外文翻譯--Ansys分析基本過程

附錄 1 譯文 Ansys 分析基本過程 由于高壓釜體在工作時(shí)溫度升高，在約束的作用下，其內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生了熱應(yīng)力，因此在單元類型的選擇時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮到所選取的單元類型是否能滿足熱分析處理的要求。其次，考慮到設(shè)計(jì)的高壓釜體壁厚較大，不能選用殼單元類型進(jìn)行分析，否則可能會(huì)由于高壓釜體沿壁厚各參數(shù)過大而導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)果。 在釜體下部，由于受內(nèi)表面壓力和底部軸向自由度的限制，其變形量很小，從釜體底部往上，由于未限制釜體沿徑向的自由度，變形量逐漸增大，但由于在釜體上部，與上蓋連接處法蘭的壁厚較大，其變形較小，從而使得釜體變形最大處位 于釜體中上部，最大變形量為 0.1712mm。對(duì)于應(yīng)力的分析，主要分析的是 Von Mises 應(yīng)力。 Von Mises 是一種屈服準(zhǔn)則 ,屈服準(zhǔn)則的值通常被稱為等效應(yīng)力。 Ansys 后處理過程中 “Von Mises Stress”通常被稱作 Mises 等效應(yīng)力，它遵循材料力學(xué)第四強(qiáng)度理論 (形狀改變比能理論 )。第三強(qiáng)度理論認(rèn)為最大剪應(yīng)力是引起流動(dòng)破壞的主要原因，如低碳鋼拉伸時(shí)在與軸線成 45 度的截面上發(fā)生最大剪應(yīng)力，材料沿著這個(gè)平面發(fā)生滑移，出現(xiàn)滑移線。這一理論比較好的解釋了塑性材料出現(xiàn)塑性變形的現(xiàn)象。形式簡(jiǎn)單，但結(jié)果偏于 安全。第四強(qiáng)度理論認(rèn)為形狀改變比能是引起材料流動(dòng)破壞的主要原因。結(jié)果更符合實(shí)際。一般脆性材料，鑄鐵、石料、混凝土，多用第一強(qiáng)度理論，考察絕對(duì)值最大的主應(yīng)力。一般材料在外力作用下產(chǎn)生塑性變形，以流動(dòng)形式破壞時(shí)，應(yīng)該采用第三或第四強(qiáng)度理論。壓力容器上用第三強(qiáng)度理論（安全第一），其它多用第四強(qiáng)度理論。von mises 等效應(yīng)力就是一維屈服應(yīng)力在多軸應(yīng)力狀態(tài)下的表達(dá)。 熱 -結(jié)構(gòu)耦合作用下其應(yīng)力分布不同于各自單獨(dú)作用下的情況。釜體內(nèi)部應(yīng)力最大值位于釜體底部?jī)?nèi)表面圓角處，主要是熱應(yīng)力的作用；隨著位置的升高，其應(yīng)力有所增 加，這主要是受結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)力的作用。釜體內(nèi)部應(yīng)力最大值為420.023MPa，小于 35CrMo 材料的許用應(yīng)力 = 586MPa。 機(jī)械工程發(fā)展趨勢(shì)： 發(fā)展工程機(jī)械是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的重要裝備，在裝備工業(yè)中占有舉足輕重的地位。中國(guó)工程機(jī)械行業(yè) 2007 年的銷售收入為 2 223 億元，位居世界工程機(jī)械行業(yè)第二位。從 2001 年到 2007 年，年均增速超過 24%。出口額從 1998 年的2.24 億美元增長(zhǎng)到 2007 年的 87 億美元， 10 年間增長(zhǎng)了 37 倍，中國(guó)的工程機(jī)械行業(yè)在全球同行中占有重要位置，產(chǎn)品已出口到歐美等工程機(jī)械強(qiáng)國(guó)，正在 向“ 制造大國(guó) ” 和 “ 制造強(qiáng)國(guó) ” 邁進(jìn)。 但是，與國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平相比，中國(guó)工程機(jī)械的整體水平尚有差距，部分產(chǎn)品在國(guó)際主流市場(chǎng)上處于二、三流產(chǎn)品的地位；中國(guó)工程機(jī)械企業(yè)與大型工程機(jī)械跨國(guó)企業(yè)集團(tuán)相比，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力還比較弱。在邁向工程機(jī)械制造強(qiáng)國(guó)的征途中，發(fā)展的形勢(shì)將更嚴(yán)峻、面臨的挑戰(zhàn)將更大。 面臨的形勢(shì)是經(jīng)濟(jì)與市場(chǎng)的全球化、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的白熱化以及需求的個(gè)性化與便利化、相關(guān)利益主體的多元化、科技發(fā)展的高速化，這就要求我們科學(xué)、準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)，快速應(yīng)對(duì)，只有這樣才能保持已形成的優(yōu)勢(shì)并趕超先進(jìn)。 人文關(guān)懷、可持續(xù)發(fā)展成為行業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新的 理念工程機(jī)械作為人自身能力的延伸，一直與人類文明進(jìn)步共同發(fā)展。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，人類對(duì)生活質(zhì)量的不斷追求以及對(duì)尊嚴(yán)的重視，為工程機(jī)械發(fā)展提出了許多新的課題。中國(guó)工程機(jī)械行業(yè)順應(yīng)需求，重視加強(qiáng)微電子技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、光電技術(shù)、新材料技術(shù)與機(jī)械制造技術(shù)之間的結(jié)合、融合，促進(jìn)產(chǎn)品向多樣化、智能化、綠色化等領(lǐng)域攻關(guān)與創(chuàng)新。 智能化和產(chǎn)品規(guī)格延伸彰顯人文關(guān)懷工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的應(yīng)用空間隨著人類對(duì)生活品質(zhì)日漸增長(zhǎng)的需求而逐漸得以拓展，已由原來(lái)的建筑、筑路、水利電力、礦業(yè)等傳統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域向城市狹窄施工場(chǎng)所、山區(qū)丘陵地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)施工場(chǎng)所 及在貨棧、碼頭、倉(cāng)庫(kù)、艙位、農(nóng)舍、園林、園藝、建筑物層內(nèi)和地下工程作業(yè)環(huán)境，及大型、特大型施工工程和礦山拓展。因此，要求工程機(jī)械逐步向兩端延伸，即微型化與大型化、特大型化。大型、特大型工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品隨著大型、特大型工程的不斷增多，市場(chǎng)需求量不斷增長(zhǎng)。它們具有研制與生產(chǎn)周期長(zhǎng)、科技含量高、附加值高的特點(diǎn)，代表了一個(gè)國(guó)家或一個(gè)重要企業(yè)工程機(jī)械制造水平，這些產(chǎn)品多被發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的幾家跨國(guó)公司壟斷。 另一方面，為了提高生產(chǎn)效率，減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，改善勞動(dòng)條件，盡可能地用機(jī)械作業(yè)替代人力勞動(dòng)成為一種發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，為適應(yīng)這種工程作業(yè) 環(huán)境使用要求，小型及微型工程機(jī)械的需求將迅速增長(zhǎng)。微型產(chǎn)品不但其外形尺寸受到具體約束，同時(shí)其外觀形態(tài)、色調(diào)等方面的設(shè)計(jì)愈來(lái)愈體現(xiàn)了與自然、環(huán)境的融合，更彰顯了對(duì)人性尊重的人文關(guān)懷。 其次是同一產(chǎn)品由單一功能向多功能化、柔性化方向發(fā)展，即在通用產(chǎn)品的基礎(chǔ)上增加模塊化的功能部件，實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品功能的多樣化；或通過全新的模塊化設(shè)計(jì)、制造以及不同模塊之間的柔性化組合，實(shí)現(xiàn)功能多樣化，傳統(tǒng)意義上的工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品種類劃分將受到挑戰(zhàn)。工程推土機(jī)應(yīng)向微型、小型與大型、特大型等兩端延伸，開發(fā)適應(yīng)如濕地、沙漠、灌木叢等不同工況要求的， 多功能、多用途、高效節(jié)能的產(chǎn)品以及相應(yīng)的輔助功能模塊。裝載機(jī)應(yīng)開發(fā)斗容量大、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率大、掘起力大、傾翻負(fù)荷大、牽引力大、廢氣排放少的大型環(huán)保產(chǎn)品和可裝載、可抓物、可側(cè)卸、可起重，經(jīng)濟(jì)性好的一機(jī)多用型產(chǎn)品（如破碎機(jī)）。 工程挖掘機(jī)要延伸發(fā)展大型液壓挖掘機(jī)、微型挖掘機(jī)、無(wú)人駕駛液壓挖掘機(jī)、遙控水下挖掘機(jī)、水下推土機(jī)、水下挖溝機(jī)。 輪式起重機(jī)要開發(fā)技術(shù)先進(jìn)、可靠性高、壽命長(zhǎng)、施工質(zhì)量好而且新技術(shù)含量高的一機(jī)多用型的多功能產(chǎn)品等。通過工程機(jī)械的信息化、智能化，可以提高工程機(jī)械各種故障的自我診斷和修復(fù)能力，降低施工 人員的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、提高工作效率和工程質(zhì)量。在一些特殊工況下，如高溫、嚴(yán)寒、高空、輻射、水下和地下等工況，可以代替施工人員進(jìn)行智能化、高質(zhì)量施工。操作系統(tǒng)的自動(dòng)化控制與遠(yuǎn)程控制、施工的精確定位與控制、故障診斷與監(jiān)控等技術(shù)在工程機(jī)械上的應(yīng)用將會(huì)越來(lái)越普遍。應(yīng)用機(jī)電液一體化技術(shù)、電子計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、監(jiān)測(cè)控制技術(shù)以及這些技術(shù)的集成技術(shù)開發(fā)的裝載機(jī)、挖掘機(jī)、筑養(yǎng)路機(jī)械、叉車、混凝土攪拌運(yùn)輸機(jī)械和起重機(jī)等新型工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品將會(huì)不斷出現(xiàn)。 19 世紀(jì)下半葉，機(jī)械工程成為一門獨(dú)立學(xué)科。分解趨勢(shì)在 20 世紀(jì)中期（第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束前后） 達(dá)到最高峰。由于機(jī)械工程的知識(shí)總量已擴(kuò)大到遠(yuǎn)非一個(gè)人所能全部掌握，不能統(tǒng)觀和統(tǒng)籌稍大規(guī)模工程的全貌和全局，并且縮小技術(shù)交流的范圍，阻礙新技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)和技術(shù)整體的進(jìn)步，對(duì)外界條件變化（如新技術(shù)、新材料和新產(chǎn)品的出現(xiàn)、材料與半成品的供應(yīng)及價(jià)格變化等）的適應(yīng)能力很差。因此，從 20 世紀(jì)中、后期開始，機(jī)械工程又出現(xiàn)了綜合的趨勢(shì)。人們更多地關(guān)注基礎(chǔ)理論，拓寬專業(yè)領(lǐng)域，合并分化過細(xì)的專業(yè)。 工程技術(shù)的發(fā)展在提高人類物質(zhì)文明和生活水平的同時(shí)，也對(duì)自然環(huán)境起破壞作用。 20 世紀(jì)中期以來(lái)，最突出的問題是資源，尤其是能源的大量消耗和對(duì)環(huán)境的污染。未來(lái)，機(jī)械新產(chǎn)品的研制將以降低資源耗費(fèi)，發(fā)展純凈的再生能源，治理、減輕以至消除環(huán)境污染作為重要任務(wù)。 附錄 2 英文參考資料 Ansys analysis of the basic process As the autoclave body temperature rises at work , within the constraints of the role of its internally generated heat stress , and therefore the choice of the cell type , you should take into account whether the selected unit types to meet the requirements of the thermal analysis process. Secondly , considering the design of the autoclave wall thickness greater choice of housing unit types can not be analyzed , it may be due to the autoclave body along the wall thickness of each parameter is too large and lead to erroneous results. In the lower part of the reactor body , due to the axial inner surface of the pressure and the bottom limit freedom , the deformation is small, upward from the bottom of the kettle , the kettle because no limit freedom in the radial direction , the amount of deformation increases, However, due to the upper body in the kettle , wall thickness and the cover flange connections larger , the smaller the deformation , so that the maximum deformation kettle kettle located at the upper part of the body , the maximum deformation is 0.1712mm. For stress analysis, the main analysis is the Von Mises stress . Von Mises yield criterion is a yield criterion value is often referred to as the equivalent stress . After Ansys process Von Mises Stress is often referred to Mises stress , it follows that the fourth mechanical strength theory ( distortion energy theory ) . The third theory is that the intensity of the maximum shear stress is the main cause of the destruction of the flow , low carbon steel stretching occurs when the maximum shear stress as in the cross-section of 45 degrees with the axis of the slip material occurs along this plane , slip lines appear . This theory explains the phenomenon better plastic material plastic deformation occurs . Simple in form , but the results are somewhat safe . The fourth theory is that the shape change of the intensity ratio could be the main cause of the destruction of the material flow . Results more realistic. General brittle materials , cast iron , stone , concrete, multi-use first intensity theory to study the absolute value of the maximum principal stress . General Material plastic deformation under loads , when the flow in the form of destruction, should use the third or fourth strength theory . The third strength theory with the pressure vessel ( safety first ) , the other multi- fourth strength theory . von mises equivalent stress is one-dimensional expression of the yield stress under multiaxial stress state . Heat - structure interaction under stress distribution is different from the role of each individual case. The maximum internal stress within the bottom of the reactor vessel body surface fillet, mainly thermal stress； With the raised position, the stress increases, this effect is mainly affected by structural stresses. Internal stress maximum kettle body is 420.023MPa, 35CrMo material less than the allowable stress = 586MPa. Mechanical engineering trends: Development of construction machinery and equipment is an important national economic construction , occupies a pivotal position in the equipment industry. Chinese construction machinery industry in 2007 sales revenue of 2,223 billion yuan, ranking second in the world construction machinery industry . From 2001 to 2007 , an average annual growth rate of over 24 %. Exports increased from $ 224 million in 1998 to grow to $ 8.7 billion in 2007 , 10 years, an increase of 37 times , China s construction machinery industry occupies an important position in the global counterparts , the products have been exported to Europe, America and other construction machinery power , is to manufacturing and manufacturing power forward. However, compared with the international advanced level , the overall level of Chinas construction machinery are still gaps , some of the products in the international mainstream market in the position of the second and third stream of products ； Chinese construction machinery enterprises compared with large-scale construction machinery multinational conglomerates , competitiveness is still relatively weak . Towards construction machinery manufacturing power in the journey , the development of the situation will be more severe , the challenge will be even greater. Situation facing the global economy and market, intense competition and high-speed demands personalization and convenience , diversification relevant stakeholders , technological development , which requires us to scientifically and accurately predict the future, rapid response , the only way to maintain our competitive edge has been formed and catch up with the advanced . Humanities, science and technology for sustainable development of the industry as an innovative concept of construction machinery extend peoples own capacity , has been common development and progress of human civilization . With the advancement of science and technology, human constant pursuit of quality of life and the importance of dignity , engineering machinery development raised many new issues. Chinese construction machinery industry adapt to the needs , combined with emphasis on strengthening the microelectronics, information technology , optical technology, new material technology and machinery manufacturing technology between integration and promoting products to diverse , intelligent , green areas such as research and innovation. Intelligent and humane care product specifications extension demonstrates the application of space engineering machinery products with growing human demand for quality of life and gradually be expanded , traditional areas has increased from buildings, roads, water and power , mining and other narrow construction to the city Agricultural construction site locations , mountainous and hilly areas in the warehouses , docks , warehouses, accommodation, farmhouse , gardens, gardening, building layers and underground engineering work environment, and the large, large construction projects and mine expansion. Therefore, the requirements of construction machinery gradually extended to the ends that miniaturization and large, oversize technology . Large, extra large engineering machinery products with large, extra large projects continue to increase, the market demand is growing. They have a long development and production cycles , high -tech, high value-added features , represents a country or a significant level of engineering machinery manufacturing enterprises , more than a few of these products were developed multinational monopolies. On the other hand , in order to improve production efficiency, reduce labor intensity and improve working conditions, human labor as possible alternative mechanical operations have become a trend , to meet the requirements of this project operating environment , small and micro construction machinery demand will rapidly. Micro products are subject to specific constraints of its dimensions , while its exterior shape , color and other aspects of the design reflects the growing integration with the natural environment , but also demonstrates respect for human humanistic care . Followed the same product from a single function to multifunctional , flexible direction , an increase of modular functional components on the basis of generic products , product features diversification ； or through the new modular design , manufacturing, and different modules flexible combinations, to achieve functional diversification, construction machinery product category in the traditional sense will be challenged. Engineering miniature bulldozer should extend both ends of small and large , extra large , etc., developed to adapt to different conditions , such as wetlands, deserts, bushes and other requirements , multi-functional, multi-purpose, energy-efficient products and the corresponding auxiliary function modules. Loader bucket capacity should be developed , engine power, breakout force , tipping load, traction, less emissions and can be loaded with large-scale environmental products , can grasp objects , you can side discharge , can be lifting , economy good use of a machine -type products ( eg crushers ) . Excavator works to extend the development of large hydraulic excavators, mini excavators, hydraulic excavators unmanned , remote underwater excavators, bulldozers underwater , underwater trencher . Wheeled cranes to develop advanced technology, high reliability, long life, good quality of construction and the new high -tech type of a machine multifunction products. By construction machinery information, intelligence can improve the ability to self- diagnose and repair all kinds of construction machinery failure, reduce labor intensity of construction workers , improve work efficiency and quality of the project . In some special conditions , such as heat, cold, high-altitude , radiation, such as underwater and underground conditions, construction workers can replace intelligent , high-quality construction . Operating systems automation and remote control, such as the construction of precise positioning and control, fault diagnosis and monitoring technology in mechanical engineering will become increasingly common. Application of hydraulic integration technology, computer technology , monitoring and control technologies and integrated technology development of these technologies loaders , excavators, road building and maintenance machinery , forklifts, concrete mixing transport machinery engineering machinery and cranes and other new products will continue to emerge. The second half of the 19th century , became an independent mechanical engi