考研英語(yǔ)閱讀及翻譯(精品)

1、.考研英語(yǔ)閱讀（1） To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing. One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need t

2、o respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of hea

3、lth care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to us

4、e anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, Then I would have to say yes. Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said

5、, Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers. Such well-meaning people just dont understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection

6、between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation a babys vaccinations, and even a pets shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and

7、 cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could adopt middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opene

8、d to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of

9、 animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 18世紀(jì)政治家埃德蒙柏克曾說(shuō)過(guò)類似這樣的話，“被誤導(dǎo)的運(yùn)動(dòng)要想成功，所需的只是好人不作為?！爆F(xiàn)在，就有這樣一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)正在尋求終止生物醫(yī)學(xué)的研究，因?yàn)橛羞@樣一種理論說(shuō)，動(dòng)物享有權(quán)利禁止它們被用于實(shí)驗(yàn)?？茖W(xué)家應(yīng)該

10、對(duì)動(dòng)物權(quán)利鼓吹者做出強(qiáng)有力的回應(yīng)，因?yàn)樗麄兊难哉摶煜斯姷囊暵?，從而威脅到衛(wèi)生知識(shí)和衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的進(jìn)步。動(dòng)物權(quán)利運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者將矛頭指向生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究，原因在于它依賴公共資金的資助，并且很少有人懂得醫(yī)學(xué)研究的過(guò)程。當(dāng)人們聽到醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)虐待動(dòng)物的指控時(shí)，許多人都不明白為什么有人會(huì)故意傷害動(dòng)物。例如，在最近一次街頭集市上，一位老奶奶站在動(dòng)物權(quán)利宣傳點(diǎn)前散發(fā)小冊(cè)子，規(guī)勸人們不要使用動(dòng)物制品和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)制品肉類，毛皮，藥物。當(dāng)被問(wèn)到她是否反對(duì)免疫接種時(shí)，她問(wèn)疫苗是否來(lái)自動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。當(dāng)被告知的確如此，她回答道，“那么我不得不說(shuō)，是的，我反對(duì)接種”。當(dāng)被問(wèn)到瘟疫爆發(fā)怎么辦時(shí)，她說(shuō)，“不用擔(dān)心，科學(xué)家會(huì)找到一種方法，用

11、計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)解決問(wèn)題”?？?，這樣好心的人們就是不明白?？茖W(xué)家必須把他們的意思傳達(dá)給公眾，并且要使用有同情心和通俗易懂的語(yǔ)言，一般人能夠明白的語(yǔ)言，而不要使用分子生物學(xué)的語(yǔ)言。我們需要說(shuō)明動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)與祖母的髖骨更換、父親的心臟搭橋、嬰兒的免疫接種、甚至寵物的注射針劑都密切相關(guān)。許多人不明白獲得這些新的治療方法和疫苗都必須進(jìn)行動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。對(duì)于他們來(lái)說(shuō)，動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)說(shuō)得好是浪費(fèi)，說(shuō)得不好是殘忍。有很多事情可以做?？茖W(xué)家可以進(jìn)入中學(xué)課堂，展示他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。他們應(yīng)該對(duì)報(bào)刊的讀者來(lái)信及時(shí)做出反應(yīng)，以防止動(dòng)物權(quán)利的誤導(dǎo)言論在毫無(wú)質(zhì)疑的情況下橫行，從而獲得一副真理的面容?？蒲袡C(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該對(duì)外開放，讓人參觀，向人們展示實(shí)驗(yàn)室

12、里的動(dòng)物獲得了人道的對(duì)待。最后，因?yàn)樽罱K決定因素是病人，醫(yī)療研究機(jī)構(gòu)不僅應(yīng)該積極爭(zhēng)取斯蒂芬?庫(kù)柏這樣的名人的支持他對(duì)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)的價(jià)值勇敢地進(jìn)行了肯定而且應(yīng)該爭(zhēng)取所有接受治療的病人的支持。如果好人無(wú)所作為，一群不明真相的公眾真的有可能撲滅醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步的寶貴火種。（2） Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton suppos

13、edly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didnt they fall out

14、 of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newto

15、n did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you dont have unpredictable things, you dont have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and

16、 dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the scientific method a substitute for imaginative thought. Ive attended research conferences where a scienti

17、st has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said the data are still inconclusive. We know that, the men from the budget office have said, but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you

18、 think we might expect? The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convi

19、nced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. I

20、t is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standa

21、rd pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional tinkers who work well with the team. 在實(shí)踐中，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步依賴于做實(shí)驗(yàn)，但更依賴于實(shí)驗(yàn)的觀察者（即做實(shí)驗(yàn)的人）的心理是否有足夠的準(zhǔn)備。

22、艾薩克牛頓爵士通過(guò)蘋果落地發(fā)現(xiàn)了萬(wàn)有引力。多少個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，蘋果一直在許多地方落到地面，也有成千上萬(wàn)的人看到過(guò)蘋果落地。多年來(lái)牛頓一直對(duì)月球和行星繞軌道運(yùn)行的起因好奇不已。是什么使它們處于現(xiàn)在的位置呢？它們?yōu)槭裁床宦涞教炜罩饽兀刻O果向下落到地面不是向上飛到樹上，這一事實(shí)回答了他長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直對(duì)天空中更大果實(shí)月球和行星所存有的疑問(wèn)。多少人會(huì)考慮過(guò)蘋果向上飛到樹上的可能性呢？牛頓考慮過(guò)，因?yàn)樗幌雽?duì)任何事情進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。他只是懷有好奇心。他的思想在準(zhǔn)備思考不可預(yù)測(cè)的事。不可預(yù)測(cè)性是科學(xué)研究不可或缺的一個(gè)重要特征。如果沒(méi)有不可預(yù)測(cè)現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生就無(wú)所謂科學(xué)研究了?？茖W(xué)家們?cè)跒榭茖W(xué)雜志撰寫千篇一律的報(bào)告時(shí)常常忘

23、記這一點(diǎn)，而歷史上這樣的例子卻比比皆是。在和一些科學(xué)家，特別是年輕科學(xué)家交談時(shí)，你可能會(huì)有這樣一種印象：他們認(rèn)為“科學(xué)方法”可以代替創(chuàng)造性思維。我出席過(guò)一些科研會(huì)議，會(huì)上有人問(wèn)一位科學(xué)家繼續(xù)某項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)是否是明智之舉。那位科學(xué)家皺了皺眉，又看了看圖表，然后說(shuō)：“數(shù)據(jù)還是不夠充分?！鳖A(yù)算部門的人說(shuō)：“這點(diǎn)我們知道，但你的意見(jiàn)如何？你覺(jué)得值得做下去嗎？你覺(jué)得我們可以期待什么呢？”這位科學(xué)家感到很震驚，他沒(méi)有料到人們會(huì)讓他做出臆測(cè)。當(dāng)然，這幾乎等于說(shuō)：那位科學(xué)家成了他自己論文的受害者。他所提出的種種論斷是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不僅他自己相信了，而且也說(shuō)服了工商界的管理者相信其正確性。假如科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)

24、像科學(xué)雜志登載的科學(xué)報(bào)告顯示的那樣完全按事先的計(jì)劃去規(guī)劃和實(shí)施，那么，對(duì)管理層來(lái)說(shuō)，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。審計(jì)人員也完全有理由相信，確切知道自己的目標(biāo)并知道如何實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的科學(xué)家們根本沒(méi)必要用一只眼盯著現(xiàn)金計(jì)數(shù)器的同時(shí)，還要用另一只眼睛盯著顯微鏡。如果像他們的論文所反映的那樣，科學(xué)家也想看到規(guī)律性和與某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式的一致性，那么如果管理人員歧視研究人員中的“標(biāo)新立異者”，而贊賞“善于合作”的具有傳統(tǒng)思維模式的人，那也是無(wú)可指摘的。（3） A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how f

25、riendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are of course, exceptions. Small minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unk

26、nown in the US Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant fro

27、m one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin o

28、r settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didnt take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same

29、situation. Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got

30、 talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, bu

31、t as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily meant that someone underst

32、ands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitors language and culture. It t

33、akes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many American value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers. 去美國(guó)訪問(wèn)的人經(jīng)常帶回報(bào)告說(shuō)，大多數(shù)美國(guó)人對(duì)他們友善、好客、樂(lè)于助人。公正的說(shuō)，人們對(duì)加拿大人也有這樣的評(píng)論，因而，應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)為這是北美普遍的現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)然也有例外。

34、在美國(guó)，心胸狹隘的官員，舉止粗魯?shù)恼写秃翢o(wú)禮貌的出租車司機(jī)也并非罕見(jiàn)。盡管有不如意的地方，但因?yàn)槿藗兂３５贸雒绹?guó)人好客的觀察意見(jiàn)，因而也就值得議論一番了。 過(guò)去很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，在美國(guó)很多地方，旅行者的到來(lái)因暫時(shí)打破原本的單調(diào)生活而受人歡迎。無(wú)聊、孤獨(dú)是居住相對(duì)遙遠(yuǎn)的家庭的普遍問(wèn)題。陌生人和旅行者很受歡迎，他們帶來(lái)了娛樂(lè)消遣，還帶來(lái)了外面世界的消息。 開拓者的嚴(yán)酷生活現(xiàn)實(shí)也促成了這一好客的傳統(tǒng)。單獨(dú)旅行時(shí)，如果挨餓、受傷或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。對(duì)旅行者來(lái)說(shuō)，這不是一個(gè)選擇的問(wèn)題；而對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駚?lái)說(shuō)，這也并非是行善的一時(shí)沖動(dòng)。它反映了日常生活的嚴(yán)酷：如果你不收留他，那他便無(wú)處求助了。

35、請(qǐng)記住，有一天你也可能處于相同的境遇。 如今，有了很多的慈善組織專門幫助疲憊的旅行者。不過(guò)，熱情接待陌生人的傳統(tǒng)在美國(guó)仍然很盛行，尤其是在遠(yuǎn)離旅游熱線的小城鎮(zhèn)。“我只是路過(guò)，和這個(gè)美國(guó)人聊了聊。很快，他就請(qǐng)我到他家吃飯這真令人驚奇?！眮?lái)美國(guó)的旅客談?wù)摯祟愂录芷毡椋⒎强偰艿玫秸_理解。很多美國(guó)人不經(jīng)意表現(xiàn)的友好不應(yīng)被看做是表面或虛假的應(yīng)酬，而應(yīng)該看成是文化傳統(tǒng)的歷史發(fā)展結(jié)果。 同任何發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家一樣，一系列復(fù)雜的文化特征，信念和習(xí)俗構(gòu)成了美國(guó)所有社會(huì)交往的基礎(chǔ)。當(dāng)然，會(huì)講一種語(yǔ)言并不意味著就理解該語(yǔ)言的社會(huì)和文化模式。不能正確“詮釋”文化含義的旅行者往往得出錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)論。例如，美國(guó)人所說(shuō)的“朋友

36、”一詞，其文化含義可能與旅行者語(yǔ)言和文化中的“朋友”大相徑庭。要想正確區(qū)分禮貌是出于文化習(xí)俗還是個(gè)人興趣，單憑一次公共汽車上的偶遇是不夠的。不過(guò)，友好是很多美國(guó)人推崇的美德，同時(shí)希望鄰居和陌生人也能如此。（4） That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named m

37、emory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solv

38、e any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has

39、 been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when o

40、nes memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memo

41、ry together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would

42、suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the s

43、pecies. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the

44、rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷會(huì)影響日后的行為，這就表明存在著一種明顯但卻非凡的腦力活動(dòng)記憶。如果沒(méi)有大家稱之為記憶的功能，學(xué)習(xí)便不能發(fā)生。反復(fù)練習(xí)對(duì)記憶有很大影響，可以使人們熟練地演奏鋼琴、背誦詩(shī)歌、乃至總結(jié)和理解這些詞句。用于解決問(wèn)題或是辨別出有問(wèn)

45、題存在的所謂的智力行為需要記憶，記憶能力是推理的一個(gè)基本需求。解決任何問(wèn)題，甚至是識(shí)別問(wèn)題存在的能力都取決于記憶。最典型的是，決定過(guò)街也要憑借許多對(duì)以前經(jīng)歷的記憶。 實(shí)踐（或稱復(fù)習(xí)）就是建立并保持對(duì)某一任務(wù)或所學(xué)材料的記憶。有一段時(shí)間不實(shí)踐，學(xué)到的東西往往就會(huì)忘記（漸進(jìn)性地遺忘）；其適應(yīng)性結(jié)果也就顯得不太明顯。然而戲劇性地突然遺忘的例子也可被看做具有適應(yīng)性。從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō)，遺忘能力可解釋為動(dòng)物在自然選擇的過(guò)程中幸存下來(lái)的能力。的確，如果記住一段痛苦的情感經(jīng)歷會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的焦慮，那么遺忘倒可以使人得到解脫。然而，進(jìn)化論的解釋可能會(huì)使人難以理解普遍的漸進(jìn)遺忘過(guò)程是如何在自然選擇中幸存下來(lái)的。 在考慮

46、記憶的進(jìn)化及其所有可能的方面時(shí)，思考一下如果記憶不會(huì)消失會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么結(jié)果是很有用處的。顯然，遺忘有助于時(shí)間的定位，因?yàn)榕f的記憶淡忘，新的記憶往往就突出，從而為推算持續(xù)的時(shí)間提供線索。沒(méi)有遺忘，適應(yīng)會(huì)受影響，例如，已學(xué)會(huì)的行為十年前可能是正確的，現(xiàn)在則不然了。有記錄表明，有些人（按一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）忘的太少，以致日常生活常混亂不堪。因此遺忘似乎有助于個(gè)體及物種的存活。 另一種思路則假定人的記憶存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)儲(chǔ)量有限，這個(gè)系統(tǒng)專門通過(guò)遺忘提供適應(yīng)的靈活性。根據(jù)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，在學(xué)習(xí)或記憶儲(chǔ)存（輸入）和遺忘（輸出）之間要不斷進(jìn)行調(diào)整。的確，表明個(gè)人的遺忘速度與學(xué)習(xí)東西的多少有直接的關(guān)系。這些數(shù)據(jù)為假定輸入輸出持衡的當(dāng)代記

47、憶模式提供了明確的證據(jù)。（5） Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He e

48、xperimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goaland so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on thei