諾貝爾遺囑（中英對(duì)照）.doc

諾貝爾遺囑我，簽名人艾爾弗雷德-伯哈德-諾貝爾，經(jīng)過(guò)鄭重的考慮后特此宣布，下文是關(guān)于處理我死后所留下的財(cái)產(chǎn)的遺囑：在此我要求遺囑執(zhí)行人以如下方式處置我可以?xún)稉Q的剩余財(cái)產(chǎn)：將上述財(cái)產(chǎn)兌換成現(xiàn)金，然后進(jìn)行安全可靠的投資；以這份資金成立一個(gè)基金會(huì)，將基金所產(chǎn)生的利息每年獎(jiǎng)給在前一年中為人類(lèi)作出杰出貢獻(xiàn)的人。將此利息劃分為五等份，分配如下：一份獎(jiǎng)給在物理界有最重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)或發(fā)明的人；一份獎(jiǎng)給在化學(xué)上有最重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)或改進(jìn)的人；一份獎(jiǎng)給在醫(yī)學(xué)和生理學(xué)界有最重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)的人；一份獎(jiǎng)給在文學(xué)界創(chuàng)作出具有理想傾向的最佳作品的人；最后一份獎(jiǎng)給為促進(jìn)民族團(tuán)結(jié)友好、取消或裁減常備軍隊(duì)以及為和平會(huì)議的組織和宣傳盡到最大努力或作出最大貢獻(xiàn)的人。物理獎(jiǎng)和化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)由斯德哥爾摩瑞典科學(xué)院頒發(fā)；醫(yī)學(xué)和生理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)由斯德哥爾摩卡羅琳醫(yī)學(xué)院頒發(fā)；文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)由斯德哥爾摩文學(xué)院頒發(fā)；和平獎(jiǎng)由挪威議會(huì)選舉產(chǎn)生的5人委員會(huì)頒發(fā)。對(duì)于獲獎(jiǎng)候選人的國(guó)籍不予任何考慮，也就是說(shuō)，不管他或她是不是斯堪的納維亞人，誰(shuí)最符合條件誰(shuí)就應(yīng)該獲得獎(jiǎng)金，我在此聲明，這樣授予獎(jiǎng)金是我的迫切愿望這是我惟一存效的遺囑。在我死后，若發(fā)現(xiàn)以前任何有關(guān)財(cái)產(chǎn)處置的遺囑，一概作廢。I, the undersigned, Alfred Bernhard Nobel, do hereby, after mature deliberation, declare the following to be my last Will and Testament with respect to such property as may be left by me at the time of my death: The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way:The capital shall be invested by my executors in safe securities and shall constitue a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiology or medical works by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be a Scandinavian or not.This Will and Testament is up to now the only one valid, and revokes all my previous testamentary dispositions, should any such exist after my death. Finally, it is my express wish that following my death my veins shall be opened, and when this has been done and competent Doctors have confirmed clear signs of death, my remains shall be cremated in a so-called crematorium. Paris, 27 November, 1895Alfred Bernhard Nobel關(guān)于諾貝爾的遺囑 諾貝爾在他生命的最后幾年，曾先后立下過(guò)3份內(nèi)容非常相似的遺囑。第一份立于1889年，第二份立于1893 年，第3份則立于1895年，最后存放在斯德哥爾摩一家銀行，也就是要以它為準(zhǔn)的最后遺囑。 這份遺囑取消了分贈(zèng)親友的部分，將自己的全部財(cái)產(chǎn)用于設(shè)立獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)基金，于1897年初在瑞典公布于眾。遺囑曾受譴責(zé)在諾貝爾遺囑公布之初，瑞典社會(huì)輿論的批評(píng)和譴責(zé)之聲占了上風(fēng)。報(bào)界公開(kāi)地鼓勵(lì)親屬上訴，反對(duì)它的理由主要是“法律缺陷”和“不愛(ài)國(guó)”。報(bào)界說(shuō)，一個(gè)瑞典人不注意瑞典的利益，既不把這筆巨額遺產(chǎn)捐贈(zèng)給瑞典，也沒(méi)有給瑞典人甚至斯堪的納維亞人獲獎(jiǎng)的優(yōu)先權(quán)，還要瑞典承攬這些額外工作，從而給瑞典人帶來(lái)不能給他們?nèi)魏卫娴穆闊?，那純粹是不?ài)國(guó)的，瑞典的獎(jiǎng)金頒發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)將不可能令人滿意地完成分派給它們的任務(wù)。遺囑還把頒發(fā)和平獎(jiǎng)金的任務(wù)交給一個(gè)由挪威議會(huì)指定的委員會(huì)，瑞典與挪威之間的關(guān)系當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)非常緊張，這將要嚴(yán)重?fù)p害瑞典的利益。一部分社會(huì)民主黨人士指責(zé)說(shuō)，諾貝爾設(shè)立獎(jiǎng)金支持個(gè)別杰出人物，無(wú)助于社會(huì)進(jìn)步。他們認(rèn)為，諾貝爾的財(cái)產(chǎn)來(lái)自勞動(dòng)和大自然，應(yīng)該使社會(huì)每一個(gè)成員都得到益處。 而對(duì)法律缺陷的批評(píng)，曾被認(rèn)為將使整個(gè)的遺囑失效。高明的律師們挑出的第一個(gè)毛病是，遺囑中沒(méi)有明確講出立囑人是哪國(guó)公民。這樣一來(lái)，就難以確定該由哪個(gè)國(guó)家的執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)來(lái)判決遺囑的合法性，更無(wú)法確定該由哪國(guó)政府來(lái)組織諾貝爾基金委員會(huì)了。這個(gè)指責(zé)不是沒(méi)有道理的，因?yàn)?，諾貝爾生在瑞典，成長(zhǎng)在俄國(guó)，創(chuàng)業(yè)活動(dòng)遍及歐洲，晚年也沒(méi)有成為任何一個(gè)歐洲國(guó)家有國(guó)籍的公民。他們挑出的第二個(gè)毛病是，遺囑沒(méi)有明確指出全部財(cái)產(chǎn)由誰(shuí)來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)保管。他們說(shuō)，雖然遺囑說(shuō)要成立一個(gè)基金會(huì)，但又沒(méi)有指定由誰(shuí)來(lái)組織這個(gè)基金會(huì)。所以，可以認(rèn)為，遺囑執(zhí)行人無(wú)權(quán)繼承遺產(chǎn)，而繼承遺產(chǎn)的基金會(huì)又不存在。最令人喪氣的是，諾貝爾在遺囑中委托瑞典科學(xué)院來(lái)評(píng)定物理學(xué)和化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)金，而該院院長(zhǎng)漢斯福舍爾卻主張把諾貝爾的財(cái)產(chǎn)捐贈(zèng)給瑞典科學(xué)院，福舍爾還拒絕參加研究評(píng)獎(jiǎng)細(xì)則的會(huì)議。他逝世時(shí)將遺產(chǎn)大部分作為基金，每年以其利息(約20萬(wàn)美元)獎(jiǎng)給前