高中英語教學資源.docx

高中英語教學資源用大約30詞寫議論文摘要 寫摘要應主要注意以下四個方面： 一、內容上：抓主要信息點 抓住文章的主要信息點、剔除細節(jié)信息是寫摘要的基本要求。那么，哪些是文章的主要信息點呢？下面就議論性文章和敘事類文章分別舉例加以說明。 1、議論性文章的主要信息點 議論文的內容包括“觀點（或問題）、論據、結論”三個方面，所以寫議論文的摘要就是要把這三個方面說清楚。這里需要注意兩點：一是議論文的主體部分是論證的過程，論據占有很大的部分，但在寫摘要的時候，不需要詳細寫論證的過程，因為它有很多細節(jié)信息，而細節(jié)信息是寫摘要所應該剔除的，所以議論文的摘要應當將 “觀點、論據、結論”三個方面同等對待，這就如同畫卡通人物，在人體的“頭、身、腳”三大結構中，“身”本來是人體的主要部分，但在卡通畫里，“頭、身、腳”的比例幾乎同等，特寫“頭”和“腳”能夠達到突出重點的目的。二是所給的原文可能是議論文中節(jié)選的一個片段，不一定有完整的“觀點+論據+結論”三個方面，所以寫作時需要具體分析。 【例一】 原文：（見下面的分析部分，每句話前面的編號代表原文的順序） 分析：這是一篇議論文中的部分片段，文中提出了三個主要觀點，每提出一個觀點之后，都有一些細節(jié)信息來說明觀點。原文分析如下：文章結構重要信息次要信息觀點一(1)America is the land of automobile.(2) This country has only 6% of the worlds population but 46% of the worlds car. (3)Right now, there are 97 million privately-owned cars consuming 75 billion gallons of gasoline and travelling an 1,000 billion miles a year.觀點二(4)The figure also affirm something we know every time we refill our gasoline tank; the automobile is a very thirsty piece of technology.(5)Of the total petroleum supply in the United States, 30 percent goes to quench that thirst. (6)Every year for each passenger car, about 800 gallons of gasoline are consumed. （過渡句）(7)Other aspects of our commitment to the automobile also bear mentioning here.觀點三(8)It takes a great deal of energy to manufacture one automobile about 150 million BTUs of energy.(9) This is equivalent to 1,200 gallons of gasoline, enough to run a car for about 1,600 miles. (10)We expend energy in the process of shipping cars from factories to showrooms, displaying them for sale and making replacement parts for repairs. (11)One out of six jobs in the nation is associated with the automobile business. (12)About two gallons of gasoline are consumed in the process of making every ten gallons that are pumped into an automobiles gas tank. 摘要內容：（1）美國有很多汽車；（2）開車消耗了大量的（石油）資源；（3）生產車的過程也消耗了大量的資源（如運輸、展覽、維修等）。如果摘要概括了以上三個方面的內容，就是比較全面的，而且抓住了重點。 【例二】 原文：（見下面的分析部分，每句話前面的編號代表原文的順序） 分析：這是一篇比較完整的議論文，從語言上看可能是中學生的習作，文章的結構包括“提出問題、提出對策、說明意義”三個方面，其重要信息和次要信息分析如下：文章結構重要信息次要信息提出問題(2)In the information age, such barrier of language must be removed by popularizing Mandarin because it inversely affects the quality and efficiency of oral communication.(1)In China, there are over 100 different dialects, which are so complicated that even people from neighboring villages may not understand each other.提出對策(3)We have many things to do in Mandarin popularization. (4)（對策一）First, we should carry out a mass education(6)（對策二）Next, speaking good Mandarin should be compulsory(7)（對策三）Finally we should attach great importance to public education.（接第四句）on the importance of speaking Mandarin to make everyone understand that it is his responsibility to do so. (5)In the past, little progress has been made in isolated rural areas because the natives do not bother to take pains to learn to speak Mandarin.（接第六句）in classrooms, in public offices, in movies and TV programs in China.（接第七句）because China has large illiterate population. (8)A poorly educated nation has no international reputation. (9)Popularizing Mandarin is only the first step in changing China into a better-educated nation.意義(10)Popularizing Mandarin is of great importance because it may push up our economic growth, accelerate the development of science and technology, and promote the unification of China.(11)With a population of over 1.3 billion people it is not an easy task, but we must do it and do it efficiently. 摘要內容：（1）方言影響交流，必須推廣普通話；（2）推廣的方式包括：強調普通話的重要性、在教育等行業(yè)強制推行、全民教育普及；（3）推廣普通話具有重要的意義。 2、敘事類文章的主要信息點 敘事類文章的內容包括“主題、情節(jié)和主旨”三個方面，其中情節(jié)是主要部分，“主題”和“主旨”有時藏于“情節(jié)”之中。但在寫摘要時，不能僅僅描寫情節(jié)，必要時要點出“主題”和“主旨”。 【例三】 原文：（見下面的分析部分，每句話前面的編號代表原文的順序） 分析：這是一篇敘事類文章，夾敘夾議地講了我父親教育子女的一些故事情節(jié)，其中主題和主旨都隱藏在文字當中，分析如下：故事內容重要信息次要信息主題成功的家庭教育（隱藏在文字當中）情節(jié)1(3) He never criticized, but used to praise out our best.(1) My sister and I grew up in a little village in England. (2) Our father was a struggling lawyer, but I always knew he was special. (4) Hed say, “If you pour water on flowers, they flourish. If you dont give them water, they die.”2(6) He explained that if I looked for the best in people, I would get the best in return.(5) I remember as a child I said something unkind about somebody and my father said, “Any time you say something unpleasant about somebody else, its a reflection of you.” (7) Ive tried to follow this principle in running my company.3(8) Dad had also always been very understanding.(9) At 15, I started a magazine. (10) It was taking up a great deal of my time, and the headmaster of my school gave me a choice: stay in school or leave to work on my magazine. (11) I decided to leave, and Dad tried to sway me from my decision, as any good father would. (12) When he realized I had made up my mind, he said, “Richard, when I was 23, my dad persuaded me to go into law. And Ive always regretted it. I wanted to be an archeologist, but I didnt pursue my dream. You know what you want. Go fulfill that dream.”4(13) As it turned out, little publication went to become Student, a national magazine for young people in the U.K.(14) My wife and I have two children, and Id like to think we are bringing them up in the same way Dad raised me.主旨表達對父親的愛和教育子女成功的贊賞。 摘要內容：（1）我父親的家庭教育很特別；（2）他總是表揚、理解和支持我們；（3）得益于父親的教育，我取得了成功。 以上通過三個例子說明了如何概括議論性文章和敘事性文章的主要內容，其主要方式就是通過解析文章結構和功能來找出主要內容。 二、語言上：不能抄襲 寫摘要不是縮寫，不能引用原文的語句；寫摘要也不是改寫，不能把原句加以變形就完事；寫摘要主要是概括和抽象化，把具體的信息用一些具有高度概括功能的詞和句表達出來。所以，寫摘要最好自己重新組織語句。那么，什么樣的句子可能會被列入抄襲的“黑名單”呢？ 1、明顯抄襲的句子 與原文某個或某些句子完全一致或大部分一致。 有同學寫摘要就從原文的開頭部分、中間部分和結尾部分各抄一句，以為這就是“摘要”，這種認識是錯誤的，這樣的“摘要”是得不了分的。 2、疑似抄襲的句子 主要有這樣幾種情況：一是引用原文的核心詞組；二是改動原句中的個別詞匯，基本保留原句型；三是將原文從主動句改為被動句或者相反。如有關上面三篇例文的以下一些“摘要”都有抄襲的嫌疑： 例句一：America is a nation of automobile. （改動中間的個別詞，應當抄襲）例句二：Nowadays, the barrier of dialects must be removed by populazing Mandarin because it has a bad effect on the quality and efficiency of oral communication. （保留了原文中的核心詞組，有較大的抄襲嫌疑）例句三：We were never criticized. （主動變?yōu)楸粍?，有抄襲嫌疑） 三、邏輯上：做好與下文的銜接 在任務型寫作中寫摘要，還要考慮與下文的銜接，所以往往在寫完摘要之后，還要有過渡詞或過渡句。過渡句常見的有： 1、表達自己的意見 In my opinion, ; As far as I am concerned, ; As for me, 2、表示贊同 I agree with the statement that; I fully support the statement above because I am very sure 3、表示不贊同 I feel such an attitude is negative, and that it can bring; Some people argues as if it is a general truth that; But to be frank, I cannot agree with them. 四、長度上：用23個句子 30個左右的詞，用兩到三個句子比較合適。因為詞數比較少，不一定非要用寫摘要的常見句型，比如像