研究生英語課文翻譯.doc

E-weeklyUnit 3 Is internet Addiction Real(真的是網(wǎng)絡(luò)上癮嗎？)Addiction is the state of a person being unable to free himself from a harmful habit, especially the taking of drugs. Can we say some people are addicted to the internet? This article gives us an answer.上癮是指一個人不能擺脫他的壞習(xí)慣的一種狀態(tài)，特別是吸毒。我們能說有些人對網(wǎng)絡(luò)上癮嗎？這篇文章提供了一種答案。Have a friend that stays up into the wee hours of the night chatting online? Lost your childs future college tuition by day trading on the internet? Spent most of your time selling your household “treasures” on eBay? is electronic pornography eating away at your computers available hard drive space? You may have symptoms of internet addiction.你有朋友網(wǎng)上聊天一直熬到凌晨嗎？你由于網(wǎng)上交易而損失了孩子的大學(xué)學(xué)費了嗎？花費大部分時間在易趣上賣自己家里的寶貝？電子色情蠶食你計算機的可用的硬盤空間嗎?你或許有上網(wǎng)成癮的癥狀。Yes, thats right, I said internet addiction. The idea is creeping into popular culture, too. Parents are warned about how long they should let their children stay online, and college students are lectured on appropriate Net use. Your employer may be monitoring your emails, or keeping tabs on how long you are spending surfing the internet. Addiction clinics around the world are fielding calls daily regarding excessive internet use. Whether you believe in the idea of Internet addiction or not, the phenomenon is gaining acceptance as as a bona fide psychological disorder.是的，這就是我說的網(wǎng)絡(luò)上癮，這種觀點也正蔓延到公眾文化中。父母們被建議他們應(yīng)該讓孩子上網(wǎng)多長時間，大學(xué)生們被告誡要適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂镁W(wǎng)絡(luò)，你的老板也許正在監(jiān)控你的電子郵件，或者監(jiān)視你上網(wǎng)的時間，遍及世界的上癮門診部正巧妙地回答那些每天都有的、要求關(guān)注過度使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)的呼吁。無論你是否相信網(wǎng)絡(luò)上癮的觀點，這種現(xiàn)象作為真正的心理混亂正在獲得認(rèn)可。At first, I was also skeptical of claims that people are addicted to the internet. After 3 years of studying how people behave online, I still couldnt see how people could actually be addicted to the Net. Sure, pelple can be “addicted” to chocolate or shopping, but is this really addiction? Is it worthy of a differential diagnosis? My immediate conclusion was that this was just another case of psychobabble, a pop psychology topic of the week.最初，我還是懷疑那些所謂人們對網(wǎng)絡(luò)上癮的說法。對人們的在線行為研究了三年之后，我仍然沒有弄清楚，人們實際上是怎樣對網(wǎng)絡(luò)上癮的。確實，人們可能會對巧克力或者逛街上癮，但那是真的上癮嗎？它值得去鑒別診斷嗎？我的直接結(jié)論就是，它只不過是這周流行的心理話題“心理囈語”的另一種狀況。After investigating the phenomenon thoroughly, there was one nagging fact that kept popping up. Some people are simple using the internet too much. It has been report in numerous peer-reviewed journal article, and as an internet behavior researcher, I have actually seen it. How can we explain these people who seem to spend so much time on the web, often to the point that it interferes with normal functioning? The answer lies in the fundamental nature of the internet. First, however, I must settle a semantic disagreement. People are not addicted to the internet in the same way that they can be addicted to alcohol or cocaine. However, they do exhibit pathological behaviors, much as a compulsive gambler does. Therefore, a more appropriate term is pathological internet use, which describes the individual who use the internet in such a way that there are pathological internet in such a way that there are pathological and behavioral implications. However, if that is much of a mouthful for you to remember, lets stick with internet addiction for the sake of simplicity.在徹底地調(diào)查了這種現(xiàn)象之后，有一種令人不安的事實突然浮現(xiàn)出來，那就是有些人簡直過多使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這種情況在許多學(xué)術(shù)期刊文章中被提到過，作為一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)行為研究者，我也確實看到了這種現(xiàn)象。我們怎樣解釋這些似乎在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上花了很多時間的人，通常達(dá)到了擾亂正常機能的程度？對這個問題的回答依賴于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的基本特征。但我要先解決一個語義上的爭論，即：人們對網(wǎng)絡(luò)上癮的方式和對酒精、可卡因上癮是不一樣的。然而，他們確實表現(xiàn)出病態(tài)的行為，更像一個嗜賭成癖的賭徒所做的那樣。因此，一個更合適的術(shù)語是“病態(tài)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用”，它描述了個人使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)的這樣一種方式，其中有心理的和行為的暗示。但如果這個內(nèi)容太多，讓你難以一下子記住，為了簡便目的，就讓我們保持“網(wǎng)絡(luò)上癮”這個叫法吧。So, now that we have that settled, what is so “addictive” about the Net? Well, lets begin with why we use Internet in the first place. First and foremost, the Internet is a tool for communication. We communicate ideas and information for the most part. As a communication and information medium, we use the Internet at work, school, home, and office. We find information for a class project, do a marketing research report at work, e-mail dirty jokes to each other and instant message to our co-workers warning them the boss is just about to arrive. The reason that the Internet has become so popular is that it is extremely efficient as a communication tool. It allows us to be anonymous when we want, or to stand on a virtual soapbox and let the word know just what we think of it. However, more than a mere communication tool, the Internet is also a tool for entertainment. It is, simply, fun. We can play games, role play (i.e. pretend to be anyone we want ), meet to other people, listen to music, poke fun at political leaders, and watch dancing babies to our hearts content. Sure, there are annoying banner ads all over the web, and people send you strange e-mails once in a while, but for the most part spending time online is an enjoyable experience.那么，既然我們有了定義，到底是什么讓人對網(wǎng)絡(luò)那么上癮呢？好的，讓我們先從為什么使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)開始。首先，網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一個交流工具，我們主要是交流思想和信息。作為一種交流媒介和信息媒介，我們在工作場所、學(xué)校、家里和辦公室都要使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)。我們?yōu)榱四硞€學(xué)術(shù)項目查找信息，工作中做一個市場調(diào)查報告，發(fā)黃色笑話的郵件給其他人，在老板正好進(jìn)來時立即發(fā)信息警告同事。網(wǎng)絡(luò)變得如此流行的原因是，它作為一個交流工具極其高效。它讓我們想匿名就匿名，還可以進(jìn)行一場虛擬的高談闊論并讓世界都知道我們怎么看待它。但網(wǎng)絡(luò)不僅僅是一個交流工具，還是一個娛樂工具，簡單地說，它很有趣。我們可以打游戲，玩角色扮演（也就是假裝成任何我們想像的人），會見其他人，聽音樂，取笑政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，盡情欣賞舞蹈寶貝。當(dāng)然，網(wǎng)上到處都是煩人的條幅廣告，不時還有人給你發(fā)一些奇怪的電子郵件，但在線的大部分時間還是一種令人愉快的體驗。當(dāng)我們把交流和娛樂混為一體時，我們就被置于一種媒體中，它正難以置信地吸引人們的興趣。顯而易見的，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上我們可以很開心地與他人交流，總能找到一種方法來（比喻地）突然打擊我們集體的智力。在有些情況下，人們會走向極端，迷失在網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界里，這對他們離線后的真實世界造成了傷害，長此以往就會導(dǎo)致日常生活機能的問題。When we mix communication with entertainment, we are left with a medium that is incredibly interesting. There is so much out there on the Internet that allows us to have fun communicating with others, that we can always find a way to (metaphorically) stroke our collective intellects. In some case, people will take this to the extreme, and lose themselves into their Internet word, to the detriment of their “real” word offline, which invariably results in problems with daily life functioning.當(dāng)我們上網(wǎng)把交流和娛樂混合在一起時，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的一種媒介是難以置信的有趣?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)上有這么多讓我們和別人交流玩的開心的東西，我們總可以找到一種激發(fā)集體知識分子的方式。在某些方面，人們把這看的太過極端，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界里迷失了自我，在現(xiàn)實世界中傷害自己活別人，這在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪幸欢〞?dǎo)致問題。What are the symptoms of Internet addiction? They include: academic/work or interpersonal problems, neglecting friends, family, and job or personal responsibilities, withdrawal when away from the internet, irritability when attempting to stop using the Internet, staying online more than originally intended, lying or concealing how much time you spend online, drastic lifestyle changes in order to spend more time online, a general decrease in physical activity, disregard for ones health as a result of internet activity, and sleep deprivation or a change in sleep patterns in order to spend time on the net.網(wǎng)絡(luò)上癮的癥狀是什么？它們包括：學(xué)術(shù)、工作或人際關(guān)系出現(xiàn)問題，忽視朋友、家庭、工作或個人職責(zé)，遠(yuǎn)離網(wǎng)絡(luò)又回來，試圖不上網(wǎng)時焦躁不安，在線時間遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出原計劃，撒謊或隱瞞上網(wǎng)所花的時間，為了花更多時間上網(wǎng)造成生活方式顯著改變，體力活動普遍減少，因上網(wǎng)導(dǎo)致忽視個人健康，為了有時間上網(wǎng)而缺乏睡眠或是改變睡眠習(xí)慣。People with internet addiction not only behave differently, they also think differently. They have obsessive thoughts about the Internet, diminished impulse control, and feel as though the Internet is their only friend. There is the feeling that the Internet is the only place where they feel good about themselves and the world around them. Other symptoms include thinking about the Internet while offline, anticipating future time online, and spending large of amounts of money on Internet time and other such expenses. The person spends less time doing otherwise pleasurable activities than before the condition began. What used to be fun is no longer enjoyable. A further complication arises when the person eventually isolates himself or herself from friends, in favor of friends online. Finally, people with Internet addiction have a sense of guilt about their online use. They often lie to their friends about how much time they spend online, and consider their Internet use a secret to others. While they understand that what they are doing is not entirely socially acceptable, they cannot stop. This results in a diminished self worth and further symptoms of Internet addiction. So, there you have it. Quite a laundry list of symptoms, huh? It might seem hard to believe, but people do actually have this condition. There are people out there who are otherwise completely normal, just like you and me (well, maybe just you), who fit into this pattern of thoughts and behaviors perfectly. What can they do about it? Although they will likely be somewhat reluctant, the best thing they can do is get professional help. Tell them to talk to their doctor or seek out a psychologist who will help them address their Internet addiction and identify a strategy to conquer it.上網(wǎng)成癮的人不僅行為怪異，而且想法也很異常。他們對網(wǎng)絡(luò)有著癡迷的想法，對自己的沖動控制減弱，而且還覺得網(wǎng)絡(luò)仿佛是他們唯一的朋友。他們有一種感覺，網(wǎng)絡(luò)是唯一使他們對自己感到滿意和對他們周圍的世界感到滿意的地方。其他癥狀還包括：離線時仍然想著網(wǎng)絡(luò)，期盼著下次的上網(wǎng)，花費大量金錢在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上和其他類似的費用上。他們在其他娛樂活動上花費的時間比上述狀況出現(xiàn)前要少的多，曾經(jīng)有趣的事情現(xiàn)在再也不能給他們愉悅感了。當(dāng)他（她）最終將不再和朋友們交往，而是和網(wǎng)上的朋友交往的時候，就會出現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步的并發(fā)癥。最后，有網(wǎng)癮的人會對他們上網(wǎng)有一種內(nèi)疚感，他們經(jīng)常欺騙他們的朋友關(guān)于他們在網(wǎng)上花費的時間 ，也把他們上網(wǎng)看作是對其他人的一種秘密。雖然他們知道自己的所作所為并不被社會完全認(rèn)可，但他們無法停止，這導(dǎo)致了他們自我價值的降低和上網(wǎng)成癮的進(jìn)一步癥狀。那么，你有這些癥狀嗎？是不是有一大張要改掉的網(wǎng)癮清單，嗯？這個似乎讓人難以置信，但人們確實存在這種情況。有些在其他方面顯而易見是完全正常的人，就像你和我（喔，也許只是你），他們完全符合這種思想和行為方式。對此他們該怎么辦？盡管他們很可能有些不愿意，但最好還是尋求一下專業(yè)幫助，讓他們跟醫(yī)生談一談，或是找一個心理醫(yī)生，他要能讓他們說出自己的網(wǎng)癮癥狀，并幫他們制定一個戰(zhàn)勝網(wǎng)癮的策略。Unit 4 Is One Successful by Chance or by Fate成功是偶然還是命運In the scientific world of controlled experiments, chance is seldom acknowledged as a contributing factor in important discoveries. There are, however, rare exceptions. In 1945 three men shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for the discovery and isolation of penicillin. How rare was this serendipitous event and was the discovery of penicillin really the result of an unexpected chance observation by a single researcher?在由可控實驗構(gòu)成的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，機遇很少被看成是重大發(fā)現(xiàn)中起作用的因素。然而，有一些罕見的例外。1945年，有三個人因為發(fā)現(xiàn)并提取青霉素而分享了當(dāng)年的諾貝爾生物或醫(yī)學(xué)獎。這一偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的事情到底有多罕見？青霉素的發(fā)現(xiàn)真的是單個研究人員一次意外的偶然觀察的結(jié)果嗎？The scientific method is typically noted for its orderliness and control; In fact, we are taught that without these characteristics, experimental research may yield invalid results. Therefore, chance should play little or no role in the process of the scientific method. But what is chance? When is chance truly an accident and when is ti foreseeable? Historically, some chance discoveries have led to startling new ideas that eventually directed important further scientific investigation of natural phenomena.科學(xué)方法以其規(guī)律性和可操作性著稱。事實上，我們受到的教育是：沒有這些特性，實驗研究可能產(chǎn)生無效的結(jié)果，因此，在科學(xué)方法的發(fā)展過程中機遇所發(fā)揮的作用應(yīng)該很小或是沒有的。但什么是機遇呢？什么時候機遇真是一次偶然，什么時候它又可以預(yù)見呢？歷史上，一些偶然的發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了令人吃驚的新思想，并最終為對自然現(xiàn)象的重要的、進(jìn)一步的科學(xué)研究指明了方向。If the role of science is to examine the world around us in a way which uncovers new and sometimes unexpected information, then science itself is intrinsically surprising. Even a deliberate scientific search for information may lead to an unexpected chance observation or discovery must fit into a pre-existing pattern of ideas in the observers mind. Just as a word means little out of context, a new observation or discovery needs a proper context in which to fit in order to be most meaningful. In other words, the mind must be prepared to receive the germ of a new idea. What is “chance” for the unprepared mind may be a fascinating springboard to new ideas for the prepared mind.如果科學(xué)的作用是以這樣一種揭示新信息和有時不可預(yù)測信息的方式去觀察分析我們周圍的世界，那么科學(xué)本身從根本上來說就是令人驚奇的。甚至一次有計劃的科學(xué)研究中的信息搜尋也可能會導(dǎo)致一個預(yù)料不到的偶然觀察結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)。但是，為了讓它有意義，每個觀察結(jié)果和發(fā)現(xiàn)都必須與觀察者頭腦中的思維模式相吻合。正如一個單詞脫離了上下文就毫無意義一樣，一個新的觀察或發(fā)現(xiàn)也需要一個與之相吻合的適當(dāng)?shù)沫h(huán)境，以使它更有意義。換句話說，一個人必須在思想上做好準(zhǔn)備去迎接一個新思想的萌芽。這樣一個對沒有在思想上做好準(zhǔn)備的人的“偶然性”，對一個已經(jīng)在思想上做好備的人來說，它也許就是一個令人心醉的（吸引人的、通向新思想的）跳板。Louis Pasteur wrote, “In the field of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind.” Discovery, like learning, is a phenomenon that takes place in the human brain. The brain configures an event as a new pattern based on previous assumptions that were present at the onset of the event. Lewis Thomas, renowned science author and former president of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center stated, “Im not as fond of the notion of serendipity as I used to be. It seems to me now that as you get research going things are bound to begin happening if youve got your wits about you. You create the lucky accidents.” Many scientists agree with that position.Louis Pasteur（巴斯德）寫道，“在科學(xué)觀察領(lǐng)域里，機遇只垂青那些思想上有準(zhǔn)備的人?！卑l(fā)現(xiàn)就像學(xué)習(xí)一樣，是一種發(fā)生在人類大腦中的現(xiàn)象。人腦使某件事成形為基于先前假定的一種新模式，這一假定在事件開始時就已經(jīng)存在了。Lewis Thomas(著名科學(xué)作家和Slaon-kettering 癌癥中心前負(fù)責(zé)人)說：“我不像以前那樣輕信好運的觀點了，現(xiàn)在在我看來：你開展研究時如果你能隨機應(yīng)變，有些事是肯定會發(fā)生的（肯定會發(fā)生各種情況，只有你用心去做）。是你自己創(chuàng)造了那些幸運的偶然事件?！痹S多科學(xué)家贊成這種觀點。Lets return to a discussion of the discovery and isolation of penicillina process which involved a series of chance events spanning at least half a century and building on knowledge gained as early as 1,5000 BC. It was at this time that written records described the use of molds and fermented materials as therapeutic agents. Similarly, the use of chemicals as medicines is described in ancient Greek writing of fifth century BC. These early treatmentswhich probably either cured or killed the patientswere carried out without a firm understanding of either the active agents or the cellular processes involved. It was not until the late nineteenth century that progress was made on this front and a concerted effort was made to identify and isolate substances that would inhibit or destroy the causative agents of known human disease. And still, ” chance” played a role. 讓我們回到對青霉素發(fā)現(xiàn)和分離的討論上來，這一過程包含了一系列偶然事件，它們至少跨越了半個世紀(jì)，并且是建立在早在公元前1500年就已獲得的知識的基礎(chǔ)上的。正是在那時，文獻(xiàn)記載描述了真菌和發(fā)酵材料作為治療媒介的運用。類似的，化學(xué)制品作為藥物的應(yīng)用在公元前5世紀(jì)的古希臘文學(xué)作品中有所描述。在沒有對那些起作用的媒介或涉及的細(xì)胞進(jìn)程很好地理解的情況下，就使用了這些早期的治療措施，它們也許治好了病人，也可能殺死了病人。直到19世紀(jì)后期，在這個戰(zhàn)線前沿才取得了進(jìn)步，作出了共同努力以識別和分離一些物質(zhì)，這些物質(zhì)會抑制或摧毀已知的人類疾病的致病媒介。還有，在這個過程中，“偶然”發(fā)揮了作用。In the late 1800s bacteriologists and microbiologists set out to identify substances with therapeutic potential. One of the greatest problems faced by these scientists during their studies was the contamination of “pure” cultures by invading microorganisms, especially fungi or bacteria-a problem which still plagues the modern day microbiologist. It is this problem of contamination which is most often identified as leading to the “chance” observation that eventually led to the discovery of penicillin.十九世紀(jì)后期，細(xì)菌學(xué)家和微生物學(xué)家開始致力于鑒別有療效的物質(zhì)。在研究期間，這些科學(xué)家們面臨的最主要問題之一，就是 “純凈”的培養(yǎng)菌被侵入的微生物污染，特別是真菌或細(xì)菌-這個問題仍在困擾著當(dāng)代微生物學(xué)家。正是這樣一個個經(jīng)常被鑒別出的污染問題導(dǎo)致了“偶然”觀察，并最終導(dǎo)致了青霉素的發(fā)現(xiàn)。These studies of contaminated cultures led to a series of observations by late 19th century bacteriologist and microbiologists describing the effect of mold on bacterial growth. These observations were as follows:十九世紀(jì)后期，細(xì)菌學(xué)家和微生物學(xué)家對受污染的培養(yǎng)菌的研究，而導(dǎo)致了一系列的發(fā)現(xiàn)。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)描述了在細(xì)菌生長過程中影響作用。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)如下：In 1874, William Roberts (1830-1899) observed that cultures of the mold Penicillin glaucoma did not exhibit bacterial contamination.在1874年，William Roberts（1830-1899）發(fā)現(xiàn)淺灰色的青霉素培育菌不顯示細(xì)菌污染。French scientists Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Jules Francois Joubert (1834-1910) observed that growth of the anthrax bacilli was inhibited when the cultures became contaminated with mold.法國科學(xué)家Louis Pasteur（1822-1895）和Jules Francois Joubert（1834-1910）發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)培育菌被真菌污染時，炭疽菌的生長將受到抑制。The English surgeon Joseph Lister (1827-1912) noted in 1871 that samples of urine contaminated with mold did not allow the growth of bacteria. Lister unsuccessfully attempted to indentify the agent in the mold which inhabited bacteria growth. He later abandoned this research for the more successful work of introducing antiseptic procedures and sterile instruments into the operating theater.1871年，英國外科醫(yī)生Joseph Lister(18271912)注意到：被霉菌污染的尿液樣本扼制了細(xì)菌的生長。Lister在嘗試分離抑制細(xì)菌成長的霉菌中的媒介物時沒能成功，隨后他放棄了這項研究，轉(zhuǎn)向把殺菌程序和消毒機械引入手術(shù)室，并獲得了更大的成功。Thus the stage was set for the chance discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928. In most science textbooks, from middle school to college level, Fleming, alone, is credited with the discovery of penicillin. Yet, Flemings discovery would have been nothing more than a fluke had the base of knowledge provided, at least in part, by the chance observations of Roberts, Pasteur, Lister, Joubert and others, not existed. Without a doubt, Fleming was searching for antibacterial agents. In 1928, he was researching the properties of the group of bacteria known as staphylococcin and became another in the long line of scientists to benefit from a seemingly chance observation. His problem during this research was the frequent contamination of culture plates with airborne molds. One day he observed a contaminated culture plate and noted that the Staphylococci bacteria had burst in the area immediately surrounding an invading mold growth. He realized that the something in the mold was inhibiting growth of the surrounding bacteria. Subsequently Fleming isolated an extract from the mold and he named it penicillin. Despite this success, further attempts by Fleming to produce a concentrated extract of penicillin failed and he was unable to prove its therapeutic value.從而，青霉素的“偶然”發(fā)現(xiàn)就被Alexander Fleming于1928年獲得。從高中到大學(xué)，在絕大多數(shù)教科書中，F(xiàn)leming都被認(rèn)為是青霉素的唯一發(fā)現(xiàn)者。然而，F(xiàn)leming的發(fā)現(xiàn)只不過是一個僥幸的成功，這個成功是建立在，至少是部分建立在Roberts, Pasteur, Lister, Joubert及其他故人的偶然觀察所提供的知識的基礎(chǔ)之上的。毫無疑問，F(xiàn)leming當(dāng)時正在研究抑制細(xì)菌的物質(zhì)。1928年，他正在研究已知的、被稱為葡萄球菌素的菌群屬性，就在那時，他成了又一個受益于似乎是偶然的發(fā)現(xiàn)的人，一長串同類科學(xué)家之一。在進(jìn)行研究時，他所碰到的問題是培養(yǎng)盤頻繁地被空氣傳播的真菌所污染。有一天，他看到一個污染了的培養(yǎng)盤，并注意到在一個直接圍繞著一個入侵真菌的區(qū)域里，葡萄球菌像是向外爆炸一樣的生長。他意識到在這個霉菌中存在著某些東西，正在抑制周圍細(xì)菌的生長。隨后，F(xiàn)leming從這個霉菌中分離出一種提煉物，并命名為“青霉素”。盡管有這個成功，但Fleming在進(jìn)一步嘗試提練青霉素的濃縮提純物時卻失敗了，并且，他沒有證實它的醫(yī)療價值。It wasnt until ten years later, in 1939, that Ernst Chain, Howard Florey and Edward Abraham of Oxford University were able to purity and stabilize a form of penicillin that enabled demonstration of its therapeutic potential. Again, chance favored their work. Unknown to them, the species of animal that they chose for laboratory studies turned out to be one of few species that do not find penicillin toxic. Had they chosen to work with a species other than the one they chose, they might have deemed penicillin too toxic for use, and humankind would have been deprived of the phenomenal life-saving ability of this drug.直到10來年后，在1939年，牛津大學(xué)的Ernst Chain、Howard Florey和Edward Abraham才提煉出了精純和穩(wěn)定的青霉素，并證實了它的治療潛力。又一次，“偶然”光顧了他們的工作。他們不知道的是，他們當(dāng)時用于試驗的動物恰好是少數(shù)幾種對青霉素的毒性不過敏的物種。如果當(dāng)時他們選擇的試驗樣品是其他的動物，他們或許就會認(rèn)為青霉素的毒性過大而無法用于人體，那么人類也許就會與青霉素這個有著罕見的拯救生命能力的藥物失之交臂。T