外文翻譯---在凍土環(huán)境下工作對鏟運(yùn)機(jī)鏟斗的侵害

哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 1 - 附錄 1 在凍土環(huán)境下工作對鏟運(yùn)機(jī)鏟斗的侵害 伊萬諾夫 UDC 621. 876. 6:624.13 9 為了確定積極鏟運(yùn)機(jī)在凍土上工作時(shí)的有效性， 我們 對 自然凍 土 周圍進(jìn)行了實(shí)地調(diào)查，為此，我們設(shè)計(jì)和制造 了 實(shí)驗(yàn) 鏟 ; 在沖擊能量為 100 千克每米的 兩個(gè)氣動(dòng)錘的 底部， 鏟斗 被 安裝在一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的 由 液壓控制 的 刮板 上 。測試程序規(guī)定的記錄誘導(dǎo)應(yīng)力和壓縮空氣消耗，實(shí)驗(yàn) 在 砂礫粘土和壤土 中 進(jìn)行 ，實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)土壤的溫度在 2-12 度之間。 為了突出鏟斗的運(yùn)動(dòng)特色， 我們采取了適當(dāng)?shù)闹笖?shù) ， 即具體的能源消費(fèi)總量 ，這是總結(jié)的 當(dāng)鏟斗內(nèi)裝滿土?xí)r的 能源消耗 。 能源消費(fèi)的影響，打破了地面組成 的 具體的轉(zhuǎn)變工作 狀態(tài)的 能源消 耗 和壓縮空氣 上的 能源消耗 ， 這是 把 能耗 從 N 轉(zhuǎn) 至其強(qiáng)度 i。地面的 斷裂強(qiáng)度 是由 某一部 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 2 - 門確定的 公式?jīng)Q定的。 36002ik SFFiV 分別 來看 F1 和 FK，在轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)的開始的 橫截面領(lǐng)域 和 F-I 曲線的尾部，是 在該部 分的 工作 機(jī)構(gòu)的速度 。 具體的能源消 耗的是由以下的公式確定的 在 pH 值為橫向部分的破巖部 位和斗 齒的工作 部位，力是決定轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn) 斷裂面積 的主要因素。 具體的壓縮空氣 的 能源消費(fèi)量在 Patm 是指超過壓縮空氣壓力仲因子。 Q 是指壓縮空氣消 耗圖（ 3）是 壓縮空氣消耗 的 表示條款 。 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 3 - 這里 T 是空氣的絕對溫度凱文規(guī)模 。 P0 是 溫度 在 T = 15 C 的氣壓， 弗朗索瓦的絕對溫度 ， 并 且 Patm.a 是絕對的空 氣 壓力圖 1 是一個(gè) 有計(jì)劃 的厚度層被打破 的 具體能源消費(fèi) 的 各種約束條件，它可以看到打破凍土 時(shí) 最低的能源消費(fèi) ， 是可取的工作層厚度大于 15 厘米，由于能源消耗遠(yuǎn) 大于 更薄層表 1 給出了具體的打破凍土 的 能源消費(fèi)，獲得作者的最小 層厚度 15-20 厘米，而且還給出了實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)拉恰。打破凍結(jié)壤土上 - 5 - 7 負(fù)荷的影響，能源的影響正在每個(gè) 100 千克米 履行相同的條件下 1 。可以看出具體的能源消費(fèi)量為打破較少積極鏟運(yùn)機(jī)斗比分裂的一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的楔子（他們不太系數(shù)為 4 的影響能量為 a = 100 千克米 。以及一個(gè)因素 1.5-2.0 為 A = 1000千克米 ） 。這表明，積極的利用鏟運(yùn)機(jī)斗是一種有效的方式，打破凍結(jié)地面具體的能源消費(fèi)對填補(bǔ)桶凍結(jié)與巖石破碎確定后測定采礦的格局變化，部隊(duì)沿著填補(bǔ)了鏟斗與巖石。這種陰謀顯示依賴于圖 0.2 。可以看出桶灌裝部隊(duì)隨層厚度的 拋物線規(guī)律。此外，這些曲線給 出 桶灌裝系數(shù)，濾波，得到了這些實(shí)驗(yàn)方程，以確定具體的能源消費(fèi)填補(bǔ)桶，射血分?jǐn)?shù)，并在移動(dòng)刮板像汽車，絳蟲，可寫在一般形式在吉隆坡的系數(shù)松動(dòng)的巖石，和 Q 是體積巖石 鏟斗 替代均衡器。 （ 5 ）桶灌裝 力的 公積金（圖 FIG.2 ）和平均值的牽引作用重新獲得性，以取代刮板道路沿線的加油站，鈀 （ 920-1070） 公斤，這是我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)） ，我們得到的各種不同的條件 下的 Ed 和 Ef 曲線 （ 如 圖 FIG.3 ）。 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 4 - 當(dāng) h =10 厘米 時(shí) ，只 對 凍結(jié)斷巖石進(jìn)行了微不足道 的 填補(bǔ)鏟斗觀察。這將是從該曲線的具體能源節(jié)能消費(fèi)減少填補(bǔ)幾乎所有的厚度層被打破 ;然而，人們不能從這個(gè)推斷，這是比較有利的工作填補(bǔ)一斗更薄的層，因?yàn)闇p少了 H 不僅 同時(shí)減少了 力 ，而且還填補(bǔ)了填充系數(shù) KF 的 減少 （見圖 2 ） ，以及只有部分 鏟斗裝滿。具體能源消耗填補(bǔ) ， 礫石 的比 壤土 的 高 ;這也是由于的 KF 對 砂礫地面 的應(yīng)用 價(jià)值 低， 上 用 凍結(jié)巖石填補(bǔ)鏟斗和流離失所的刮板類似 的 解凍巖石 的指數(shù)做 具體的能源消費(fèi) 的 比較，獲得了 Artemev 2 ，表明他們是大致相同的，與巖石 一起 來填補(bǔ) 鏟斗 所需的具體的能源甚至有點(diǎn)少 了 凍結(jié)巖石 ;這顯然是由于在 后一種情況中 減少了摩擦 。鑒于這一事實(shí)，即一些碎石不 能被鏟斗 拾起，能源消耗 被 打破是在 1 立方米的巖 石鏟斗 中，使用損失系數(shù)口（ 1.該 meanvalue 當(dāng)這個(gè)系數(shù) h = 15-20 厘米 時(shí) 為 1.63 ?？傮w具體能耗刮板流程，帳戶的損失系數(shù)，是0.36-0.56 千瓦時(shí) / MS 分析，根據(jù)地面 的 性質(zhì)。 在 凍土 上 工作 時(shí) 積 極刮板 鏟斗 的具體能源消費(fèi)明顯的取決于厚度層 已經(jīng) 被打破 ;如果 在 足夠厚的 層 工作，如 在切削方面鏟斗 遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比機(jī)器更有效作業(yè)的 ;具體的能源開支彌補(bǔ)鏟斗與破碎巖體和取代刮板不超過相應(yīng)的值刮刀工作解凍 地面 .當(dāng) h=10 厘米，只有微不足道填補(bǔ)鏟斗斷凍結(jié)巖石觀察。這將是從該曲線的具體能源節(jié)能消費(fèi)填補(bǔ)幾乎跌幅在所有的厚度層被打破，但是，人們不能從這個(gè)推斷， 比起鏟斗的最薄層 這是比較有利的工作層，因?yàn)闇p少了 H 是不僅減少了 力 ，而且還填補(bǔ)了填充系數(shù)的 KF （圖 2 ）的增長 ，以及只有部分鏟斗裝滿礫石 的 能源消耗填補(bǔ)桶比壤土 的 高 ;這也是由于 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 5 - 低價(jià)值的 KF 為礫 石地面， 比較具體的能源消費(fèi)上填補(bǔ)鏟斗與凍結(jié)巖石和流離失所的刮板類似指數(shù) 。 沃爾沃鏟齒系統(tǒng) 在關(guān)鍵位置上用耐磨材料設(shè)計(jì)自我磨利裝置，新的沃爾沃鏟齒系統(tǒng)提供了一個(gè)垂直的緊縮裝置，在鏟齒后部有一個(gè)加強(qiáng)區(qū)域，防止適配器和引導(dǎo)把柄過早磨損。適配器與鏟齒連接部分有一個(gè)角度，能更好阻止正面的力， 降低 鏟 齒 盒的 開放 。 倒梯形的適配器 能夠在 適配器 與鏟齒 之間提供一個(gè) 合適的位置。 向里和向外的保持閂有一個(gè)可以重復(fù)使用的鋼閂和一個(gè)較小的、可以替換的 二氧化碳浸漬聚氨酯 的保持閂，它能 提供所需的彈性 ,方便安裝和拆除 。 鋼可以形成耐磨的硬鋼或者堅(jiān)韌的軟鋼。 硬鋼耐用性不好，快速擊打時(shí)能夠形成裂縫。 軟鋼耐用性好，受到強(qiáng)烈的沖擊是不易形成裂縫。為了能在不同的土壤環(huán)境下使用，大多數(shù)制造商會(huì)在兩種特性鋼之間尋求一個(gè)平衡。但是如果你想在你的鏟斗上找到合適的鏟齒，最好的方法是你要知道你的鏟齒在什么時(shí)候能超時(shí)工作。 對于特別堅(jiān)韌、易磨的場合，一些制造商把磨料焊接到硬質(zhì)合金鏟齒的狹長地方。這些都是很昂貴的，通常只會(huì)在大型采石場和礦業(yè)場合使用?！斑@些都是真正的客戶，他們承擔(dān)不起停機(jī)造成的損失。”西蒙斯說。 但制造商建議不要焊接自己的鏟齒的 硬面。“如果你不能保證硬面，鏟齒可能會(huì)破碎?！?Yoresen 說。原因是制造商在對鏟齒進(jìn)行最終熱處理之前已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了焊接，焊接形成的熱點(diǎn)可能會(huì)破壞鋼鐵的溫度，引起局部區(qū)域的斷裂。 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 6 - 同時(shí)要牢記鏟齒不要太熱，在操作期間鏟齒太熱而不能接觸，特別是對大型裝載機(jī)的鏟齒或者是挖掘機(jī)在研磨材料時(shí)，這都會(huì)降低廉價(jià)鋼的硬度和彈性，因此在對鏟齒進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)不能對溫度評級造成傷害。 鏟齒斷裂是另一個(gè)考慮因素。“我們所說得用戶的頭號問題最終是鏟齒破損問題”， MTG 的行銷業(yè)務(wù)總監(jiān) Nil Vallve 說。在鏟齒和適配器之間出現(xiàn)松動(dòng)會(huì)很快導(dǎo) 致鏟齒破損或毀壞，“當(dāng)所有的新零件適合緊湊時(shí)，對于一個(gè)好的鏟齒系統(tǒng)最關(guān)鍵的還是要能夠超時(shí)間工作?！彼f。這樣的設(shè)計(jì)也是為了避免應(yīng)力集中分布區(qū)的影響力和交配表面面積為寬越好。 破碎鏟齒對機(jī)器有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)不止一個(gè)問題?！笆チ绥P齒的花費(fèi)就行滾雪球一樣，特別是你在做任何一種破碎工作時(shí)”， Yoresen 說，“如果你花費(fèi) $200,000做一個(gè)硬齒鋼的破碎鏟齒，那么電機(jī)或其它重要的部分就會(huì)受到影響。 LITERATURE CITED 1. A .N .Zelenin, Principles of Mechanical Breaking of Ground in Russian, Mashinostroenie ,Moscow (1968) 2. K .A .Artemev ,Principles of the Theory of Scraper Excavation in Russian, Mashgiz ,Moscow (1963)” 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 7 - 附錄 2 ENERGY CONSUMED IN WORKING FROZEN GROUND WITH AN ACTIVE SCRAPER BUCKET R. A .Ivanov UDC 621.876.6:624.13 9 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 8 - To determine the effectiveness of using active scrapers for working frozen ground, we carried out field inves-tigations on natural frozen ground. For this purpose we designed and made an experimental bucket; in the bottom of which were located two pneumatic hammers with an impact energy of 100 kgm. The bucket was installed on astandard scraper with hydraulic control. The test procedure provided for recording of the induced stress and thecompressed air consumption . The experiments were performed in gravelly clay and loam; the soil temperatureduring the investigations was between 一 2 and 一 120C. To characterize the efficiency of scraper operation, we took a suitable index, namely the total specific en-ergy consumption, which was the sum of the energy consumption on breaking the frozen ground, filling the bucketwith this material, and shifting the scraper. The energy consumption of impact-breakingof the ground consisted of the specific energy consumption onshifting the working member F5 and the energy consumption on compressed air， and was the ratio of the powerconsumed N to its intensity i. The intensity of breaking of the ground in the given sector was determined fromthe equation 36002ik SFFiV 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 9 - where Fi and Fk are, respectively, the cross-sectional areas of thefracture path at the beginning and end of the sector i-k, and Vsis the speed of the working member in the sector.The specific energy consumptions on shifting the working member were determined by means of the equation where Ph is the horizontal component of the rock-breaking forceson the teeth of the working member, and F is the cross-sectional area of the fracture path. The specific energy consumption on compressed air was where Patm is the mean excess compressed air pressure in the sec-tor. * and Q is the mean comumption of compressed air.In Eq. (3) the compressed air consumption is expressed in terms of free air。 where T is the absolute temperature of the air on the Kelvinscale ,P0 is the air 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 10 - pressure at t = 15C ,T Ois the absolutetemperature ,and Patm.a is the absolute air pressure.Figure 1 is a plot of the specific energy consumptionvs the thickness of the layer being broken under various con- ditions; it will be seen that for minimal energy consumptionon breaking frozen ground ,it is desirable to work layemthickerthan 15 cm ,because the energy consumption is much greaterfor thinner layers.Table 1 gives the specific energy consumptions onbreaking frozen ground, obtained by the author for layerthick-nesses of 15-20 cm; it also gives the data of experiments byA .N .Zelenin on breaking frozen loam at - 5 and - 7 by an impact load, the energy of each impact being 100 kgm, performed under the same conditions 1 .It will be seen that the specific energy consumption on breaking areless for an active scraper bucket than for splitting by a solid wedge (they are less by a factor of 4 for an impact en-ergy A = 100 kgm .and by a factor fo 1.5-2.0 for A = 1000 kgm) .This shows that the use of an active scraperbucket is an efficient way of breaking frozen ground.The specific energy consumption on filling the bucket with broken frozen rock was determined after deter- mining the pattern of change in forces along the path of filling of the bucket with rock ,lf .This dependence isplotted graphically in Fig .2. It will be seen that the bucket filling forces increased with the layer thickness by a parabolic law. Furthermore ,these curves give the bucket filling coefficients, Kf ,obtained by these experiments.The equations for determining the specific energy consumption on filling the bucket ,Ef, and on moving the scraper like a vehicle, Em ,may be written in the general form where Kl is the coefficient of loosening of the rock ,and q is the volume of rock in the bucket.Substituting into Eq. (5) the bucket filling forces pf (Fig .2) and the mean value of the tractive effect re-quired to displace the scraper along the filling path ,Pd (this was 920-1070 kg in our experiments) ,we get the val-ues of Ef and gd for various different breaking conditions (Fig .3). 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 11 - When h 10 cm ,only negligible filling of the bucket with broken froz en rock was observed .It will be seen from the curves that the specific energy con-sumption of filling hardly decreases at all with the thickness of the layer beingbroken; however, one cannot infer from this that it is more advantageous to fillthe bucket by working a thinner layer, because a decrease in h is accompaniedsimultaneously not only by a decrease in the filling forces but also by a decreasein the filling coefficient Kf (Fig. 2) ,and the bucket is only partly filled. Thespecific energy consumption on filling the bucket is somewhat higher for gravelthan for loam; this is also due to the lower values of Kf for gravelly ground.A comparison of the specific energy consumptions on filling the bucketwith frozen rock and on displacement of the scraper with the analogous indicesfor unfrozen rock ,obtained by Artemev 2 ,reveals that they are virtually the same and that the specific energy expenditure required to fill the bucket with rock is even somewhat less for frozenrock; this is evidently attributable to the reduced friction in the lattercase.In view of the fact that some of the broken rock was not picked up by the bucket, the energy consumption of breaking was recalculated breaking a cubic meter of rock in the bucket ,using the loss coefficient I(l .The meanvalue of this coefficient when h = 15-20 cm was 1.63 .The overall specific energy consumption of the scraper pro-cess ,with account for the loss coefficient ,was 0.36-0.56 kWh/m s, according to the nature of the ground.The results of these investigations enable one to draw certain conclmions: the specific energy consumptionof working frozen ground with active scraper buckets depends markedly on the thickness of the layer being broken;if the layer worked is sufficiently thick ,such buckets are far more efficient than machines operating on the cuttingprinciple; the specific energy expenditures on 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 12 - filling the bucket with broken rock and on displacing the scraper do not exceed the corresponding values for scrapers working unfrozen ground.When h 10 cm ,on ly negligible filling of the bucket with broken frozenrock was observed .It will be seen from the curves that the specific energy con-sumption of filling hardly decreases at all with the thickness of the layer being broken; however, one cannot infer from this that it is more advantageous to fillthe bucket by working a thinner layer, because a decrease in h is accompaniedsimultaneously not only by a decrease in the filling forces but also by a decreasein the filling coefficient Kf (Fig. 2) ,and the bucket is only partly filled. Thespecific energy consumption on filling the bucket is somewhat higher for gravelthan for loam; this is also due to the lower values of Kf for gravelly ground.A comparison of the specific energy consumptions on filling the bucketwith frozen rock and on displacement of the scraper with the analogous indices VOLVO TOOTH SYSTEM A self-sharpening design with strategically positioned wear material, the new Volvo tooth system offers a vertical locking device and a reinforced area on the heel of the tooth that protects the adapter and guide lugs from early wear. The edge where the adapter meets the tooth is angled, which better resists frontal forces and reduces the risk of the tooth box opening up. The inverted trapezoidal shape of the adapter nose provides a snug fit between the adapter and tooth even when the teeth are well worn. The tap-in/tap-out retainer pin has a reusable steel pin and a smaller, replaceable polyurethane retainer impregnated with carbon dioxide to provide the required elasticity for easy installation and removal. Steel can be formulated to be hard and abrasion resistant or soft and tough. A hard steel wont wear out as quickly, but a hard, quick hit may cause it to crack. Soft steel wears faster but can take shocks without breaking or developing cracks. To cover a wide variety of applications and soil conditions, most manufacturers strike a balance between the two properties. But the best way to know if youve got the right type of steel in your teeth is to observe how they perform over time. For particularly tough, abrasive applications some manufacturers weld carbide 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） - 13 - strips onto the tooth in highfriction areas. These are expensive, and usually make sense only for the large quarries and mines. “Those are really for applications where the customer cant afford the downtime,” Simmons says. But what manufacturers dont recommend is hardfacing the teeth yourself. “It will void the warranty if you hardface, and the tooth will probably break,” Yoresen says. The reason is that manufacturers put the carbide wear strips on before the tooth goes through its final heat treating process. The heat generated by welding a finished tooth will ruin the temper of the steel and cause that area