英語十大詞類的用法和名稱速記講解

英語十大詞類的用法和名稱速記一 英語的詞類的意義： 詞類英語名稱意義例詞名詞Noun(n.)表示人或事物的名稱。 pen, boy代詞Pronoun(pron.)用來代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞。we, that, what動(dòng)詞Verb(v.)表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。walk, have, is數(shù)詞Numeral(num.)表示數(shù)量或順序。two, second形容詞Adjective(adj.)用以修飾說明名詞或代詞，表示人或事物的特征。good, red. nice副詞Adverb(adv.)用以修飾說明動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其它副詞often, very介詞Preposition(prep.)用在名詞、代詞之前，說明表示名詞、代詞和句中其它詞的關(guān)系。at, on, in, for,to, under冠詞Article(art.)用在名詞之前，幫助說明名詞所指的人或事物是泛指（類別）還是特指。a, an; the 連詞Conjunction(conj.)用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句子與句子。and, or, but, 感嘆詞Interjection(int.)表示說話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等情感。oh, hi, hello十大詞類的意義一定要理解熟記！因?yàn)榉浅７浅Ｖ匾?！二英語十大詞類名稱記憶英語十大詞類很重要，十大詞類名稱和英語名稱縮寫都是很基本的常識，也是很重要的。然而，有的同學(xué)對十大詞類名稱和英語名稱縮寫卻記憶模糊，經(jīng)常弄錯(cuò)，張冠李戴。有的同學(xué)直到初中畢業(yè)還沒記住，可悲??！我們必須熟記，不然，那就標(biāo)志著他（她）的英語水平太差了！英語十大詞類名稱和英語名稱縮寫具體如下： 名 代 動(dòng) 數(shù) 形 副 介 冠 連 感 n. pron. v. num. adj. adv. prep. art. conj. int. 一定要熟記！ 實(shí)詞 虛詞（意義完整，能獨(dú)立作句子成分的詞） （意義不完整，不能獨(dú)立作句子成分的詞） 十大詞類漢語名稱記憶歌訣： “名代動(dòng)數(shù)形副介冠連感”（背熟?。└鶕?jù)上面的記憶歌訣，我相信任何一個(gè)用心的同學(xué)，只要用一分鐘左右的時(shí)間就能背會英語十大詞類的名稱了，進(jìn)而達(dá)到熟記的效果。不信，就試試看！十大詞類英語名稱縮寫記憶點(diǎn)撥：名詞(n.)、動(dòng)詞(v.)單獨(dú)記好記；數(shù)詞(num.)縮寫相當(dāng)于number的前三個(gè)字母；形容詞(adj.)和副詞(adv.)兩個(gè)放在一起記；代詞(pron.)和介詞(prep.)兩個(gè)易混淆，可放在一起對比記；冠詞(art.)、連詞(conj.)和感嘆詞(int.)三個(gè)放在一起對比記。句子成分；簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句 一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。 （二）主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。一句話語法: 主語由名詞性的詞來充當(dāng). 例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞） We often speak English in class.（代詞） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞） The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式） （三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。一句話語法: 謂語由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng). 有很多同學(xué)在寫作的時(shí)候容易犯的錯(cuò)誤就是要么亂用be動(dòng)詞,要么句子沒有謂語動(dòng)詞. 謂語的構(gòu)成如下： 1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。注意:這里面的動(dòng)詞原形非常重要. 如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students. （四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。一句話語法: 表語使用形容詞,不用副詞! 例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞） Is it yours?（代詞） The weather has turned cold.（形容詞） The speech is exciting.（分詞） Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞） The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語） Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）注意: 副詞可以做表語的只有幾個(gè),非常簡單,考試不考,所以上面說:表語使用形容詞,不用副詞! 我們所復(fù)習(xí)的語法直接針對高考,不是搞語法研究,這點(diǎn)請大家一定要記住. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句） （五）賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。一句話語法:賓語由名詞性的詞充當(dāng),賓語分為動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語,分別構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu),這點(diǎn)非常重要,務(wù)必要牢記.例如： They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語） I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句） 賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.如果同學(xué)搞不清楚什么是雙賓語,記下下面這個(gè)句子: give me a book.一人一物做賓語就是雙賓語.說得白一點(diǎn),雙就是兩個(gè)的意思.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor. （六）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。一句話語法: 賓語補(bǔ)足語使用形容詞,不用副詞.例如： His father named him Dongming.（名詞） They painted their boat white.（形容詞） Let the fresh air in.（副詞） You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語） We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句） （七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。一句話語法:定語使用形容詞 定語可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語） （八）狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子(這個(gè)就叫狀語,一句話語法: 狀語用副詞,不用形容詞)，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語） He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語） Wait a minute.（名詞） Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句） 狀語種類如下： How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語）(表示時(shí)間就是時(shí)間狀語,那表示原因的呢? 對嘍,就是原因狀語) Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語） She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語） I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）根據(jù)語法形式，即句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，英語的句子可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。 1簡單句 句型：主語+謂語 只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而句子的各個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)都只由單詞或短語表示 They are playing baseball in the garden. 他們正在公園里打棒球。 Her brother and sister both are teachers. 她的哥哥和姐姐都是老師。 2并列句 句型：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句（常見的并列連詞有and，but，or） 并列句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連接而成。并列句中的各簡單句意義同等重要，相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連詞連結(jié)。 Her father is a doctor and her mother is a teacher. I liked the story very much but Li Ming wasnt interested in it. Hurry up，or youll be late. 3 復(fù)合句 句型：主句+連詞+從句；或連詞+從句+主句（包含一個(gè)主句、一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句，或只包含一個(gè)從句，但有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主句的句子叫復(fù)合句。） 復(fù)合句（The Complex Sentence）：句子中有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句，叫做復(fù)合句。復(fù)合句可分為： 1).定語從句（The Attributive Clause）； 2).狀語從句（The Adverbial Clause）； 3).名詞性從句（The Noun Clause）： 一、 定語從句 定語從句的定義 定語從句在句子中作定語，用來修飾一個(gè)名詞、名詞詞組或者代詞。 先行詞和引導(dǎo)詞 被修飾的名詞、名詞詞組或代詞叫做先行詞； 在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫做引導(dǎo)詞。 引導(dǎo)詞分為“關(guān)系代詞”和“關(guān)系副詞”。 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞 關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。 關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why。 注意：關(guān)系副詞里面沒有how。 如果要修飾方式，用that或in which引導(dǎo)，或者不用引導(dǎo)詞。 I dont like the way (that, in which) he eyed me. 我不喜歡他看我的那個(gè)樣子。 關(guān)系代詞：who 關(guān)系動(dòng)詞who在從句中主要作主語，在非正式語體里who還可以作從句中的賓語。 He is the man who wants to see you. He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday. 關(guān)系代詞：whom He is the man （whom） I saw in the park yesterday. （whom在從句中作賓語） 關(guān)系代詞：whose whose 用來指人或物，（只能用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）。 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. （of which the cover/the cover of which） 關(guān)系代詞：which（1） which指物，在從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)在非正式語體中可以省略。 They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice. The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing. 關(guān)系代詞：which（2） 當(dāng)在which和that面前進(jìn)行選擇的情況下，一下情況要選which： 1.在非限制性定語從句中通常用which作引導(dǎo)詞，而不能用that做非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。 2. 修飾整個(gè)主句。 I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity. 3. 修飾謂語部分。 He can swim in the river, which I cannot. 4. 介詞 + which They are all questions to which there are no answers. 關(guān)系代詞：that（1） that多用來指物，有時(shí)也可以用來指人；在從句中作主語或賓語。指物的時(shí)候多用that，也可用which。 Its a question that (which) needs careful consideration. （指物，作主語。） Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree? （指人，作主語。） The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Toms sister. （指人，作賓語，可省略。） 關(guān)系代詞：that（2） 在以下的情況中，只能用that作引導(dǎo)詞，而不能用which作引導(dǎo)詞。 1. 先行詞為all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代詞時(shí)。 All (that) she lacked was training. 2. 先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時(shí) This is the best film that I have ever seen. 3. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞和the last修飾時(shí) 4. 先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí) They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited. 5. 主句是含有who或which的特殊疑問句，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí) 二、 狀語從句 1 地點(diǎn)狀語從句 地點(diǎn)狀語從句通常由where, wherever 引導(dǎo)。 Where I live there are plenty of trees. Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 2 方式狀語從句 方式狀語從句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。 1） as, (just) asso引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文體，例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。 Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。 2） as if, as though 兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作仿佛似的，好像似的，例如： They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他們完全忽略了這些事實(shí)，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。） He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看來天氣很快就會好起來。（實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。） 說明：as if / as though也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞短語、不定式短語或無動(dòng)詞短語，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。 He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。 3 原因狀語從句 比較：because, since, as和for 1）because語勢最強(qiáng)，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2）由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 號，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. 4 目的狀語從句 表示目的狀語的從句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case等詞引導(dǎo)，例如： You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 5 結(jié)果狀語從句 結(jié)果狀語從句常由so that 或 suchthat引導(dǎo)，掌握這兩個(gè)句型，首先要了解so 和 such與其后的詞的搭配規(guī)律。 比較：so和 such 其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。 so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用，形成固定搭配。 so foolishsuch a fool so nice a flowersuch a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many peoplesuch a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當(dāng)于 many，但 a lot of 為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。） sothat與suchthat之間的轉(zhuǎn)換既為 so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school 6 條件狀語從句 連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。. if 引導(dǎo)的條件句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句兩種。非真實(shí)條件句已在虛擬語氣中闡述。 unless = if not. Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk. 7 讓步狀語從句 though, although 注意： 當(dāng)有though, although時(shí)，后面的從句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用 Although its raining, they are still working in the field. 3)ever if, even though.即使 Well make a trip even though the weather is bad. 4) whetheror- 不管都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 5)no matter +疑問詞 或疑問詞+后綴ever No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替換：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意：no matter 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句。 （錯(cuò)）No matter what you say is of no use now. （對）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。(Whatever you say是主語從句) （錯(cuò)）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （對）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯們只能給什么吃什么。 8 比較while, when, as 1）as, when 引導(dǎo)短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。 Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 2）當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于主句動(dòng)作之前，只能用when 引導(dǎo)這個(gè)從句，不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3）從句表示隨時(shí)間推移連詞能用as，不用when 或while。 As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天過去，天氣越變越壞。 9 比較until和till 此兩個(gè)連詞意義相同?？隙ㄐ问奖硎镜囊馑际亲瞿呈轮敝聊硶r(shí)，動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的。否定形式表達(dá)的意思是直至某時(shí)才做某事。動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以。 正確使用這兩個(gè)連詞的關(guān)鍵之一就在于判斷句中的動(dòng)詞該用肯定式還是否定式。 肯定句： I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜時(shí)醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等著我叫你。 （在肯定句中可用before代替 Lets get in the wheat before the sun sets.） 否定句： She didnt arrive until 6 oclock. Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。 Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告訴我以前，出了什么事我一點(diǎn)也不知道。 2)Until when 疑問句中，until要放在句首。 -Until when are you staying?你呆到什么時(shí)候？ - Until next Monday.呆到下周一。 注意：否定句可用另外兩種句式表示。 (1)Not until 在句首，主句用倒裝。 Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世紀(jì)初，人類才知道熱能是什么。 Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我開始工作，我才認(rèn)識到了我已蹉跎了幾多歲月。 (2)It is not until that 10 表示一就的結(jié)構(gòu) hardly/scarcelywhen/before, no soonerthan和as soon as都可以表示一就的意思，例： I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. As soon as I got home, it began to rain. 注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)： Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 三、 名詞性從句 1）.賓語從句（The Object Clause）； 賓語從句 在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞和主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞相同。賓語從句可以作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語，作短語動(dòng)詞的賓語，介詞的賓語。 賓語從句：及物動(dòng)詞 Everybody knows that money doesnt grow on trees. 賓語從句：短語動(dòng)詞 Please go and find out when the train will arrive. 賓語從句：介詞的賓語 I am interested in what she is doing. 賓語從句：否定的轉(zhuǎn)移 I dont suppose youre used to this diet. 我想你不習(xí)慣這種飲食。 I dont believe shell arrive before 8. 我相信她8點(diǎn)之前不會到。 2）.表語從句（The Predicative Clause）； 表語從句 在句子中起表語作用