大學英語四級寫作 類型與結(jié)構(gòu)分析

.,大學英語四級寫作,.,一、考核目的考核學生用英語進行書面表達的初步能力二、考核要求1.時間：30分鐘2.字數(shù)：120詞以上，180詞一下3.題型：1）對比選擇型2）原因解釋型3）利弊分析型4）問題解決型5）記敘文6）應(yīng)用文,.,1作文題滿分為15分。閱卷標準共人為五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。2分-條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤，且多數(shù)為嚴重錯誤。5分-基本切題，表達思想不夠清楚，連貫性差，有較多的嚴重錯誤。8分-基本切題，表達思想比清楚，文字尚連貫，但語言錯誤較多。11分-切題，表達思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯誤。14分-切題，表達思想清楚，文字通順，連貫較好，基本上無語言錯誤。閱卷人員根根據(jù)閱卷標準，對照樣卷評分，若認為某一分數(shù)文件次（如8分）相似，即定為（8分）；若認為稍優(yōu)或劣于該檔次，則可加一分（9分）或減一分（7分），但不得加減半分。字數(shù)不足應(yīng)酌情扣分：,注：1、如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結(jié)束句，均不得記入所寫字數(shù)。2、只寫一段者：04分，只寫兩段者：09分（指規(guī)定三段的作文）3、白卷，作文與題目毫不相關(guān)，或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達思想,則給零分。2.設(shè)作文最低分，采用下列成績計算方法：1）作文分為0分者，總分即使高于60分，一律作不及格處理；2）作文分大于0分小于6分者，按下列方式計算成績：最后報道分=原計算總分6+作文實得分,三、評分標準：,.,二、全文(議論文)基本結(jié)構(gòu)：,第二部分四級作文的結(jié)構(gòu),KeytoSuccessInsuchacompetitivesociety,everyonehasastrongdesiretobesuccessfulandinhislife.Buthowtoachievesuccess?Inmyopinion,therearethreemainkeysaclearobjective,strongwillpoweranddiligence.First,itisveryimportanttosetupagoalbeforeyoustart.Noonecanbesuccessfulwithoutagoalinhismind.Besides,youneedastrongwillpowertokeepyougoahead.Therealwaysaretoughstonesineveryroadtosuccess.Whetheryoucangothroughitdependsonwhetheryouarepersistentenough.Lastbutnotleast,everyonewhowantstosucceedshouldbediligent.Thereisandoldsaying,“Nopains,nogains.”Mostsuccessfulpeopleowetheirsuccesstohardworking,suchasEinstein.Inconclusion,ifwewanttobesuccessful,wehavetomasterthethreemainkeysmentionedabove.Thereisnoshortcuttosuccess.Thethreekeyswillassureyoutorealizeyourbeautifuldream.,.,1.主題句主題句表明全段是關(guān)于什么及討論什么的段落中心句，即：明確地表示全段要展開的中心點,四級短文寫作中最好是把主題句放在段首。2.擴展句擴展句是用來說明，解釋，引申，或論證主題句所表達的中心思想的句子。3.結(jié)尾句結(jié)尾句是用一句話對段落的主題進行重述,評論,或總結(jié),借以強化主題,加深讀者的印象.Itisnotdifficulttomakearightchoicebetweenbuyingahouseinthelow-riseareaandbuyingoneinthehigh-risearea(主題句).Ifwewanttoeconomizeandgetmorepersonalarea,wecanchoosethelow-rise;butifwewanttolivemorecomfortably,wewillchoosethehigh-rise(擴展句).Inaword,thekeyliesinthealternativeofeconomyandcomfort(結(jié)尾句).,一、四級作文的段落基本結(jié)構(gòu)：,.,第三部分常見的錯誤和問題注意方面：1切題2結(jié)構(gòu)（三段式）3落題快（主題句在每段句首，不要繞圈）4長度（120150字，卷面第二頁中間或到三分之二處，不要過多）,語言方面須注意的問題：1題目的大寫AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTrafficAccidentItPaystoBeHonestHowtoSucceedinaJobInterview2句子錯誤1）語態(tài)時態(tài)不正確Ireadthepassagecarefullyandseveralmistakeswerefound.(語態(tài)不一致)Ireadthepassagecarefullyandfoundseveralmistakes.Iamverygratefulifyoucouldhelpmewiththisproblem.(時態(tài)不一致)Iwillbeverygratefulifyoucouldhelpmewiththisproblem.2）主謂不一致Helikeplayingfootballverymuch.Helikesplayingfootballverymuch.3）中式英語MyEnglishhasmadegreatprogress.IhavemadegreatprogressinEnglish.Workmakesmefeelsatisfied.Workisasourceofsatisfactiontome.4)結(jié)構(gòu)不完整AlthoughhadmanydifficultiesinstudyingEnglish,Ifinallypassedtheexam.AlthoughIhadmanydifficultiesinstudyingEnglish,Ifinallypassedtheexam.,.,Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation,2016年12月CET4作文題,對比觀點/原因解釋題型/利弊分析,Oneistotakeajobinacompanyandtheothertogotoagraduateschool.,Oneistoworkinastate-ownedbusinessandtheotherinjointventure.,Oneistofindajobsomewhereandtheothertostartabusinessofyourown.,Youaretomakeadecision.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourdecision.,.,對比開頭,Takeajobinacompanyv.sgotoagraduateschool,Upongraduation,someofmyclassmateswillfurthertheireducationatagraduateschool,butIwillchoosetotakeupajobimmediately.Agraduateeducationdoeshaveitsadvantages.Armedwithmoreknowledge,youmaysurvivebetterinthecontextofaknowledge-driveneconomy.Nevertheless,.,對比開頭,workinastate-ownedbusinessv.sworkinajointventure,Aftergraduation,Iprefertoworkatastate-ownedenterprise(SOE)insteadofasino-foreignjointventureorawhollyforeign-ownedcompany.Itistruethatajointventureonceofferedmanyadvantages.Intheirearlystages,theydidenjoypreferentialpoliciessuchastaxcutsoreventaxexemptions,thusallowingtheiremployeestoearnsalarieshigherthanthoseatSOEs.Butnowforeigncompaniesareentitledtoonly“nationaltreatment”thesameasourdomesticcompaniesare.Ontheotherhand,.,對比開頭,findajobsomewherev.sstartabusinessofyourown,Whilemoststudentswilltrytolandajobinacompany,inagovernmentagency,orataschool,Iwouldprefertostartabusinessofmyown.Itistruethatastablejoboffersyousomebenefits.Forexample,youdonthavetoshouldertheheavyresponsibilityofmakingoverallarrangementsforthecompany,andyouhaveastableincome,modestasitmaybe.However,.,開門見山，點明觀點。小分句鋪陳要討論的問題。退一步，闡述二選一中另一項的優(yōu)勢。話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，繞回主題，陳述個人的原因。,開頭前兩段,.,Weallknowthat/asweallknowThereismuchdiscussionabout/attentiontoTherearemanyarguments/opinions/viewsaboutNowadays/atpresentManypeoplebelievethatItisgenerallybelievedthat依我看來，我認為AsfarasIamconcernedasforme/asIseeitfrommyperspectiveformypart/personallyspeaking,開頭句式,.,Selectoneheadingamongthethreeofferedbeforeandusetheexpressionsinthelastppttowriteyourownheading(onlythe1stparagraph)onthistopic.,改寫練習,.,一、開頭常用語式(主題段的引入)AproverbsaysAstheproverbsaysSomepeoplesaythatManypeoplebelievethatItisgenerallybelievedthatWeallknowthatAsweallknowItisquiteclearthatVariousviewsexistasto,butTherearemanyarguments/opinions/viewsabout,Thereismuchdiscussionabout/attentiontoItiswellknownthatItissaidthatIthasbeenfoundthatItiseasytoseethatThepiegraphshowsArecentsurveyprovidesThechart/graph/tableshowsNoonecandenythatNowadays,.Atpresent,.,原因解釋型,2015年12月真題,Youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesaying,Nevergoouttoseewhathappens;goouttomakethingshappen.,Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission.,Listeningismoreimportantthantalking.,.,BeParticipantsRatherthanOnlookersAsasayinggoes,“neverjustgoouttheretoseewhathappens;goouttheretomakethingsreallyhappen.”clearly,itencouragesustoactinsteadofstandingbywithfoldedarms.Istronglysupportthispointofview,andinreallifewecanfindnumerousexamplestoillustratethispoint.,Observethebeginningsofmodelessays,.,ThesignificanceofLifelongLearningWhenhearingthesaying“Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission”wecaneasilyperceiveitsconnotation.Apparently,thissayingcanbenaturallyassociatedwiththesignificanceoflifelonglearning.Inourdailylife,itisacommonphenomenonforustolearnsomethingforavarietyofpurposes.Meanwhile,ahostofintelligentpeoplearelesslikelytosucceediftheyhaventkeptthehabitoflifelonglearning.Takingalookaround,wecannoticeagreatmanyexampleslikethis:,.,ThesignificanceofLifelongLearningAnotherversion:Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission.Thisisaproverbfulloflogic.Inotherwords,learningissignificantinourwholelife.Indeed,wecanlearnmanythingsfromit.Ifyouunderstanditandapplyittoyourstudyorwork,youllnecessarilybenefitalotfromit.Therearemanyreasonswhichcanexplainthisphenomenonandthefollowingarethetypicalones.,.,復述引言，簡要解析引言主題選取角度（基本都是擁護），圍繞主題闡釋例子。,.,步驟：1.闡釋現(xiàn)象/解釋題意（舉例）2.分析原因a,b,c3.指出利害（舉例）/得出結(jié)論（解釋、提出論點/某種現(xiàn)象）Thereasonarelistedasfollows:First,_(原因1).Additionally,_(原因2).Third,_(原因3)./Foronething,_(原因1).Foranother,_.(原因2)/Forinstance,_.(事例1)Anotherinstance/Acaseinthepointisthat_(事例2)Therefore,/Fromtheaboveexamples,/Inconclusion,/Inshort,/Inaword(結(jié)論或建議),Writingmodel:,.,對比利弊型,Forfreshmen,thefirstlessontheyattendinuniversitiesismilitarytraining.Writeanessayentitled“Ismilitarytrainingnecessary?”Somepeoplethinkmilitarytrainingisverysignificant.Othersthinkmilitarytrainingisnotnecessary.Yourownviews.,.,IsMilitaryTrainingNecessary?Inmostcollegeanduniversities,thefirstlessonforthefreshmenismilitarytraining.Asforthisissue,differentpeoplehavedifferentviews/peoplesattitudesarevarious.Theadvocatesholdtheviewthat,withthebasicmilitarytraining,studentswilllearndiscipline,teamworkandpatriotism.Theirexperienceofcooperatingwitheachothertosolveaproblemwillinformthemofthesignificanceofcooperation,whichisvitaltotheircollegestudy,eventheirfuturecareer.,Openingsentence,Thesisstatement,Topicsentence1,.,Theprotestors,however,arguesthatthisisagreatwasteoftheyoungpeoplestime.IntodaysChina,thesoldiersinthearmycandefendourcountry.Therefore,itisnotnecessarytoforceindividualstoparticipateinmilitarytraining,nottomentionfreshmenwhosemajortaskincollegeisstudyandwhoarehardlyanyuseinrealbattle.Iagreethatthiskindoftrainingwillneverproduceanyqualifiedsoldierinthewar.Nevertheless,throughhardandarduoustraining,thefreshmenaretransformedfromnaiveteenagersintoyoungadults.Thespiritsofunity,toughnessandbraverywillinfluencetheirlifeforever.,conclusion,Topicsentence2,.,二、中間常用句式（擴展段的連接）通常按重要程度排列，我們習慣于先說最重要的，西方人則相反，但都得符合邏輯順序。1表示“首先”first,firstly,firstofall,tobegin，但不可用atfirst。2表示“第二”、“此外”“其次”、“況且”second,secondly,and,besides,moreover,additionally,furthermore,whatsmore,inaddition,besides+名詞短語，inadditionto+名詞短語，another+名詞短語3表示“最后”finally,last,lastly,lastbutnotleast最后但并非最不重要的是。但不可用atlast或intheend。4表示“最重要的是”aboveall,mostimportantofall5.表示“更嚴重的是”、“更糟糕的是”moreserious,evenworse,tomakematterworse6.表示“最為嚴重的是”、“最糟糕的是”mostseriousofall,worstofall,.,二、中間常用句式（擴展段的連接）例如：1）Firstofall,論據(jù)1.Moreimportantly,論據(jù)2.Mostimportantofall,論據(jù)3.Insummary,總結(jié)觀點.2)Theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows：First,好處1.Besides,好處2.Mostimportantofall,好處3.Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,壞處1.Tomakematterworse,壞處2.Worstofall,壞處3.Fromtheaboveanalysis,Ibelieve觀點.3）Foronething,論據(jù)1.Foranother,論據(jù)2.Lastbutnottheleast,論據(jù)3.Toconclude,總結(jié)觀點或Fromabove,wecanpredictthat預(yù)測.4）Firstofall,論據(jù)1。Furthermore,論據(jù)2。Amongallofthesupportingevidences,oneisthestrongest.Thatis,論據(jù)3。Anaturalconclusionfromtheabovediscussionisthat總結(jié)觀點。或Fromabove,wecanpredictthat預(yù)測.,.,二、中間常用句式（擴展段的連接）其他詞語或句式：1）用于強調(diào)：afterall,anyway,infact,indeed,apparently,clearly,obviously,especially,2）用于對比：however,ononehand,ontheotherhand,incontrast,bycontrast,onthecontrary,while,whereas,instead,but,differentfrom,3）用于比較：similarly,likewise,like,inthesameway,4）用于列舉：forexample,forinstance,suchas,takeforgranted,except(for)5）表示時間：later,then,next,finally,atlast,eventually,meanwhile,afterthat,fromnowon,atthesametime,forthetimebeing,aftersometime,intheend,immediately,inthemeantime,recently,soon,nowandthen,during,nowadays,presently,since,assoonas,afterwards,sometimelater,temporally,inthemeanwhile,afterawhile,6）用于解釋：inotherwords,asamatteroffact,thatis,7)用于讓步：although,inspiteof,despite,eventhough,evenif,though,nomatterhow8)用于結(jié)果：consequently,thus,asaresult,asaconsequence,hence,so,therefore,accordingly9)其他：notonlybutalso,asfarasIamconcerned,whenitcomesto,inpractice,inprinciple,anotherkeyaspectofis,itistruethat,whatismoreseriousis,thereisnodoubtthat,butitisapitythat,butthetrouble/problem/pointis,.,Nowadays,_(討論主題)playsanimportantpartinpeopleslife.Likeeverythingelse,_(討論主題)hasbothfavourableandunfavourableaspects.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.First,_(好處1).Besides,_(好處2).Mostimportantofall,_(好處3).Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,_(壞處1).Tomakematterworse,_(壞處2).Worstofall,_(壞處3).Fromtheaboveanalysis,Ibelievethattheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages.Therefore,(結(jié)論)./Ibelievethemanagementof_(主題)dependon(個人建議),Writingmodel:,.,問題解決型,HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation1.大學的費用（tuitionandfees）可以通過各種途徑解決；2.哪種途徑適合我/我可以采取哪些方法解決我的大學費用問題。,.,Nowadays,tuitionandfeesforcollegearemuchhigherthaneverbefore.Howtofinancetheircollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcernformanystudents,especiallythosewhofromremoteareas.Infact,therearemanywaystosolvethisproblem.Generallyspeaking,wecangetmostourtuitionfeesfromourparents.Ifourfamilyisshortageofmoney,wecanapplyforaloanespeciallysetupforcollegestudentsfromsomebanksorfromgovernments.Moreover,bytakingaparttimejobinoursparetimeandsummerorwintervacations,wecanearnthemoneyweneedfordinners,textbooksandtransportationfees.Lastbutnotleast,ifwekeepawonderfulacademicrecords,wecanevenwinscholarshipsfromuniversities,whichcanlargelyameliorateourlivingconditionandrelievetheburdenoftuitionandfees.,.,AsfarasIamconcerned,Iprefertoobtainmostofmytuitionfrommyparentsbutstilltakepart-timejobstoimprovemyfinancialcondition.Ontheonehand,Idontwanttodependentirelyonmyparents,whichmayputthemundergreatpressure.Ontheotherhand,toobusyworkingpart-timemayreducemystudyingtimeandaffectmyacademicperformance.Therefore,acombinationofthesetwomethodscanenrichmycollegelife,encouragemetomaintainmyindependencebutstillhelpmebalancemylifeandstudy.,.,解決問題要講究方法，可按時間先后，也可按輕重緩急等排列?；灸Ｊ綖椋海壳暗默F(xiàn)象及存在的問題）.Manywayscancontributeto_（要解決的問題）,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Firstofall_(方法1).Besides,_(方法2).Finally,_(方法3).Thesearenottheonlythreepointsyoushouldpayattentionto.Butitshouldbenotedthat_(使用這些方法時要注意的事項)/(展望)/(總結(jié)上述三種方法).,.,三、結(jié)尾常用句式（終結(jié)段的連接）1表示“總之”、“總而言之”、“簡言之”inconclusion,insummary,toconclude,tosummarize,tosumup,inshort,inbrief,inaword,onthewhole2“綜上所述”fromtheforegoing,fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove,fromtheaboveanalysisObviously（此為過渡短語）,wecandrawtheconclusionthatThus,itcanbeconcludedthat,Therefore,wecanfindthatObviously,itishightimethatwetooksomemeasurestosolvetheproblem.Accordingly,Irecommendthatsomemeasuresbetaken.Consequently,tosolvetheproblem,somemeasuresshouldbetaken.,.,三、結(jié)尾常用句式（終結(jié)段的連接）例1Vacation,LongorShortOnethewhole,eitherlongorshortvacationhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Whatmattersishowtomakeuseofit.例2GoodHealth1身體健康的重要性。2保持健康的途徑。3我自己的實踐。Asforme,Ilikeplayingtennisinthemorning.Ialsoattachmuchimportancetoenoughsleepandrelaxation.Ibelievethiswillensuremygoodhealthfortherestofmylife.例3HopeProject希望工程Inmyopinion,thisprojectisofgreatimportancetoourcountryatthepresenttime.Anditalsowillhaveaprofoundeffectonthefutureachievementsofourcountry.Isuggestthatmoreworkbedonesothateverychildinthecountrysidecanreceiveelementaryeducation.練習：IsFailureaBadThingInmyopinion,failureisnotabadthing,thereallybadthingistakingafailureasfailureorevenloseourheartafterfailure.,.,社會熱點問題常用開頭,.,.,.,.,.,一、圖表作文常見出題形式圖表作文一般在題目中給出作文的標題和一個或幾個統(tǒng)計表格、圓形圖、曲線圖或條形圖，有時還用英文或中文提綱的形式給出提示，要求我們：1)用文字描述圖表，客觀解釋圖表中所傳遞的信息，并找出某種規(guī)律或趨勢;2)就圖表中所反映的某種趨勢或問題分析其原因或后果。圖表作文著重說明事實，常常是通過對圖表中所反映的具體數(shù)據(jù)的說明、分析、比較，對某種事物或現(xiàn)象的事實或變化情況等加以說明，并提出結(jié)論或看法。因此，圖表作文常常采用議論文體的寫作方法。寫好圖表作文，關(guān)鍵在于能否讀懂圖表中所提供的信息，把握各信息間的聯(lián)系，用準確流暢的語言把這一信息表達出來，并就這一信息發(fā)表自己的看法。,圖表作文,.,寫圖表作文時，要注意遵循以下步驟：1)認真分析圖表的含義，弄清圖表中所含的信息及不同信息間的關(guān)系;2)確定文章的主題思想，構(gòu)思出文章的基本框架，篩選出能說明圖表主題思想的典型數(shù)據(jù);3)編列文章的提綱;4)根據(jù)文章的提綱，將各段的提綱內(nèi)容擴展成段落，然后將各個段落組成文章，注意段與段之間的銜接與過渡;5)檢查與修改。,二、圖表作文的寫作步驟,.,圖表作文,Directions:Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)analyzethegraph,and2)giveyourcommentsonthetrend.,.,圖表作文,.,Inrecentyearstherehasbeenadramaticriseinthecellphones,whicharenowessentialtomillionsofpeopleasaconvenientformofcommunication.In2004thenumberreached315,000,000,withanaverageannualincreaseat57,500,000.Somepeoplecannownolongerimaginelifewithouttheircellphones.Thefactthattheyaresopopularprovesthattheyareusefulandconvenient.Mobilephonesnecessarilyalsoharbordisadvantages.,Example1,.,Asisshowninthechart,cellphonesarebecomingmoreandmorepopularwithinChina.In2000,thenumberofcellphonesinusewas85,260,000;in2001,thenumberwas180,000,000;in2002206,600,000;in2003269,000,000.In2004,thenumberis315,000,000.Fromthesestatistics,wecanseetheincreasinguseofcellphones.Whyhavecellphonesgainedsomuchdominanceinourlives?Therearemanyfactorscontributingtothisdevelopment.Firstly,Thewideuseofcellphoneshasmadethemmoreandmoreindispensableinpeoplesdailylife.Themanyfunctionsofthecellphonehavemadecertainpeoplereluctanttoseparatethemselvesfromtheircellphone.