大學英語三級語法大全.doc

大學英語三級語法大全名詞性從句概述名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句 (Noun Clauses)。 名詞從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。引導名詞性從句的連接詞引導名詞性從句的連接詞引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：連接詞：that, whether, if（不充當從句的任何成分）連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.連接副詞：when, where, how, why不可省略的連詞：1. 介詞后的連詞2. 引導主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略。What she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比較：whether與if 均為是否的意思。 但在下列情況下，whether 不能被if 取代：1. whether引導主語從句并在句首2. 引導表語從句 3. whether從句作介詞賓語4. 從句后有or not Whether he will come is not clear.大部分連接詞引導的主語從句都可以置于句末，用 it充當形式主語。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match. 名詞性wh-從句名詞性wh-從句1）由wh-詞引導的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從句。Wh-詞包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞。Wh-從句的語法功能除了和that-從句一樣外，還可充當介詞賓語、賓語補語和間接賓語等，例如：主語： How the book will sell depends on its author.書銷售如何取決于作者本人。直接賓語：In ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以隨心所欲。間接賓語：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱樂部將給得勝者設獎。表語： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的問題是誰將接 任該基金會主席職位。賓語補足語：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高興給他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位語：I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么時候回來。形容詞賓語：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她為什么拒絕他 們的邀請。介詞賓語：That depends on where we shall go.那取決于我們去哪兒。來源：考試大2）Wh-從句作主語也常用先行詞it做形式主語，而將wh-從句置于句末，例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.還沒決定誰做這項工作。It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他們何時結婚依然不明。名詞性that-從句名詞性that-從句1）由從屬連詞that引導的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。 that只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不擔任任何成分，本身也沒有詞義。名詞性that-從句在句中能充當主語、賓語、表語、同位語和形容詞賓語，例如：主語：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他還活著全靠運氣。賓語：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 約翰說他星期三要到倫敦去。表語：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事實是近來誰也沒有見過他。同位語：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近來誰也沒有見過他，這一事實令辦公室所有的人不安。形容詞賓語：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你對工作滿意我感到很高興。2）That-從句作主語通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末，例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整個計劃注定要失敗。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關系：a. It + be +形容詞+ that-從句It is necessary that有必要It is important that重要的是It is obvious that很明顯b. It + be + -ed 分詞+ that-從句It is believed that人們相信It is known to all that從所周知It has been decided that已決定c. It + be +名詞+ that-從句It is common knowledge that是常識It is a surprise that令人驚奇的是It is a fact that事實是d. It +不及物動詞+ that-分句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that我突然想起否定轉移來源:考試大網1) 將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。I dont think I know you.我想我并不認識你。I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回來。注意：若謂語動詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉移。I hope you werent ill. 我想你沒有生病吧。2) 將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉移到前面。It doesnt seem that they know where to go.看來他們不知道往哪去。It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow.看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。定語從句定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出。關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。關系副詞有：when, where, why等。關系代詞引導的定語從句關系代詞引導的定語從句關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。1）who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）2) Whose 用來指人或物，(只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換), 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。3)which, that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作賓語）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)關系副詞引導的定語從句關系副詞引導的定語從句 關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。1）when, where, why關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于介詞+ which結構，因此常常和介詞+ which結構交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offers?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？2）that代替關系副詞that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和介詞+ which引導的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略，例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。判斷關系代詞與關系副詞判斷關系代詞與關系副詞方法一： 用關系代詞，還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判斷改錯（錯） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（對） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（對） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。方法二： 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關系代詞，所以應選D。而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。關系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應選擇關系副詞 ( where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語) 。限制性和非限制性定語從句限制性和非限制性定語從句1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）2) 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經讀了三遍。3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。說明：關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。as, which 非限定性定語從句as, which 非限定性定語從句由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例題1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. whichD. he答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. as D. it答案B.as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時，這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點：(1) as 引導的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。(2) as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關系代詞只能用which.。在本題中，prevent由于是行為動詞，所以正確選項應為B。As 的用法例1. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和一樣。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引導非限制性從句，常帶有正如。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.As是關系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中，它充當從句的主語，謂語動詞know要用被動式。介詞+關系詞介詞+關系詞1）介詞后面的關系詞不能省略。2）that前不能有介詞。3）某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的介詞+關系詞結構可以同關系副詞 when 和where 互換。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?先行詞和關系詞二合一先行詞和關系詞二合一1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)what/whatever; that/what; who/whoeverwhat/whatever; that/what; who/whoever1）what = the thing which；whatever = anythingWhat you want has been sent here.Whatever you want makes no difference to me.2) who= the person that; whoever= anyone who（錯）Who breaks the law will be punished.（對）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.（錯）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.（對）Who robbed the bank is not clear.3) that 和 what當that引導定語從句時 ，通常用作關系代詞，而引導名詞性從句時，是個不充當任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that?？墒÷浴hat只能引導名詞性從句， 用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。I think (that) you will like the stamps.What we need is more practice.特殊詞精講 stop doing/to dostop to do停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。典型例題She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. resting C. to restD. rest答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。forget doing/to doforget to do忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘記做過某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經關了燈了。 ( 已做過關燈的動作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來。 (to come動作未做)典型例題 - The light in the office is still on. - Oh，I forgot_.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關燈的動作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth. 而forget doing sth表示燈已經關上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。結果狀語從句結果狀語從句常由sothat 或 suchthat引導。sothat與suchthat之間可以轉換。例如：The boy is so young that he cant go to school. 這男孩年齡太小，不能上學。He is such a young boy that he cant go to school讓步狀語從句1）though， although引導的讓步狀語從句，后面的從句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。例如：Although its raining， they are still working in the field.雖然在下雨，但他們仍在地里干活。He is very old， but he still works very hard. 雖然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。Though the sore be healed， yet a scar may remain. 傷口雖愈合，但傷疤留下了。（諺語）2） as， though 引導的讓步從句必須表語或狀語提前（形容詞、副詞、分詞、實義動詞提前）。例如：Child as /though he was， he knew what was the right thing to do. 雖然是個小孩，該做什么不做什么，他全知道。3） ever if， even though即使。例如：Well make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天氣不好，我們也要去遠足。4） whetheror不管都。例如：Whether you believe it or not， it is true. 信不信由你，這確實是真的。5）no matter +疑問詞 或疑問詞+后綴ever .例如：No matter what happened， he would not mind. =Whatever happened， he would not mind. 不管發(fā)生什么，他不在意。替換：no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引導主語從句和賓語從句。（錯）No matter what you say is of no use now.（對）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。（Whatever you say是主語從句）（錯）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given，（對）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯們只能給什么吃什么。條件狀語從句連接詞主要有 if， unless， as/so long as， on condition that 等。if 引導的條件句有真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種。非真實條件句已在虛擬語氣中闡述。unless = if not. 例如：Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 如果不太累，我們去散散步。If you are not too tied， lets go out for a walk.典型例題You will be late _ you leave immediately.A. unless B. until C. ifD. or答案A.句意：除非你立即走，否則你就回遲到的?？赊D化為 If you dong leave immediately， you will be late.B、D句意不對，or表轉折，句子如為 You leave immediately or you will be late.目的狀語從句表示目的狀語的從句可以由that， so that， in order that， lest， for fear that， in case等詞引導。例如：You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必須大點聲，別人就能聽見了。He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it. 他寫下了這個名字以免以后忘記。Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿點衣服，以防天發(fā)冷。方式狀語從句方式狀語從句通常由as， （just） asso， as if， as though引導。1）as， （just） asso引導的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在（just） asso結構中位于句首，這時as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文體。例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。As water is to fish， so air is to man. 我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。Just as we sweep our rooms， so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。2）as if， as though兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或實現(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作仿佛似的，好像似的.例如：They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. 他們完全忽略了這些事實，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting. 他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看來天氣很快就會好起來。（實現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。）說明：as if / as though也可以引導一個分詞短語、不定式短語或無動詞短語。例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不轉睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波濤沖擊著巖石，好像很憤怒。原因狀語從句比較because， since， as和for：1）because語勢最強，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。當原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since.例如：I didnt go， because I was afraid. 我不去是因為我怕。Since /As the weather is so bad， we have to delay our journey. 天氣那么糟，旅行推遲了。2）由because引導的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for.例如：He is absent today， because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因為他病了。He must be ill， for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。地點狀語從句地點狀語從句通常由where， wherever 引導。例如：Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方樹很多。Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都會想到你。虛擬語氣：真實條件句 真實條件句用于陳述語氣，假設的情況有可能發(fā)生。各種結構參見下表：句型條件從句主句一般現(xiàn)在時shall/will + 動詞原形祈使句情態(tài)動詞一般現(xiàn)在時 例如：If he comes， he will bring his violin. 如果他來，會帶小提琴來的。 典型例題 The volleyball match will be put off if it _. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained 答案B.真實條件句主句為將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。 注意： 1）在真實條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來，該用shall， will. （錯） If you leave now， you are never going to regret it. （對） If you leave now， you will never regret it. 2）表示真理時，主句謂語動詞不用shall （will） +動詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時的動詞形式。非真實條件句虛擬語氣可以表示過去，現(xiàn)在和將來的情況，時態(tài)的基本特點是時態(tài)往后推移。a. 與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設條件從句主句一般過去時（be用were）should（would）等 +動詞原形例如：If they were here， they would help you. 如果他們在這兒，會幫助你的。含義：They are not here， they cant help you.b. 與過去事實相反的假設條件從句主句過去完成時should（would）等+ have+ 過去分詞例如：If he had come yesterday， I should / would have told him about it.如果他昨天來的話，我會把這件事告訴他的。含義：He did not come yesterday， so I did not tell him about it.c. 表示對將來不大可能發(fā)生的事情的假想條件從句主句一般過去時should/would等 + 動詞原形were+ 不定式should+ 動詞原形例如：If you succeeded， everything would be all right. 如果你將來成功了，一切都會好的。If you should succeed， everything would be all right.If you were to succeed， everything would be all right.含義：You are not likely to succeed， everything will be what it is now.混合條件句有時，主句與從句的動作發(fā)生在不同的時間，主句從句謂語動詞的虛擬語氣形式因時間不同而不同，這種條件句叫做混合條件句。例如：If you had asked him yesterday， you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天問過他，今天就知道做什么了。（從句與過去事實相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反。）If it had rained last night（過去）， it would be very cold today （現(xiàn)在）。如果昨晚下過雨，今天就會很冷了。虛擬條件句的倒裝虛擬條件句的從句部分含有were， should， 或had時， 可省略if，再把were， should或had 移到從句的句首，實行倒裝。例如：Were they here now， they could help us. =If they were here now， they could help us.他們現(xiàn)在在的話，就會幫助我們了。Had you come earlier， you would have met him. =If you had come earlier， you would have met him.你來得早一點，就碰到他了。Should it rain， the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain， the crops would be saved.假如下雨，莊稼就有救了。注意：在虛擬語氣的從句中，動詞be的過去時態(tài)一律用were，不用was，即在從句中be用were代替。例如：If I were you， I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就會去找他。If he were here， everything would be all right. 如果他在這兒，一切都會好的。典型例題_ to do the work， I should do it some other day.A. If were I B. I wereC. Were ID. Was I答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were， should， had這三個詞，通常將if省略，主語提前， 變成 were， should， had +主語的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式。如我們可說 Were I not to do， 而不能說 Werent I to do.wish的用法1）wish后面的從句，表示與事實相反的情況，或表示將來不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語從句的動詞形式為：主句從句從句動作先于主句動詞動作（be的過去式為 were）現(xiàn)在時過去時從句動作與主句動作同時發(fā)生（had + 過去分詞）過去時過去完成時將來不大可能實現(xiàn)的愿望將來時would/could +動詞原形 例如：I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一樣高。 He wished he hadnt said that. 他希望他沒講過那樣的話。 I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do.例如： I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望見一見經理。 I wish the manager to be informed at once. （= I want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望經理能馬上得到消息。特殊的虛擬語氣詞should 1）在主語從句中的應用 It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that等結構的主語從句，謂語動詞用should 加動詞原形，should 可省略。It is 可用的詞有三類that（should）dosuggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等a pity, a shame, no wonder等2）在賓語從句中的應用在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中，像order， suggest， propose， require， demand， request， insist， command， insist +