上海高考Summary如何寫.doc

學(xué)習(xí)資料收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，僅供參考Summary如何寫（I）說明文的summary我們以上海英語高二課本中的一篇文章為例The Problem of Packaging 第一段A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container.第二段Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink, and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution.第三段People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the packaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rubbish into three categoriesmetal, plastic and paper cartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to are cycling company for processing. 第四段The programme worked well at first. However, the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is that many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain vigilant and do their part.我們先來把每段的大意理一下：第一段的中心應(yīng)該就是講 A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. 后面的牙膏的情況只是舉例說明咯。第二段呢？講了兩層意思，一層：垃圾進(jìn)入填埋場后造成污染；二層：這些包裝材料生產(chǎn)過程中，會產(chǎn)生對空氣和水的污染。第三段： 中心句很清晰啊 People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. 后面的德國的事情也是舉例子，政府啊，制造商啊，個人啊，采取什么措施來試圖解決包裝材料帶來的污染問題。最后一段了：盡管德國的方法起到了一定的作用，但，又有些人開始神兜兜起來了。包裝材料的污染仍是個大問題啊，我們不能放棄警惕。說明文概要模板a. 現(xiàn)象揭示類：This article points out the common phenomenon -（主題), which.（補(bǔ)充解釋）.b. 利弊對比類：The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. Awhile BThe passage discusses the impact of sth. On the positive side, but it may also.c. 研究顯示類：The study reveals thatThe purpose of the report is to show thatSummary: The article points out the problem of packaging. About one third of rubbish results from the packaging materials, which cause damage to the environment during their production and after ending in landfills. Though the programs carried out to combat the problem are temporarily successful, the problem remains a great concern. (50 words)Summary如何寫（II）A driving goal for most websites is for that site to be easily found by people looking for the products or services. One of the ways people may find these sites is via a search engine. With this in mind, companies obviously want their websites to appeal to search engines as well. (第一段文字講網(wǎng)站要讓搜索引擎喜歡，那預(yù)測下，接下來的文字可能會是， 該怎么讓搜索引擎喜歡呢？有什么要注意的要素呢？)First of all, website content should be unique and timely. （第一句話是主題句，網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容要獨(dú)特新穎且及時）Only quality content ensures that customers will frequent your website and also recommend it to friends via links or through social channels. This act of sharing not only gives your site more chances of public exposure but it also helps to push up your search engine rankings, which extends huge psychological implication to other engine users as people tend to follow suit. Now famous search engines such as Google use mobile friendliness as a ranking signal（這個詞出現(xiàn)了，后面幾段文字都是在講搜索引擎會關(guān)注的ranking signal啊，這個詞在summary中必須出現(xiàn)啊） in their ranking algorithm(算法). Therefore, if your site is not applicable for mobile devices, you are offering a less than ideal experience to some users and in result search engines will take the disadvantage into account.（這段文字的主要詞眼是 mobile friendliness）Another key ranking signal that Google and other search engines weigh heavily is page speed and overall site performance.(又是主題句，關(guān)鍵詞是page speed 和overall site performance)If your site is loaded with too many high-resolution images and videos or other elements, much viewing time will be caused. These will make sluggish, slow loading that frustrate and often drive away visitors. Its time to reduce the page size as all the visitors appreciate faster download. Some are even willing to trade better visual experiences for high viewing speed. As user preference stands on top of any search engines list of priority, search engines will look very favorably upon the speed improvements of the websites.In addition, for a hot website, appropriate update frequency is also vital.(又是主題句，詞眼是update frequency) Although the content is current and up to date when it is first launched, it will soon lose its freshness with the explosion of other various online resources. If the content on your websites has appeared on other sites before, your website is sooner or later to be deserted because of humans nature of having a low boredom threshold(門檻). In turn, your websites search ranking will drop drastically. Finally, dont look down on customer experience. (主題句，關(guān)鍵詞是customer experience)Too often people ignore the benefits of creating a viewing experience that is enjoyable. When assessing your websites user friendliness, understand that ease of use comes first, but do not discount the benefits of adding a bit of delight into that experience as well. 整理下思路： 該文章主要講了網(wǎng)站為了迎合搜索引擎，必須要考慮到搜索引擎的一些ranking signals， 分別是unique and timely content, mobile friendliness, page speed and site performance, appropriate update frequency 和enjoyable customer experience. Summary:This article focuses on how websites make themselves easily accessible to users through search engines. The ranking signals to be considered include unique and timely content, mobile friendliness, page speed and site performance, appropriate update frequency and enjoyable customer experience.(41 words)總結(jié)語言圖式，內(nèi)容圖式，結(jié)構(gòu)圖式教師在講解試卷的過程中，如果只是就題目而分析的話，可能就失去了很多好的機(jī)會讓學(xué)生更立體的了解一段文字，往往我們更多地關(guān)注文章的語言圖式和內(nèi)容圖式，對結(jié)構(gòu)圖式避而不談，這是“只見樹木，不見森林”的做法。如果學(xué)生對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)脈絡(luò)了解清楚的話，對做完形，閱讀題都是十分有幫助的，當(dāng)然，寫文章一樣。summary很重要的一點(diǎn)就是要看出文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)然，該文章是說明文，本來結(jié)構(gòu)就比較清楚。Summary如何寫（III）-說明文On Earth, theres no doubt that they have highly developed senses to stay alive and thrive. But while some of their features may be compared to taste, sight, touch and smell in humans, have you ever wondered-can plants think?（這是整篇文章作者想要解決的問題）On land, the cumulative mass of plants is 1000 times higher than that of animals. But these plants are immobile and cant move around in their environment; which is, seemingly, a pretty big evolutionary disadvantage. This has forced plants to adapt in amazing ways that often go unnoticed by the naked eye.Smell something funny? Plants do too-and they react to these chemicals in the air. For example, when fruits start to ripen, they release a chemical called ethylene. And when neighboring fruits sense this pheromone, they ripen faster, so that all fruits mature at the same time. Plants also give off scents which attract insects to spread their pollen. In particular, the amazing carrion flowers grow tiny hairs, feel warm and smell like rotting flesh in an attempt to mimic a dead corpse. This is to attract flies and beetles as pollinators. On the other hand, when a plant is attacked by an insect, animal or pathogen, it knows. When acacia trees are grazed by animals, they quickly react by producing chemicals called tannins, which make their leaves unappetizing and tough to digest. Some even produce enough toxin to kill the animal. Perhaps more impressive are some corn and cotton plants, which when eaten bycaterpillars, release chemicals in the air that attract parasitic wasps, who fly in and ultimately kill the insects. （以上這些文字講植物會想方設(shè)法地解決他們遇到的一些問題。）On some level, they communicate with the wasps. Crazy as it seems, even sound recordings of caterpillars chewing leaves, trigger this response. Without any from of touch, the plants react, as if they can hear. （這段文字講了植物也會和周圍環(huán)境中的物種交流感情！這也太神奇了點(diǎn)。）On a large scale, plants also work together. A web of underground fungi can connect tree roots in forests, allowing them to exchange nutrients and information.Using radioactive isotopes, scientists discovered that trees share water and nutrients with others in need. Large trees nourish smaller shaded ones until they are tall enough to reach sunlight, And trees that stay green all year round share nutrients with trees that lose their leaves in winter, helping them through the season. Which is then repaid in the summer months, like a transactional exchange. Some scientist refer to this as the wood-wide web. （這段文字講了植物也懂得如何共生！合作?。㏄erhaps the most shocking fact, is that some plants seem to have memory. Mimosa pedicab plants, are those leafy plants that close up when touched. This reflex is meant to scare away insects that land on them. In an experiment on these reflexes, scientists notice that when dropped from 15cm， they would close when they hit the ground, Not so surprising. But after repeating the drop 4 or 5 times, some of the plants stopped closing， as though they had realized the stimulus wasnt harmful. If they were shaken instead, they would close, but any time they were dropped from this same height, they stayed open. This effect lasted for weeks-the plants had memories. （這段文字講了植物也是有記憶的?！扒f別招惹他們，哈哈哈”）Of course, plants dont have brains or other cells and organs that we deem necessary for intelligence. Brains and neurons are irreplaceable, but plants are immobile and often attacked, so they must be able to survive after part of them is eaten, or destroyed. A brain just wouldnt work. But if you measure intelligence or thought as the ability to solve problems, interact with an environment, and even work in groups, then plants are incredibly smart. （這段文字是總結(jié)，最后的一句尤其贊，基本概括好了前文所講的內(nèi)容，但有點(diǎn)搞不懂的是為什么對memory這兩段文字視而不見呢？）Summary:This article focuses on whether plants are smart. Research has shown plants have intelligence because they are capable of dealing with problems they encounter, communicating with the environment, cooperating with other plants for survival and that they have memories. Though lacking brains or other cells, plants are intelligent. (48 words)Summary如何寫？-寫人記敘文（IV）【P1】(Introduction) The teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happened, my aunt. She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mothers brother Bill. She taught in second grade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey. （第一段文字簡單介紹文章主角和作者的關(guān)系。然后我同學(xué)問，summary該用第幾人稱寫，應(yīng)該是第三人稱吧。）【P2】During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential,(dominant impression) without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females. (supporting details 1) I liked to sing; she listened to my voice and pronounced it good. I couldnt dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre, not just childrens theatre but adult comedies and dramasand her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed. （這段文字的第一句話是很重要的，是文章豬腳的dominant impression, 應(yīng)該也是寫summary時可以用的到的。之后，就是具體的支持細(xì)節(jié)1，提到了作者唱歌，跳舞，看喜劇的培養(yǎng)，如果提煉一下，應(yīng)該就是指對作者在藝術(shù)art方面的培養(yǎng)。）【P3】(supporting details 2) My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me. I had books at home, but they were all serious classics. Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor, and Ill never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquiss Archy & Mehitabel through her. （這段是第二個支持細(xì)節(jié)，提到了對作者在文學(xué)閱讀方面的影響，literary pursuit方面的影響。）【P4】(supporting details 3) Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my first opportunity to write for publication. A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor as a“youth columnist”. My column, begun when I was fourteen, was supposed to cover teenage social activitiesand it didbut it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs. （這段是最后個支持細(xì)節(jié)，提到文章豬腳對作者在寫作道路上的影響。）【P5】(conclusion) Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her “favourite niece”. Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted(多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil who has crossed her path.（最后一段是總結(jié)性文字。）Summary:The article introduces the writers aunt and mentor, Myrtle C. Manigault, a teacher in an all-black Summer School in New Jersey. Mytle always supported the writer and encouraged her to tap her potential in areas like art, literature and writing. Mytle made her pupils believe there were possibilities in life. 下面是關(guān)于summarizing的一些tips。Summarizing a text, or distilling its essential concepts into a paragraph or two, is a useful study tool as well as good writing practice. A summary has two aims: (1) to reproduce the overarching ideas in a text, identifying the general concepts that run through the entire piece.(2) to express these overarching ideas using precise, specific language. When you summarize, you cannot rely on the language the author has used to develop his or her points, and you must find a way to give an overview of these points without your own sentences becoming too general. You must also make decisions about which concepts to leave in and which to omit, taking into consideration your purposes in summarizing and also your view of what is important in this text. Here are some methods for summarizing: First, prior to skimming, use some of the previewing techniques.1. Include the title and identify the author in your first sentence.2. The first sentence or two of your summary should contain the authors thesis, or central concept, stated in your own words. This is the idea that runs through the entire text-the one youd mention if someone asked you: “What is this piece/article about?” Unlike student essays, the main idea in a primary document or an academic article may not be stated in one location at the beginning. Instead, it may be gradually developed throughout the piece or it may become fully apparent only at the end.3. When summarizing a longer article, try to see how the various stages in the explanation or argument are built up in groups of related paragraphs. Divide the article into sections if it isnt done in the published form. Then, write a sentence or two to cover the key ideas in each section.4. Omit ideas that are not really central to the text. Dont feel that you must reproduce the authors exact progression of thought. (On the other hand, be careful not to misrepresent ideas by omitting important aspects of the authors discussion).5. In general, omit minor details and specific examples. (In some texts, an extended example may be a key part of the argument, so you would want to mention it).6. Avoid writing opinions or personal responses in your summaries (save these for active reading responses or tutorial discussions).7. Be careful not to plagiarize the authors words. If you do use even a few of the authors words, they must appear in quotation marks. To avoid plagiarism, try writing the first draft of your summary without looking back at the original text.Summary如何寫（V）-說明文Human NatureFor most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man.There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such an essence exists - that is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man. Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal. （第一段文字主要講述對人性的傳統(tǒng)的看法。）More recently, this traditional view has begun to be questioned.（這句話是承上啟下哦。接下來開始分析傳統(tǒng)看法被challenge的原因）One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man. （原因之一：主題句，其中關(guān)鍵字眼是historical approach）An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called human nature. The historical approach was reinforced, particularly in the United States, by studies in the field of cultural anthropology. The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings,and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text. Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the most inhuman acts are committed. In the name of human nature, for example, Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery. Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfishness as innate human traits. Popularly, one refers cynically to human nature in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed, murder, cheating and lying.Another reason for skepticism about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence of evolutionary thinking. (原因之二：主題句：關(guān)鍵字眼是evolutionary thinking) Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable. Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary s