the forms of the complex layers of layers of fire partition, does not correspond to the lower, making some of shaft power in charge of the fire district at the same time, also responsible for the power supply adjacent to the fire district. At design time, using the principle of proximity, while also taking into account the burden of the whole trunk load conditions, so that each shaft as far as possible a more balanced load. 7 public area distribution box set Taking into account the future needs of the business re-decoration of public areas must be reserved for power. Here the design needs to consider the following points: question of how much reserve power, lighting and electricity, which according to GB50034-2004 Architectural Lighting Design Standards table of Article 6.1.3 and 6.1.8, commercial building lighting power density value, high-end supermarkets, business offices as 20W/m2, under the decorative lighting included 50% of the total lighting power density calculation requirements, using the reserved standard 40W/m2. In order to facilitate the decoration in each partition set fire lighting in public areas and emergency lighting distribution box distribution box, in order to identify the electrical power distribution decoration cut-off point. the staircase, storage rooms and other parts of the decoration does not need to do, set the power distribution circuit or a separate distribution box, try not to be reserved from the public area of electricity distribution board fed hardcover out. control of lighting in public areas, the majority in two ways, namely, C-BUS control system or the BA system, the use of C-BUS has the advantage of more flexible control, each road can be fed out of control, adjustable light control; shortcomings is a higher cost. BA system control advantages of using low cost, simple control; disadvantage is that the exchanges and contacts for the three-phase, three-way control may be related both to open, or both, in the decoration of the contacts required to feed the power supply circuit diverge to avoid failure blackouts. Design of distribution box 8 In the commercial real estate design, shop design is often only a meter box, and outlet route back to the needs of the user according to their second design, but the shops are difficult to resolve within the power supply fan coil units, air-conditioning system as a whole can not debug. The project approach is to add a circuit breaker in the meter box for the coil power supply, another way for users to use the second design, as shown below. User distribution box design 9 distribution cabinet / box number and distribution circuits Large-scale projects are often low voltage distribution cabinet / box number, low-voltage circuits to feed the more often there will be cabinet / box number and line number duplication, resulting in the design and the future looks difficult maintenance and overhaul. The project has three 10Kv substations, 20 transformer, hundreds of low-voltage fed out of the closet, fed the circuit more. Accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Chinese national standard requirements: All the distribution number to be simple and clear