國際結(jié)算雙語-總復(fù)習(xí)資料(附流程圖).doc

票據(jù)：Credit instruments = a written/printed paper against which to pay, including Financial Instruments，Securities，Commercial documents.Features of instruments1. 無因性（Non-causative nature） 2. 要式性（Requisite in form） 3. 流通性（Negotiability）4. 提示性（Presentment） 5. 返還性（Returnability）6. 設(shè)權(quán)性（Establishment of rights and responsibilities）Functions (票據(jù)的功能)As a means of payment; 付款方式 As a credit instrument; 信用票據(jù)As a means of finance. 金融工具 As a transferable instrument;可轉(zhuǎn)讓的票據(jù)Credit Instruments for four四種常用于國際結(jié)算的信用票據(jù):Negotiable instrument可轉(zhuǎn)讓的票據(jù)Negotiable instrument, also known as credit instrument, is an unconditional order or promise to pay a certain amount of money. It can easily be transferable.Bill of Exchange匯票A bill of exchange is defined officially as an unconditional order in writing , addressed by one person to another, signed by the first person, requiring the second person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a certain amount of money, to, or to the order of, a specified person or to the bearer.無條件的書面命令匯票是由一個人(drawer)向另一個人(drawee)簽發(fā)的，要求受票人見票時或在未來某一規(guī)定的或可以確定的時間(tenor)將一定金額的款項支付給某一特定的人或其指定人，或持票人(payee)。Essentials of a bill of exchange絕對必要事項：uSuch words as “bill of exchange”exchange; draft or so 書面寫有匯票字樣uAn unconditional order in writing 無條件的支付命令uname and address of the drawee (addressee payer) 付款人名字和地址usignature or stamp of the drawer 出票人的簽名和蓋章udate of the issue 開立的日期uAbout some dollars 確定的金額uname or business entity of the payee 收款人的名字或商務(wù)實體Acts of a bill of exchange 匯票的票據(jù)行為1. Issue/draw（出票）1、draw and sign a draft 出票人寫匯票并且簽字2、deliver it to the payee出票人將匯票交付給收款人2. Endorsement（背書）When the holder of a draft wants to transfer or pass its title to another person, he should sign on the back of the draft and deliver it to the endorsee. Its an act of negotiation.（1）背書人不再是票據(jù)的持票人，需向其后手承擔(dān)擔(dān)保承兌和付款的責(zé)任。（2）被背書人成為持票人，享有票據(jù)權(quán)利Endorser Endorser Endorser A B C D. Endorsee Endorsee Endorsee (1) Special endorsement Pay to the order of P. LAMB only P.LAMB can endorse itFor Dafeng Company, Tianjin WILSON LELY(2)Blank endorsement= bearer bill, can be transferred without endorsementThe person who is transferred can transfer it without endorsement or with endorsement, special or blank at his option.(3) Restrictive endorsementPay to P.LAMB ONLY Only P.LAMB can have the payments and the draftcan not be transferredFor Dafeng Company, Tianjin WILSON LELY(4) Conditional endorsementPay to P.LAMB Upon his delivery of warehouse receipt 100 cases of cornFor Dafeng Company, Tianjin WILSON LELYAlthough draft is drawn unconditional, it can be conditional when being endorsed(5) Endorsement for collectionFor collection pay to Bank of China, Tianjin BranchFor Dafeng Company, Tianjin WILSON LELYPay to the order of B Bank for collection only Prior endorsement guaranteedFor Dafeng Company, Tianjin WILSON LELYCollection/depositmeans that the money does not belong to the bankPay to the order of B Bank by procuration以代理人身份For Dafeng Company, Tianjin WILSON LELY3. Presentation（提示）Present for acceptance提示承兌 我國見票給付1個月期限Present for payment 提示付款 日內(nèi)瓦規(guī)定到期日前后兩個營業(yè)日4. Acceptance（承兌）Acceptance of a draft is a signification by the drawee of his assent to the order given by the drawer. He engages, by signing his name across the face of the bill that he will pay when it falls due（到期）.5. Payment（付款）債務(wù)人完成債券的償還6. Dishonor （拒付或退票）Act of dishonor is a failure or refusal to make acceptance on or payment of a draft when presented.拒絕承兌；拒絕付款；避而不見；死亡；破產(chǎn)，被責(zé)令7. Recourse（追索）object to recourse: drawer, endorser, acceptor, other debtor order: in order or not in order; normally directly to the drawer持有合格的票據(jù)； 持票人盡責(zé)（提示）；發(fā)生拒付8. Guarantee （保證）guarantor ：a third party 保證人是第三方warrantee：drawer, acceptor, endorser 被保證人是出票人，承兌人，背書人21Sum in money recoursed: 追索需要的費包括21. uPar amount (interest included);2. uLost interest ;3. uCharges result from notice ofdishonor and protestPromissory Note本票A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person (the maker) to another (the payee or the holder), signed by the maker engaging to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or to bearer.出票人簽發(fā)的，承諾自己在見票時無條件支付確定金額給收款人或者持票人的票據(jù)。我國的票據(jù)法中實際只規(guī)定了即期銀行本票。Categories of a promissory note 本票的種類Bankers notes and traders notes(銀行本票和商業(yè)本票an enterprise or a person)Special notes(記名本票) and note payable to order(指示性本票)Sight notes and time notes(即期本票和遠期本票)Bankers notes are all sight notes.Three kinds of time notes: on the 20th June 2008; At 90 days after date; At 90 days after sight我國票據(jù)制度中的本票，必須是“記名式銀行即期本票”Check支票A check is an unconditional order in writing addressed by the customer to a bank signed by that customer authorizing the bank to pay on demand a specified sum of money to or to the order of a named person or to bearer.支票(Cheque or Check)是以銀行為付款人的即期匯票。Categories of a check支票的種類Check payable to order(記名支票)eg. Pay to A Co. only; Pay to A Co. or order.取款時須由收款人簽章，方可支取。Check payable to bearer(不記名支票)It can be payable without the signature of the bearer and it can be transferred by delivery.支票上不記載收款人姓名無須在支票背后簽章，只寫“付來人”，此項支票僅憑交付而轉(zhuǎn)讓。Crossed cheque (劃線支票)A crossing is in effect an instruction to the paying bank from the drawer or holder to pay the fund to a bank only.普通劃線是在平行線中不注明收款銀行名稱的支票，收款人可以通過任何一家銀行代收票款入賬。Chapter 5：International Bank Remittance(國際銀行匯兌)銀行間轉(zhuǎn)換貨幣清償債務(wù)。Remittance refers to the transfer of funds from one party to another among different countries through banks. 匯款，也稱匯付。它是指銀行或其他金融機構(gòu)（匯出行Remitting Bank）應(yīng)匯款人（付款人Remitter）的要求，通過一定的方式將一定的金額交給其國外的代理機構(gòu)（匯入行Paying Bank），并由匯入行將款項解付給收款人（Payee or Beneficiary）的一種結(jié)算方式。Telegraphic Transfer, T/T (電匯匯款)Remittance by cable/telex/SWIFT is often referred to as cable transfer or telegraphic transfer, namely T/T. 電匯是匯出行應(yīng)收款人的申請，用加押電報、電傳或SWIFT形式指示匯入行（國外聯(lián)行或代理行）付款給收款人的一種匯款方式。Characteristics電匯的特性:It is a kind of remittance(順匯).It is the fastest type but the charges are also higher.速度最快但是費用最高In bank remittance, the T/T is in preference to others. It is dealt on the same day and the bank cant use the funds under way.在銀行匯款中，電匯是最好的。It is safe and creditable.安全可靠Telegraphic Transfer Procedure電匯匯款的流程Mail Transfer, M/T (信匯匯款)Remittance by airmail transfers funds by means of a payment order, a mail transfer advice, or sometimes an advice issued by a remitting bank, at the request of the remitter. Characteristics特點:It is a kind of remittance(順匯).The charges is low.It is the slower type and because of mail, it will spend more time to receive the money.Bank can occupy the funds under way for a short time.銀行可以在短時間內(nèi)占用。Demand Draft D/D (票匯) A bankers demand draft(D/D票匯) is a negotiable instrument drawn by a bank on its overseas branch or its correspondent abroad ordering the latter to pay on demand the stated amount to the holder of the draft. 匯票是銀行開具的可自由轉(zhuǎn)讓的單據(jù)，委托付款人在見票時或者在制定日期無條件支付確定的金額給收款人或持票人的票據(jù)。Characteristics of D/D: （Aurthorized signature有權(quán)簽字人簽字）The paying bank is flexible.支付行可以靈活地支付The draft can replace the cash to be negotiated.匯票可以代替現(xiàn)金轉(zhuǎn)讓The draft is carried by the remitter himself or is posted by the remitter to the payee.匯票可以讓匯款人直接拿給收款人，也可以寄給收款人The paying bank neednt notifies the beneficiary and the latter will come to receive the money.支付行需要不通知受益人，而后他將會來收錢。三者比較：T/TM/TD/DformCable/tax/swiftMail/Bankers demand draftauthanticationTest keysignatureSignature on the draftsafeMost safeNot as safe as T/TNot as safe as T/TcosthighestlowerlowerapplicationThe fastest most prevalentSlower reduceLower/usefulCan be negotiated cancellation of remittance (匯款的退匯)1、cancellation of mail transfer or telegraphic transfer. 電匯、信匯的退匯Mail transfer or telegraphic transfer can be cancelled before its payment is made. Once the payment has been made, the remittance cannot be cancelled.若收款人提出退匯，匯入行可用電報或電話或航郵通知匯出行將匯款收回，退給匯款人即可。若是匯款人提出退匯，匯出行在接受匯款人的退匯要求后，應(yīng)立即用電報或電傳、航郵通知匯入行停止解付，撤銷匯款。如果匯款已經(jīng)解付，匯款人則不能要求退回，只能直接向收款人交涉退回。 2. Cancellation of a bank draft already issued. 票匯的退匯If the remitter requests the remitting bank to cancel a bank draft already issued by reason of its being lost or stolen, the latter is generally reluctant to do so. However, the remitting bank may issue a duplicate of draft against a letter of indemnity from the remitter, if the paying bank confirms that the original one has not yet been paid.票匯項下辦理退匯，匯款人在未寄出匯票之前可以持匯票到匯出行退匯，匯出行發(fā)函通知匯入行將有關(guān)匯款通知書注銷退回。但是，如匯款人將匯票寄出后，則不能辦理退匯。The Function of Remittance匯款的功能payment in advance(預(yù)付貨款) 前TT Payment in advance signifies that the importer pays the exporter before delivery of the goods.The Function of Remittance匯款的功能open account transaction(賒帳交易) 后TT Open account business is also called Payment after Arrival of the Goods(貨到付款) or Deferred Payment(延期付款).The Function of Remittance匯款的功能（Remittance against Document憑單付款）比較 1.100%前TT 出口商收款零風(fēng)險 2.100%后TT 出口商存在錢貨兩空的風(fēng)險，資金負擔(dān)重 3.30%前TT(作定金), 最常見 70%后TT,見提單副本付款Collection is an arrangement whereby the goods are shipped and a relevant bill of exchange is drawn by the seller on the buyer, and/or shipping documents are forwarded to the sellers bank with clear instructions for collection through one of its correspondent bank located in the domicile of the buyer.托收，就是委托收款。出口商開立金融票據(jù)或商業(yè)單據(jù)，委托托收行通過聯(lián)行或代理行向債務(wù)人收取貨款的結(jié)算方式。Financial documents金融單據(jù): draft匯票、promissory note本票、check支票、and other warrant for payment付款收據(jù)或付款或款項的憑證;Commercial documents商業(yè)票據(jù): commercial invoice發(fā)票、transport documents運輸單據(jù)、title documents物權(quán)單據(jù) or other similar documents, or documents other than financial documents或除金融單據(jù)以外的其他單據(jù).托收流程圖：1、 Principal(seller/exporter/drawer/ Consignor) (委托人) （1）deliver the goods on time； 按時交貨；（2）submit documents to the remitting bank； 向托收行提交必要的單據(jù)；（3）make out letter of instruction for outward collection 出口托收申請書；（4）give instructions on time； 及時指示；（5）bear the charges. 負擔(dān)費用。2、 remitting bank (principals/sellers/exporters)（托收行）（1）make out collection order（托收委托書） and forward them to the overseas branch or correspondent bank; 托收委托書的內(nèi)容（2）verify the documents檢驗單據(jù)即托收行只是核驗單據(jù)，而非審核單據(jù)。3、collecting bank（代收行）（1）verify the documents核對單據(jù)的名稱和份數(shù)；（2）keeping the documents；release the documents according to the instruction保管好單據(jù)；代收行在進口商按規(guī)定付款或承兌前不可以將單據(jù)發(fā)給進口商。付款人拒付，代收行應(yīng)當(dāng)通知托收行，通知后90日仍未收到指示，將單據(jù)退回托收行。（3）deal with the goods carefully 謹慎處理貨物。代收行原則上無義務(wù)處理貨物，只有在付款人拒付時，才會根據(jù)委托人指示辦理存?zhèn)}、保險手續(xù)。 (4) give the remitting bank information on time及時向托收行反饋4、 Drawee (buyer/importer)（付款人）Carry out the obligation of payment or acceptance承擔(dān)付款承兌的義務(wù)（dishonor有權(quán)拒付）5、 presenting bank （提示行） present the documents for payment or acceptance提示單據(jù)要求付款6、Representative in case of need (需要時的代理) It is the representative appointed by the principal to act as case of need in the event of non-acceptance and/or non payment. In this case, he will arrange storage、resale、shipping back the goods. His power should be clearly and fully stated in the collection.進口商拒付時辦理貨物存?zhèn)}、轉(zhuǎn)售、運回等 Types of collection(托收的種類) 1、clean collection 光票托收 clean collection means collection of financial documents not accompanied by commercial documents.2、documentary collection 跟單托收 (1) financial documents accompanied by commercial documents, 金融票據(jù)隨商業(yè)單據(jù)的托收(2) commercial documents not accompanied by financial documents. 商業(yè)單據(jù)不附金融單據(jù)的托收。documents against payment, D/P付款交單The collecting bank may release the documents only against full payment. D/P at sight即期付款交單 D/P at xx days after date or sight,etc.遠期付款交單documents against acceptance, D/A承兌交單The presenting bank may release the documents to the buyer against the buyers acceptance of a draft, drawn payable 30-180 days after sight or due on a definite date.Characteristics of collection托收的特點 It is based on commercial credit. 托收建立在商業(yè)信用基礎(chǔ)之上 It is safer than the remittance. 和匯款方式相比，托收有較強的安全性 It can afford financing to the seller or buyer. 一定的融資作用 The capital burden is not balance. 買賣雙方利益不均衡(風(fēng)險、資金負擔(dān)兩方面分析) The procedure is simple, fast and the charges are not high. 結(jié)算手續(xù)較為簡單、迅速，費用較低。跟單托收對進出口雙方的風(fēng)險及規(guī)避：一、Risks for exporter under documentary collection 出口商在跟單托收下的風(fēng)險1. Refuse to pay or accept time draft on some small inadvertent infraction of the sales contract.因為出口上的小錯誤而拒付2. Demand deep cut down of price, or refuse to accept the goods.要求大幅降價否則不付款3. A heavy storage charge, fire insurance, demurrage and great expenses and time delay if court action is taken.大筆費用Summary of possible reasons for dishonor： Market risks 市場的風(fēng)險 Country risks 國家的風(fēng)險 Risks from the importer 進口商的風(fēng)險 Risks from the rules of some country 一些國家的準(zhǔn)入原則二、the seller should takes the following measures to guard against risks賣方應(yīng)該采取下列的措施防止危險:u Making market research. 市場調(diào)查u Setting proper terms on releasing terms and trade terms.使用適當(dāng)?shù)馁Q(mào)易的次數(shù)和數(shù)量u Appointing representative in case of need in the foreign country.指定需要的外國代理人u Buy export credit insurance at government agency 出口信貸保險u 注意事項：u Select the collecting bank carefully; 謹慎選擇代收行;u Shouldnt accept D/A; 不宜接受 D/A付款;u Should carefully make the document; 制單環(huán)節(jié)應(yīng)謹慎;u Specially pay attention to D/P after sight. 特別注意遠期付款交單3、 Risks and measures of the import 進口商在跟單托收下的風(fēng)險1. Might be fraudulent documents 假單據(jù)2. Might be defective or dummy or not the model ordered by importer3. Late shipment,and miss the optimal selling seasons.遲到4. In advance payment , can not inspect goods beforehand.不能驗貨5. Dishonor would ruin importers reputation.4、 protection for importer 進口方的保護措施1. Investigate exporters reputation and deal only with creditworthy exporters.信用檢查2. payment time can be XX days/months after Bill of Lading date, which means that earlier delivery,earlier payment.規(guī)定早交貨3. Choose the most the favorable procedure of documents delivery basing on the credit standing, financial capability, market trend.最有利的4. Use D/P at tenor as possible as you can to confirm if goods arrive at the harbor of your country.二、financing （一）Financing by banks for exporters對出口方融資: Loan secured by documentary bills (托收出口押匯) means that the remitting bank purchases the documentary bill drawn by the exporter on the importer. 出口商辦理跟單托收時，可將匯票和貨運單據(jù)作為質(zhì)押品，向當(dāng)?shù)赝惺浙y行申請貸款；托收行根據(jù)出口商的資信、經(jīng)營作風(fēng)，可以酌情給一定比例的、甚至全部的票款，扣去利息將凈款付給出口商，然后把跟單匯票寄給進口地的代收行，委托其代收票款，待收妥票款后收回貨款。即銀行有追索權(quán)地向出口商購買跟單匯票或全套單據(jù)的行為。特點： 出口地銀行托收貨款后，即成為出口商的債權(quán)人，取得了托收項下跟單匯票的質(zhì)權(quán)（lien）;如果托收遭到進口商的拒付，可向出口商索回貨款，銀行有權(quán)根據(jù)跟單匯票處理貨物。（二）Financing by banks for importers對進口方融資: Trust receipt (T/R信托收據(jù)) is given by the importer to the collecting bank when he asks the bank to release documents of title to the goods which have pledged to the banks as security for credit facilities. （Collecting bank代收行承擔(dān)風(fēng)險） D/P遠期方式中，當(dāng)貨物、單據(jù)到達目的地而付款期限未到時，進口商為盡早提貨而向代收行借出單據(jù)而出具的書面憑證。是立據(jù)人（即進口商）承認收到了質(zhì)押權(quán)屬于開證行的單擊，同意以受托人（Trustee）身份提取、儲藏和出售有關(guān)貨物，并保證出售貨物所得價款全部無條件地交與開證行。 A letter of credit is a written undertaking by a bank(issuing bank)given to the seller (beneficiary) at the request ,and on the instruction,of the buyer(applicant)to pay at sight or at a determinable future date up to a stated sum of money,within a prescribed time limit and against stipulated documents which complied with the terms and conditions of the credit. (A Documentary Credit is a conditional bank written undertaking of payment.)信用證是開證行根據(jù)申請人的要求和指示，向受益人開立的，一種有條件的承諾付款的書面文件跟單信用證是銀行有條件的付款承諾。二、Characteristics of letter of credit 信用證的特點1. It is a kind of bankers credit. The issuing bank undertakes primary liabilities for payment；信用證是由開證行承擔(dān)第一性付款責(zé)任的書面文件；2. The obligation of payment born by the bank is limited and conditional. 開證銀行履行付款責(zé)任是有限度和條件的；3. A letter of credit is self-sufficient documents and is independent of the sales contract；信用證是獨立于其所基于的銷售合同或其他合同以外的交易；4. Letter of credit is a pure documentary business, that is, banks deal with documents and not with goods, services or other performances to which the documents relate. 在信用證業(yè)務(wù)中，各有關(guān)當(dāng)事人處理的是單據(jù)，而不是與單據(jù)有關(guān)的貨物、服務(wù)及/或其他行為。三、Parties involves in a documentary creditApplicant (Buyer/importer): He fills out and signs an application form,requesting the bank to issue a credit in favor of the beneficiary (seller/exporter) abroad. As for the importer, he is only requested to pay a certain proportion of deposit instead of the total amount of the credit at the time of application.作為進口方，他只能請求賠付他貨款的一部分。Issuing Bank (Opening Bank): The bank who issues the letter of credit at the request of the applicant. By issuing a credit the issuing bank undertakes full responsibility for payment against proper documents presented by the beneficiary.Question: What factors should the issuing bank consider before granting DC facilities to his customer?開證行應(yīng)考慮那些因素向出口方確定賠付金額。Credit standing of customer 是由進口方確立的Cash cover as security 足夠償還其損失Exchange risk 外匯風(fēng)險Nature of goods貨物的性質(zhì)Type of credit 信用的類型Advising bank (notifying bank通知行): Communicates with the seller about the letter of credit. Verifies that the L/C is genuine, but gives no payment undertaking of its own. It can also be confirming bank. Beneficiary (Exporter/Seller): The party to whom payment will be made. The letter of credit gives the beneficiary the assurance of payment by the issuing bank provide