句子成分1.doc

一、句子成分的定義句子是按照一定的語法規(guī)律組成的，表達(dá)一個(gè)清晰完整的意思。一個(gè)句子一般由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主語部分和謂語部分，這兩部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括賓語，定語，狀語，表語和補(bǔ)語。句子成分是在句子中起一定功用的組成部分，包括主、謂、賓、定、狀、補(bǔ)、表等。句子本身的結(jié)構(gòu)是很簡(jiǎn)單的，只不過是結(jié)構(gòu)套結(jié)構(gòu)。英語句子成分和英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)主語（subject）: 句子說明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east. （名詞） He likes dancing. （代詞）Twenty years is a short time in history. (數(shù)詞) Seeing is believing. （動(dòng)名詞） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主語從句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）謂語（predicate）: 說明主語的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和特征。We study English. He is asleep. 表語（predicative）: 系動(dòng)詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。 He is a teacher. （名詞） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代詞）Five and five is ten. （數(shù)詞） He is asleep. （形容詞） His father is in. （副詞） The picture is on the wall. ( 介詞短語)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容詞化的分詞）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表語從句）（常見的系動(dòng)詞有: be, sound（聽起來）, look（看起來）, feel(摸起來，smell（聞起來）, taste（嘗、吃起來）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感覺） . 賓語：1）動(dòng)作的承受者-動(dòng)賓I like China. （名詞） He hates you. （代詞）How many do you need? We need two. （數(shù)詞）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （動(dòng)名詞）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （賓語從句） 2） 介詞后的名詞、代詞和動(dòng)名詞-介賓Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3） 雙賓語-間賓（指人）和直賓（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.賓補(bǔ)：對(duì)賓語的補(bǔ)充，全稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。We elected him monitor. （名詞） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容詞） We found nobody in. ( 副詞 )Please make yourself at home. 介詞短語） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （帶to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （現(xiàn)在分詞） Ill have my bike repaired. （過去分詞） 主補(bǔ)：對(duì)主語的補(bǔ)充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名詞） He is our friend. （代詞）We belong to the third world. （數(shù)詞） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容詞）The man over there is my old friend.(副詞) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （現(xiàn)在分詞）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （過去分詞） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定語從句）狀語：用來修飾v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。 （以下例句按上述順序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. 句子分：簡(jiǎn)單句 并列句 復(fù)合句 簡(jiǎn)單句：由一個(gè)主語（或是并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（并列謂語）構(gòu)成的句子。 并列句：兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句用并列連詞and,but,for,so,or等或分號(hào)“，”連在一起構(gòu)成的句子，叫并列句。 復(fù)合句：由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子叫復(fù)合句。 主句是全句的主體。從句是全句的一個(gè)成分，它在句子中作什么成分，就叫什么成分的從句，如作主語的就叫主語從句，作賓語的就叫賓語從句，作表語的就叫表語從句，作定語的叫定語從句，作狀語的就叫狀語從句。一簡(jiǎn)單句二復(fù)合句（Complex Sentence）分為并列復(fù)合句和從屬復(fù)合句，并列復(fù)合句是有并列連詞：and、or、but連接；從屬復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句（Principal Clause)和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句(Subordinate Clause)構(gòu)成。用疑問詞作引導(dǎo)詞，主句是全句的主體，通常可以獨(dú)立存在；從句則是一個(gè)句子成分，不能獨(dú)立存在。從句不能單獨(dú)成句，但它也有主語部分和謂語部分，就像一個(gè)句子一樣。所不同在于，從句須由一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞（connective）引導(dǎo)。 根據(jù)引導(dǎo)從句為主不同大大可分為：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句、狀語從句等。1.并列句概念兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句用并列連詞連在一起構(gòu)成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句”。并列連詞有：and, but, or, so等.并列句中的各簡(jiǎn)單句意義同等重要，相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連詞連結(jié)。 如: I like thrillers and I like action movies，too. I like action movies but I dont like thrillers. Hurry up or youll be late. (快點(diǎn)，否則你要遲到了。)并列句的口訣and 表示順承 while表示對(duì)比 but/yet表示轉(zhuǎn)折 for/so表示因果 or/either .or 表示選擇 when和and/then表示時(shí)間 and/so/neither/nor表示并列 not only.but also/neither. nor表示遞進(jìn) 2.主從復(fù)合句所謂從句是指從屬于主句的句子，由從屬連詞連接。 從句按其在主句中的句法功能可分為三類，即名詞性從句、形容詞性從句(即定語從句)和副詞性從句(即狀語從句)。引導(dǎo)從句的詞稱作關(guān)聯(lián)詞。 名詞性從句包括主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。引導(dǎo)這些名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括: 從屬連詞that, if, whether; 連接代詞who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose; 連接副詞where, when, why, how。 其中, 從屬連詞只起連接作用, 在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句法成分,而連接代詞和連接副詞既起連接作用, 在從句中又充當(dāng)一定的成分.名詞性從句種類作用常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞例句主語從句在復(fù)合句中做主語，相當(dāng)于名詞，一般置謂語之前，也可用it作形式主語，主語從句放主句之后that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, whereverWhether he will come or not doesnt matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.表語從句在復(fù)合句中做表語，相當(dāng)于名詞，位于系動(dòng)詞之后It looks as if it is going to snow.賓語從句在復(fù)合句中做賓語，相當(dāng)于名詞He asked me which team could win the game.同位語從句放在名詞之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具體內(nèi)容You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.定語從句I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時(shí)，?？梢允÷?，但介詞提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定語I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that人，物主語，賓語A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主語，賓語The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主語，賓語He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語一般不省略關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on whichwhere地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語This is the house where I was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因狀語I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for whichII. that與which, who, whom的用法區(qū)別：情況用法說明例句只用that的情況1 先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時(shí)。2 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時(shí)3 先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)4 先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)5 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時(shí)6 句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情況1 在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行詞本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時(shí)多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.狀語從句狀語從句： 用一個(gè)句子（從句）來作另一個(gè)句子（主句）的狀語，用作狀語的句子就叫作狀語從句。作什么樣的狀語就叫什么類型的狀語從句。例如：條件狀語從句就是用一個(gè)句子來作條件狀語。 種類連接詞注意點(diǎn)時(shí)間狀語when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardlywhen, no soonerthan, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly主句表示將來意義時(shí)，從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；while引導(dǎo)的從句中動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的；until用在肯定句中主句動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的，而否定句中主句動(dòng)詞為短暫性的。地點(diǎn)狀語where, wherever原因狀語because, as, since, now thatbecause語氣最強(qiáng)，since較弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。條件狀語if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that從句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不可用將來時(shí)，常用一般時(shí)代替目的狀語so that, in order that, for fear thatso that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞結(jié)果狀語sothat, suchthat比較狀語than, asas, not so/asas, the morethe more方式狀語as if, as though, asas if 和as though引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語氣。讓步狀語though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, wheneveras在讓步狀語從句中常用倒裝形式；although和thou