外文翻譯--超聲波測距原理

附 錄 2 This article described the three directions (before, left, right) ultrasonic ranging system is to understand the front of the robot, left and right environment to provide a movement away from the information. (Similar to GPS Positioning System) A principle of ultrasonic distance measurement 1, the principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generator Piezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown in Figure 1, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate. When its two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, ultrasound is generated. Conversely, if the two are not inter-electrode voltage, when the board received ultrasonic resonance, it will be for vibration suppression of piezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver. 2, the principle of ultrasonic distance measurement Ultrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiver immediately stop the clock. Ultrasound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m / s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier (s), that is: s = 340t / 2 Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit Design System is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 8751, economic-to-use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming. Circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 2. Draw only the front range of the circuit wiring diagram, left and right in front of Ranging Ranging circuits and the same circuit, it is omitted. 2 1,40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launch Ranging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate. puzel: mov 14h, # 12h； ultrasonic firing continued 200ms here: cpl p1.0； output 40kHz square wave nop； nop； nop； djnz 14h, here； ret Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulse output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location. 2, reception and processing of ultrasonic Used to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency of f0 = 1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the carrier frequency on the LM567 input signal is greater than 25mV, the output from the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing. Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1. 4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source of inquiry to deal with, interrupt priority level for the first left right after. Part of the source code is as follows: receive1: push psw push acc 3 clr ex1； related external interrupt 1 jnb p1.1, right； P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuit jnb p1.2, left； P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt service routine return: SETB EX1； open external interrupt 1 pop? acc pop? psw reti right: .?； right location entrance circuit interrupt service routine ? Ajmp? Return left: .； left Ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routine ? Ajmp? Return 4, the calculation of ultrasonic propagation time When you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver circuit outputs a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance . Some of its source code is as follows: RECEIVE0: PUSH PSW PUSH ACC CLR EX0； related external interrupt 0 ? MOV R7, TH0； read the time value MOV R6, TL0? CLR C MOV A, R6 SUBB A, # 0BBH； calculate the time difference MOV 31H, A； storage results MOV A, R7 SUBB A, # 3CH 4 MOV 30H, A? SETB EX0； open external interrupt 0 POP ACC? POP PSW RETI Fourth, the ultrasonic ranging system software design Software is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine, shown in Figure 3 (a) (b) (c) below. Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control. Interrupt service routines from time to time to complete three of the rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to read the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on. V. CONCLUSIONS Required measuring range of 30cm 200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility. Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error. Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection systems. Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistor amplifier circuit, because the magnification well, CX20106 integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency 5 本文所介紹的三方向（前、左、右）超聲波測距系統(tǒng)，就是為機(jī)器人了解其前方、左側(cè)和右側(cè)的環(huán)境而提供一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)距離 信息。（類似 GPS 定位系統(tǒng)） 一 超聲波測距原理 1、壓電式超聲波發(fā)生器原理 壓電式超聲波發(fā)生器實(shí)際上是利用壓電晶體的諧振來工作的。超聲波發(fā)生器內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)如圖 1所示，它有兩個(gè)壓電晶片和一個(gè)共振板。當(dāng)它的兩極外加脈沖信號(hào)，其頻率等于壓電晶片的固有振蕩頻率時(shí)，壓電晶片將會(huì)發(fā)生共振，并帶動(dòng)共振板振動(dòng)，便產(chǎn)生超聲波。反之，如果兩電極間未外加電壓，當(dāng)共振板接收到超聲波 時(shí)，將壓迫壓電晶片作振動(dòng)，將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換為電信號(hào)，這時(shí)它就成為超聲波接收器了。 2、超聲波測距原理 超聲波發(fā)射器向某一方向發(fā)射超聲波，在發(fā)射時(shí)刻 的同時(shí)開始計(jì)時(shí)，超聲波在空氣中傳播，途中碰到障礙物就立即返回來，超聲波接收器收到反射波就立即停止計(jì)時(shí)。超聲波在空氣中的傳播速度為 340m/s，根據(jù)計(jì)時(shí)器記錄的時(shí)間 t，就可以計(jì)算出發(fā)射點(diǎn)距障礙物的距離 (s)，即： s=340t/2 二 超聲波測距系統(tǒng)的電路設(shè)計(jì) 系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)是利用單片機(jī)控制超聲波的發(fā)射和對(duì)超聲波自發(fā)射至接收往返時(shí)間的計(jì)時(shí)，單片機(jī)選用 8751，經(jīng)濟(jì)易用，且片內(nèi)有 4K 的 ROM，便于編程。電路原理圖如圖 2 所示。其中只畫出前方測距電路的接線圖，左側(cè)和右側(cè)測距電路與前方測距電路相同，故省略之。 1、 40kHz 脈沖的產(chǎn)生與超聲波發(fā)射 測距系統(tǒng)中的超聲波傳感器采用 UCM40 的壓電陶瓷傳感器，它的工作電壓是40kHz的脈沖信號(hào)，這由單片機(jī)執(zhí)行下面程序來產(chǎn)生。 puzel： mov 14h, #12h；超聲波發(fā)射持續(xù) 200ms here： cpl p1.0 ； 輸出 40kHz方波 nop ； nop ； nop ； djnz 14h， here； ret 6 前方測距電 路的輸入端接單片機(jī) P1.0端口，單片機(jī)執(zhí)行上面的程序后，在 P1.0 端口輸出一個(gè) 40kHz的脈沖信號(hào)，經(jīng)過三極管 T放大，驅(qū)動(dòng)超聲波發(fā)射頭 UCM40T，發(fā)出 40kHz 的脈沖超聲波，且持續(xù)發(fā)射 200ms。右側(cè)和左側(cè)測 距電路的輸入端分別接P1.1和 P1.2端口，工作原理與前方測距電路相同。 2、超聲波的接收與處理 接收頭采用與發(fā)射頭配對(duì)的 UCM40R，將超聲波調(diào)制脈沖變?yōu)榻蛔冸妷盒盘?hào)，經(jīng)運(yùn)算放大器 IC1A和 IC1B兩極放大后加至 IC2。 IC2是帶有鎖 定環(huán)的音頻譯碼集成塊LM567，內(nèi)部的壓控振蕩器的中心頻率 f0=1/1.1R8C3，電容 C4 決定其鎖定帶寬。調(diào)節(jié) R8 在發(fā)射的載頻上，則 LM567 輸入信號(hào)大于 25mV，輸出端 8腳由高電平躍變?yōu)榈碗娖?，作為中斷?qǐng)求信號(hào)，送至單片機(jī)處理 . 前方測距電路的輸出端接單片機(jī) INT0 端口，中斷優(yōu)先級(jí)最高，左、右測距電路的輸出通過與門 IC3A的輸出接單片機(jī) INT1端口，同時(shí)單片機(jī) P1.3和 P1.4接到 IC3A的輸入端，中斷源的識(shí)別由程序查詢來處理，中斷優(yōu)先級(jí)為先右后左。部分源程序如下： receive1： push psw push acc clr ex1 ； 關(guān)外部中斷 1 jnb p1.1, right ； P1.1引腳為 0,轉(zhuǎn)至右測距電路中斷服務(wù)程序 jnb p1.2, left ； P