高級(jí)英語(yǔ) Unit 1 Hit the Nail on the Head.ppt

UnitOneTEXTIHittheNailontheHead 恰到好處 一語(yǔ)中的 I Pre readingQuestions1 SuggestedAnswer SA Itmeansexactlyrightinwordsoraction 2 SA TheauthoradvisesthattheEnglishstudentsshouldtrytogetthewords phrasesandsentencescompletelyrightfortheirpurposesintheirwriting III LibraryWork1 1 GustaveFlaubert 1821 1880 Frenchnovelist wasassociatedwith thoughnotrepresentativeof themovementofnaturalismandknownasoneofthegreatestrealistsof19th centuryFrance Hedevotedhislifetolonghoursspentinheavytoiloverhiswork Hiswritingismarkedbyexactnessandaccuracyofobservation extremeimpersonalityandobjectivityoftreatment andprecisionandexpressivenessinstyle ortheprincipleofthemotjuste 1 2 Mrs MalapropisafamouscharacterinSheridan scomedyTheRivals 1775 Sheisnotedforherblundersintheuseofwords Asheadstrong 不受管束的 asanallegory 比方 寓言 alligator onthebanksoftheNile isoneofhergrotesque 荒唐的 misapplications Shealsorequeststhatnodelusions 欺騙 迷惑 allusions tothepastbemade Shehasgivenusthewordmalapropism 用詞錯(cuò)誤 尤指誤用發(fā)音相似而意義全非的詞 asanameforsuchmistakes 2 Hindi 印地語(yǔ) isaliteraryandofficiallanguageofnorthernIndia Swahili 斯瓦希里語(yǔ) isaBantu 班圖 languagethatisatradeandgovernmentallanguageovermuchofEastAfricaandintheCongoregion BantusarepeoplebelongingtoagroupoftribesfoundinequatorialandsouthernAfrica IV OrganizationoftheText1 Ananalogybetweentheunskilleduseofthehammerandtheimproperchoiceofwords Paragraph1 2 Thesignificanceoffindingtherightwords Paragraphs2 3 3 Semanticdifferencesbetweenwordshavingthesameroot Paragraphs4 7 1 Example1 humanvs humane Paragraph4 2 Example2 anxietyvs eagerness Paragraph5 3 Example3 singularityvs singleness Paragraphs6 7 4 Wrongchoiceofwordscausedbyfailuretorecognizetheirconnotations Paragraph8 Examples imprison contain sumup epitomizeanddistill5 Stylisticdifferencesbetweensynonyms Paragraph9 Examples inmychildhoodvs whenIwasachild lovetowatchvs lovewatching dievs expire poorvs inindigentcircum stances 6 TheabundanceofspecificwordsinEnglishforgeneralnotions Paragraph10 7 Conclusion Paragraph11 theimportanceofagoodcontrolandcommandoverknownwords Agoodwriterisnotmeasuredbytheextentofhisvocabulary butbyhisskillinfindingthewordthatwillhitthenailcleanlyonthehead V KeyPointsoftheTextParagraph1knockover hit tofall捶翻drivesomethinghome force thenail intotherightplace makesomethingunmistakablyclear把 釘子等 打入 使明確無誤E g 1 Heslammedthedooranddrovethebolthome 他砰地關(guān)上門 把門閂插好 2 driveone spointhome講清楚自己的觀點(diǎn) 3 avoicethatdriveshomeeachword字字清晰的說話聲 4 Todrivehomehispolicy thepresidentwrotehissecondletter 為了闡明他的政策 總統(tǒng)又寫了第二封信 5 YoumustdriveithometoJohnthatwedon thaveenoughmoney 你必須使約翰明白我們錢確實(shí)不夠 deft effortlesslyskillful熟練的hititsquarelyonthehead hittingitdirectlyonthehead Alsohitthe right nailonthehead informal beexactlyrightinwordsoraction正中要害 猜中 說得好 做得好 E g 1 Yourcriticismreallyhitthenailonthehead 你的批評(píng)確是一針見血 2 Insosaying youhittherightnailonthehead 你這樣說確是擊中要害 squarely meaning directly maybeusedbothliterallyandfiguratively E g 1 Theboxerhithisopponentsquarelyonthejaw 2 Wemustfacethedifficultysquarely Paragraph1 cleanEnglish Englishthatisexact precise andclearawordthatismoreorlessright awordthatisalmostright butnotcompletelyright差不多恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)Question1 Whichphraseinthisparagraphmarksacontrastbetweenaclumsymanandaskillfulcarpenter SA Ontheotherhand Paragraph1 Question2 WhichsentenceinParagraph1establishesthelinkbetweenthedrivingofanailandthechoiceofaword SA Sowithlanguage thegoodcraftsmanwillchoosewordsthatdrivehomehispointfirmlyandexactly Paragraph2Question1 Whatdoestheword this inSentence1referto SA Gettingthewordthatiscompletelyrightforthewriter spurpose scrupulouswriters writerswhoarethorough exact andwhopaycarefulattentiontodetails一絲不茍的作家 scrupulous correcteveninthesmallestdetail exact painstaking meticulous嚴(yán)格認(rèn)真的 審慎的unscrupulous 不擇手段的 肆無忌憚的 theoppositeofscrupulous seemstobemoreoftenusedtodescribepeoplewhodonotcareabouthonestyandfairnessingettingwhattheywant orwhoarecompletelywithoutprinciples Alsobyhookor by crook towinbyhookorcrook Paragraph2 Question2 Doyouagreewiththeauthorthatthereisagreatdealoftruthintheseeminglystupidquestion HowcanIknowwhatIthinktillIseewhatIsay Whyorwhynot Paragraph2 SA Yes Ido Itsoundsirrationalthatapersondoesnotknowwhathehimselfthinksbeforeheseeswhathesays but asamatteroffact itisquitetruethatunlesswehavefoundtheexactwordstoverbalizeourownthoughtswecanneverbeverysureofwhatourthoughtsare withoutwords ourthoughtscannotbedefinedorstatedinaclearandprecisemanner Paragraph3thatconstituteshislimitation thatmakesorformshisshortcomingorinabilityincertainrespectsconceptvs conception Aconceptisanideaofacategoryorkindthathasbeengeneralizedfromparticularinstances Thus theconceptof cat arisesformthemanycatswesee Conceptalsoreferstoawidelyheldideaofwhatsomethingisorshouldbe Theconceptof governmentofmanysmallnationshasbeeninfluencedbythelegislativeandjudicialinstitutionsofBritain Themeaningofconceptionismuchlikethissecondsenseofconcept butdiffersinthattheideaofwhatathingisorshouldbeishereheldbyanindividualorsmallgroupandisoftencoloredbyimaginationandfeeling Achild sconceptionoftheuniverseisformedbyhislimitedexperienceandhisownfancies yourconceptionofthemanisclearerandsharper yourideaofthemanisclearerandmoredistinctsharp awordthathasavarietyofmeaningsE g asharp thrill voice刺耳的語(yǔ)聲sharp harsh wordsasharp severe pain Paragraph3 Question3 Whatisthesignificanceoffindingtherightwords SA Wordsaremanyandvarious theyaresubtleanddelicateintheirdifferentshadesofmeaning Theexactuseoflanguagegivesusmasteryoverthematerialwearedealingwith Paragraph4 humanvs humane human relatingtoorcharacteristicofhumankindorpeopleE g humanaction actiontakenbyman人的行為Toerrishuman toforgive divine 犯錯(cuò)人皆難免 寬恕則屬超凡 humankiller apersonoramachinethatkillshumans殺人兇手 殺人機(jī)器 humane havingorshowingcompassionorbenevolence characterizedbykindness mercy sympathyE g humaneaction mercifulaction人道的行為humanekiller thatwhichkillsbutcauseslittlepain instrumentforpainlessslaughterofanimals牲口無痛屠宰機(jī) 牲口麻醉屠宰機(jī)Paragraph5farafield farawayfromhome tooratagreatdistance veryfaraway向遠(yuǎn)處 遠(yuǎn)離 Paragraph6cowardice lackofcourage怯懦 膽小rife widespread common 流行的 普遍的 Rifeisanadjectiveusedwithsomethingnegative E g 1 Crimeandviolencewererifeinthiscitybeforeliberation 2 Typhoidfever Poultryflu isrife 目前傷寒 禽流感 流行 3 Corruption Unemployment isstillrifeinthatcountry 那個(gè)國(guó)家依然貪污成風(fēng) 失業(yè)遍地 4 Thewholecityisrifewithrumors 滿城謠諑紛紛 5 Thisarticleisrifewitherror 這篇文章錯(cuò)誤百出 6 Thecountrywasrifewithdiseaseandviolence 那個(gè)國(guó)家當(dāng)時(shí)疾病和暴力橫行 7 Diseasesusedtoberifeinthatcountry singularityvs singleness singularity strangeness oddity peculiarity奇特 特性 非凡E g singularityofmind思想奇特 標(biāo)新立異 singleness completedevotionto holdingsteadfastlytoE g singlenessofmind思想專一 專心致志Paragraph7malapropism anoftenamusingmisuseofaword suchthatthewordincorrectlyusedsoundssimilartotheintendedwordbutmeanssomethingquitedifferent詞語(yǔ)誤用 尤指誤用發(fā)音相似而意義全非的詞 holdto causeto followexactly keepto somethingsuchasapromise adhereto堅(jiān)持 遵守 忠于E g 1 Whateveryourargument Ishallholdtomydecision 2 Thepriestheldtohisbeliefsinspiteofcrueltreatment 3 Heholdstoasimplelife 他堅(jiān)持過著簡(jiǎn)樸的生活 4 Heheldtohisowncounsel 他按照自己的意見行事 5 Iholdtomypromise 我格守諾言 drawaside causeto movetoonesideE g 1 Drawingthecurtainaside helookeddownintothestreet 2 Thecrowddrewasidetolettheprisonerpass Paragraph8Question Explainwhytheword imprison intheexamplegiveninthisparagraph thoughnotamalapropism isstillnottherightwordforthewriter spurpose SA Malapropism meanstheunintentionalmisuseofawordbyconfusingitwithonethatresemblesit suchashumanforhumane singularityforsingleness Butthemisuseof imprison isadifferentcase Itiswronglychosenbecausetheuserhasfailedtorecognizeitsconnotation 內(nèi)涵 imprison putintoprisonorkeepinaplaceorstatewhichoneisnotfreetoleave監(jiān)禁 關(guān)押 限制 束縛 coercion pressure compulsion governmentbyforce強(qiáng)迫 壓制 高壓統(tǒng)治E g thecoercionofpublicopinion輿論的壓力coercev t 強(qiáng)制 脅迫 迫使E g coercesomebodyintodoingsomething迫使某人做謀事coerceuniformity強(qiáng)求一致coerciveadj coercionaryadj servingorintendedtocoerceE g coercivemethods measures 強(qiáng)制的方法 手段 coercibleadj epitomize betypicalof serveasthetypicalexampleof代表 象征 體現(xiàn) 寫 的梗概 作 的綱要E g 1 Hewasthemanwhoepitomizedblackresistancetothecolonialgovernment 他代表著黑人對(duì)殖民地政府的反抗 2 Hispoliticalcreedwasepitomizedinthisreport 他的政治信念就概括在這篇報(bào)告中 epitomen athingorpersonthatshows toaverygreatdegree aqualityorsetofqualities especiallyinthephrasetheepitomeof 典型 象征 縮影 ashortaccountofabookorspeech梗概 縮寫 節(jié)錄E g 1 Sheistheepitomeofarrogance 她是傲慢的典型 2 Mycatistheepitomeoflaziness Mycatisverylazy hiton strikeon findbyluckychanceorhaveagoodideaabout 偶然或忽然 發(fā)現(xiàn) 碰上 找到 想到E g 1 Ihitonthisinterestingbookinasmallbookstore 我在一家小書店里偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了這本有趣的書 2 Theplanwehituponwasnotlogical perhaps butitworked 我們想出來的那個(gè)計(jì)劃也許不合邏輯 但它行之有效 3 Howdidyouhitontherightanswersoquickly 4 Atlastsomeonehitupontakingtheotherroadthroughthemountains distill takeandseparatethemostimportantpartsof abook asubject etc 提煉E g distilltheessenceof提取 的精華alive sensitive alertParagraph9disprovevs disapprove disprove provetobecontrary refute反駁 證明有誤E g 1 findachargehardtodisprove發(fā)現(xiàn)推翻某項(xiàng)罪名有困難 2 Hecouldnotdisprovethemajorcontentionofhisopponents 他駁不倒對(duì)方的主要論點(diǎn) Comparedisapprove haveabadopinionformoralreasons of 不贊成 不同意 不準(zhǔn)許 否決 不贊同 不喜歡 of E g 1 Shedisapprovedthearrangementsforthewedding 2 Thecourtdisapprovedtheverdict 法院否定了陪審團(tuán)的裁決 3 Jim sfatherdisapprovedofhismarriagetoMary Jim的父親不贊成他與Mary的婚事 4 Hedisapprovedofher 他討厭她 expire die passaway cometoanend死亡 過期indigent poor lackingmoneyandgoods poverty stricken penniless貧困的 貧窮的Paragraph10march walkwithfirmregularstepslikeasoldier齊步前進(jìn) 行軍 pace walkwithslow steadysteps especiallybackwardsandforwards踱方步patrol goatregulartimesround anarea building etc toseethatthereisnotrouble thatnooneistryingtogetinoroutillegally etc 巡邏 巡查stride walkwithlongstepsorcrosswithonelongstep大踏步地走 跨 stalk walkstiffly proudly orwithlongsteps高視闊步地走strut walkproudlyorstiffly especiallywiththechestpushedforwardandtryingtolookimportant趾高氣揚(yáng)地走 大搖大擺地走tread stepon踩 踐踏tramp walk throughorover withfirmheavysteps用沉重的腳步行走 Paragraph10 stepout AmE gooutsideorgosomewhere 美口 暫時(shí)走開prance movequickly happilyorproudlywithaspringingordancingstep歡躍地走 prowl ofananimallookingforfood orofathief moveabout anarea quietly tryingnottobeseenorheard潛行 暗中徘徊E g beastsprowlingaftertheirprey四處覓食的野獸 Paragraph10 sidle up walkasifreadytoturnandgotheotherway especiallysecretivelyornervously 尤指鬼鬼祟祟地或膽怯地 悄悄地走E g Hesidleduptothestrangerinthestreetandtriedtosellhimthestolenring 在街上 他鬼鬼祟祟地走到陌生人面前企圖向他兜售偷來的戒指 Paragraph10 creep moveslowlyandquietlywiththebodyclosetotheground匍匐前進(jìn) 爬行 躡手躡腳地走E g Thecatcreptsilentlytowardsthemouse 貓悄悄地向老鼠爬過去 Thepolicemancreptuponthecriminalandseizedhimfrombehind 警察偷偷逼近罪犯 從后面將他一把抓住 Paragraph10 plod especiallyalong on walkslowly especiallywithdifficultyandgreateffort trudge沉重緩慢地走 步履艱難E g Theoldmanplodsalong hardlyabletolifteachfoot 那老人步履艱難地走著 雙腳幾乎都提不起來 Paragraph10 trudge walkwithheavysteps slowlyandwitheffort plod 步履艱難地走 跋涉E g Hehadtotrudge for 20milestogethome 他要跋涉20英里才回到家 shuffle walkbydraggingone sfeetslowlyalong曳足而行 拖著步子走 stagger walkormoveunsteadilyandwithgreatdifficulty almostfalling蹣跚 搖晃 踉蹌E g Hewasstaggeringalongasifdrunk 他搖搖晃晃地向前走 好像喝醉了酒一樣 toddle walkwithshortunsteadysteps asasmallchilddoes蹣跚行步 東倒西歪地走 Paragraph10 stroll walkashortdistanceslowlyorlazily especiallyforpleasure散步 閑逛 溜達(dá)ramble about through among goonalongwalkwithnoparticularplan漫游 漫步 Paragraph10 E g Theyrambledthroughthewoods 他們漫步穿過樹林 Werambledaboutforhoursintheoldcity 我們?cè)诠懦锹瘟藥讉€(gè)小時(shí) roam through around about wanderwithoutaveryclearpurpose漫步 閑蕩 漫游E g Atthisheighthyenasroamedabout 在這高度 有鬣狗四處游蕩 saunter walkinanunhurriedway andespeciallyinaconfidentmanner lounge 閑逛 漫步E g Isaunteredalongthestreetwithnothingtodo 我在街上閑逛 無所事事 meander ofpeople wanderinasloweasyway漫步 散步 ofriversandstreams flowslowly turninghereandthere 指河川 蜿蜒而流 迂回曲折地前進(jìn) lounge especiallyabout around moveinalazy relaxedway moveinleisurely indolentmanner saunter 閑逛E g Heloungedaboutthehouse doingnothingbutgettinginourwaywhilewewereworking 我們工作時(shí) 他什么也不干 在屋子里亂轉(zhuǎn) 礙手礙腳的 loiter moveonormoveabout stoppingoften走走停停 徘徊 閑逛E g Thepolicemensawsomeoneloiteringneartheshop 警察看見有人在商店附近徘徊 Paragraph11Question1 Whatconclusionisdrawnbytheauthorinthisparagraph SA Agoodwriterisnotmeasuredbytheextentofhisvocabulary butbyhisskillinfindingthe motjuste thewordthatwillhitthenailcleanlyonthehead Question2 Thewriterbeginshisarticlewithananalogybetweentheunskilleduseofthehammerandtheimproperchoiceofwords Identifytheplaceswheretheanalogyisreferredtointherestofthearticle SA Wedon thavetolookfarafieldtofindevidenceofbadcarpentryinlanguage Paragraph5 Itisperhapseasiertobeagoodcraftsmanwithwoodandnailsthanagoodcraftsmanwithwords Paragraph9 Agoodcarpenterisnotdistinguishedbythenumberofhistools butbythecraftsmanshipwithwhichheusesthem Soagoodwriterisnotmeasuredbytheextentofhisvocabulary butbyhisskillinfindingthe motjuste thewordthatwillhitthenailcleanlyonthehead Paragraph11 takecourage feelhopefulandconfidentaboutsomethingE g Itisachallengingjob buttakecourageandworkhardatit andyou llberewarded VI SAtoEx I P 1 Workbook 1 Sowithlanguage thegoodcraftsmanwillchoosewordsthatdrivehomehispointfirmlyandexactly 2 Gettingthewordthatiscompletelyrightforthewriter spurpose VI SAtoEx I P 1 Workbook 3 Yes Ido Itsoundsirrationalthatapersondoesnotknowwhathehimselfthinksbeforeheseeswhathesays but asamatteroffact itisquitetruethatunlesswehavefoundtheexactwordstoverbalizeourownthoughtswecanneverbeverysureofwhatourthoughtsare withoutwords ourthoughtscannotbedefinedorstatedinaclearandprecisemanner VI SAtoEx I P 1 Workbook 4 Malapropism meanstheunintentionalmisuseofawordbyconfusingitwithonethatresemblesit suchashumanforhumane singularityforsingleness Butthemisuseof imprison isadifferentcase Itiswronglychosenbecausetheuserhasfailedtorecognizeitsconnotation VI SAtoEx I P 1 Workbook 5 human characterizingof orrelatingtomanhumane characterizedbykindness mercy sympathy thus humanaction actiontakenbymanhumaneaction mercifulactionhumankiller personthatkillshumanshumanekiller thatwhichkillsbutcauseslittlepain VI SAtoEx I P 1 Workbook 6 Sensitive alert7 Wedon thavetolookfarafieldtofindevidenceofbadcarpentryinlanguage Paragraph5 Itisperhapseasiertobeagoodcraftsmanwithwoodandnailsthanagoodcraftsmanwithwords Paragraph9 VI SAtoEx I P 1 Workbook Agoodcarpenterisnotdistinguishedbythenumberofhistools butbythecraftsmanshipwithwhichheusesthem Soagoodwriterisnotmeasuredbytheextentofhisvocabulary butbyhisskillinfindingthe motjuste thewordthatwillhitthenailcleanlyonthehead Paragraph11 VII SAtoEx II P 2 Workbook 1 AwriterwhoisparticularabouttheexactnessofanexpressioninEnglishwillneverfeelhappywithawordwhichfailstoexpressanideaaccurately VII SAtoEx II P 2 Workbook 2 Toacertainextent theprocessoffindingtherightwordstouseisaprocessofperfectionwhereyoutrytosearchforwordsthatmaymostaccuratelyexpressyourthoughtsandfeelings andwordsthatmaymosteffectivelymakeyourlistenersandreadersunderstandyourthoughtsandfeelings VII SAtoEx II P 2 Workbook 3 Findingthemostsuitablewordtouseisinnosenseeasy Butthereisnothinglikethedelightweshallexperiencewhensuchawordislocated 4 Onceweareabletouselanguageaccurately weareinapositiontofullyunderstandoursubjectmatter VIII SAtoEx III P 3 Workbook 1 Aftercitingmanyfactsandgivinganumberofstatisticalfigures hefinallydrovehomehispoint 2 Ittookushalfayearmoreorlesstocarrythroughtheresearchproject 3 Whathesaidwassosubtlethatwecouldhardlymakeouthistrueintention 4 Hisnewbooklookssquarelyatthecontemporarysocialproblems VIII SAtoEx III P 3 Workbook 5 TheyoungergenerationtodayareverymuchalivetothelatestinformationfoundontheInternet 6 Itisamatterofopinionwhetheraforeignlanguageismoreeasilylearnedinone schildhoodorotherwise 7 Neverlooseheartinthefaceofasetback takecourageanddealwithitsquarely 8 Rice meat vegetables andfruitconstituteabalanceddiet TEXTIITheMaker sEye ReviewingYourOwnManuscripts 作者的眼光 修改自己的手稿 I OrganizationoftheText1 Thewaywritersshouldviewtheirownwritingthroughthemaker seye Paragraphs1 9 2 Howtoreviseone sownwriting Paragraphs10 26 II KeyPointsoftheTextParagraph2journeyman anexperiencedpersonwhoseworkisfairly butnotvery good熟練工craftsman apersonskilledinajob能工巧匠prolific productive producingmanyworks Paragraph3aprogressionof asuccessionofdecode discoverthemeaningof somethingwritteninacode 解碼 譯解compareencode turn amessage intocodeParagraph4detach from separate from Paragraph5supposedly asisbelieved asitappears想象上 據(jù)推測(cè) 大概forayeartotheday forexactlyayeardiscipline controleuphoric extremelyhappyeuphoria afeelingofhappinessandcheerfulexcitement欣快癥 異常欣快 Paragraph6counsel adviseE g acounselofperfection要?jiǎng)e人必須做到十全十美的要求 達(dá)不到的理想darkencounsel使更加難以理解takecounselofone spillow通夜思考excise removebycuttingout aschizophrenicprocess amaddeningordisorderlyprocess混亂的過程 前后矛盾的過程schizophrenia amentaldisordermarkedbyaseparationofaperson smindandfeelings精神分裂癥Paragraph8prune cutoff removeorshortensomeofthebranchesinordertoimprovetheshape growth productionofflowersorfruit reduceorremove anythinguseless orunwanted from something bymakingcarefulchoices修剪 刪除spontaneous happeningasaresultofnaturalfeelingsorcause withoutoutsideforceorinfluence orwithoutbeingplanned自然產(chǎn)生的 自發(fā)的spontaneity naturalnessParagraph9positive sure havingnodoubtaboutsomething Paragraph16genre aclassofworksofart literature ormusicmarkedbyaparticularstyle form orsubject類型 流派 風(fēng)格Paragraph23mutter speak usuallyangryorcomplainingwords inalowvoice noteasilyheard咕噥 嘀咕inshortruns inshortperiodsoftime Compareinlongruns atastretch withoutstopping continuouslyParagraph25connotation anyof thefeelingorideasthataresuggestedbyaword ratherthantheactualmeaningoftheword含義 言外之意denotation thethingthatisactuallynamedordescribedbyaword ratherthanthefeelingsorideasthataresuggestedbytheword直接意義 特定意義 rubagainst slidesomethingwithpressureagainst comparewithE g Don trubyourcoatagainstthewetpaint Paragraph26peerinto lookwitheffortintosomethingE g Shestoodontheshoreforsometime peeringintothedistance longaftertheshiphadgone III SAtoQuestionsforDiscussion P 14 Student sBook 1 Thecompletionofthefirstdraftisregardedastheendofthejobbyanamateurwriterbutasthebeginningbyaprofessional Writersmustlearntobefastidiousandexacting i e severelycriticalwiththeirownwriting