Chap_09應(yīng)用：國(guó)際貿(mào)易(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語).ppt

1、,Application:International Trade應(yīng)用：國(guó)際貿(mào)易,Chapter 9,International Trade 國(guó)際貿(mào)易,What determines whether a country imports or exports a good? 什么決定一個(gè)國(guó)家是否進(jìn)口或出口一種物品?,International Trade 國(guó)際貿(mào)易,Who gains and who loses from free trade among countries? 在國(guó)際自由貿(mào)易中誰獲利誰虧損？,International Trade 國(guó)際貿(mào)易,What are the argumen

2、ts that people use to advocate trade restrictions? 人們用來支持貿(mào)易限制的各種觀點(diǎn)是什么？,Equilibrium Without Trade,Assume: A country is isolated from rest of the world and produces steel. The market for steel consists of the buyers and sellers in the country. No one in the country is allowed to import or export steel

3、.,沒有貿(mào)易時(shí)的均衡,假設(shè): 一個(gè)生產(chǎn)鋼鐵的國(guó)家孤立于其他國(guó)家 鋼鐵市場(chǎng)由這個(gè)國(guó)家的買者和賣者組成 這個(gè)國(guó)家的如何人都不允許進(jìn)口或出口鋼鐵,Equilibrium Without International Trade,0,Quantity,of Steel,Equilibrium,quantity,Domestic,supply,Domestic,demand,Producer,surplus,Consumer,surplus,沒有國(guó)際貿(mào)易時(shí)的均衡,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,均衡數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,生產(chǎn)者剩余,消費(fèi)者剩余,Equilibrium Without Trade,Results: Dom

4、estic price adjusts to balance demand and supply. The sum of consumer and producer surplus measures the total benefits that buyers and sellers receive.,沒有貿(mào)易時(shí)的均衡,結(jié)果: 國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格調(diào)整使國(guó)內(nèi)賣者的供給量與國(guó)內(nèi)買者的需求量平衡。 消費(fèi)者剩余和生產(chǎn)者剩余的總和來衡量買者和賣者從鋼鐵市場(chǎng)上得到的總利益。,World Price and Comparative Advantage世界價(jià)格與比較優(yōu)勢(shì),If the country decides t

5、o engage in international trade, will it be an importer or exporter of steel? 如果這個(gè)國(guó)家決定參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易，它將是鋼鐵進(jìn)口國(guó)還是出口國(guó)？,World Price and Comparative Advantage,The effects of free trade can be shown by comparing the domestic price of a good without trade and the world price of the good. The world price refers to

6、the prevailing price in the world markets. A country will either be an exporter or an importer of the good.,世界價(jià)格與比較優(yōu)勢(shì),自由貿(mào)易的效果可以從沒有貿(mào)易時(shí)國(guó)內(nèi)物品價(jià)格與世界市場(chǎng)價(jià)格相比較中得到說明。 世界價(jià)格一種物品在世界市場(chǎng)上所流行的價(jià)格。 一個(gè)國(guó)家既可能是某種物品的出口國(guó)，也有可能是進(jìn)口國(guó)。,World Price and Comparative Advantage世界價(jià)格與比較優(yōu)勢(shì),If a country has a comparative advantage, then t

7、he domestic price will be below the world price, and the country will be an exporter of the good. 如果一個(gè)國(guó)家在某種物品生產(chǎn)方面有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，那么國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格將比世界價(jià)格低，這個(gè)國(guó)家就會(huì)是該物品的出口國(guó)。,World Price and Comparative Advantage世界價(jià)格與比較優(yōu)勢(shì),If the country does not have a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be higher than the wo

8、rld price, and the country will be an importer of the good. 如果一個(gè)國(guó)家在某種物品生產(chǎn)方面沒有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，那么國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格將比世界價(jià)格高，這個(gè)國(guó)家就會(huì)是該物品的進(jìn)口國(guó)。,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic demand,International Trade in an Exporting Country,Domestic supply,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,出口國(guó)的國(guó)際貿(mào)易,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,0,Quantity,of Steel,World price,Domestic demand,How Free Trade Aff

9、ects Welfare in an Exporting Country,Domestic supply,Price after trade,Price before trade,A,B,C,D,Exports,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,世界價(jià)格,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,自由貿(mào)易如何影響出口國(guó)的福利,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,貿(mào)易后的價(jià)格,貿(mào)易前的價(jià)格,A,B,C,D,出口,0,Quantity,of Steel,World price,Domestic demand,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting Country,Domestic supply,Price after t

10、rade,Price before trade,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,世界價(jià)格,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,自由貿(mào)易如何影響出口國(guó)的福利,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,貿(mào)易后的價(jià)格,貿(mào)易前的價(jià)格,0,Quantity,of Steel,World price,Domestic demand,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting Country,Domestic supply,Price after trade,Price before trade,0,數(shù)量鋼鐵,世界價(jià)格,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,自由貿(mào)易如何影響出口國(guó)的福利,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,貿(mào)易后的價(jià)格,貿(mào)易前的價(jià)格,How Free Trade Aff

11、ects Welfare in an Exporting Country,The area D shows the increase in total surplus and represents the gains from trade.,Before Trade,After Trade,Change,Consumer Surplus,A + B,A,- B,Producer Surplus,C,B + C + D,+ (B + D),Total Surplus,A + B + C,A + B + C + D,+ D,自由貿(mào)易如何影響出口國(guó)的福利,面積 D 表示總剩余增加，并代表貿(mào)易的利益,

12、貿(mào)易前,貿(mào)易后,變化,消費(fèi)者剩余,A + B,A,- B,生產(chǎn)者剩余,C,B + C + D,+ (B + D),總剩余,A + B + C,A + B + C + D,+ D,THE WINNERS AND LOSERS FROM TRADE,The analysis of an exporting country yields two conclusions: Domestic producers of the good are better off, and domestic consumers of the good are worse off. Trade raises the ec

13、onomic well-being of the nation as a whole.,自由貿(mào)易贏家和輸家,對(duì)出口國(guó)的分析得出了兩個(gè)結(jié)論： 當(dāng)一國(guó)允許貿(mào)易并成為一種物品的出口國(guó)時(shí)，該物品的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者狀況變好，而該物品的國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)者狀況變壞。 貿(mào)易增加了一國(guó)的整體經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。,The Gains and Losses of an Importing Country,International Trade in an Importing Country If the world price of steel is lower than the domestic price, the country w

14、ill be an importer of steel when trade is permitted. Domestic consumers will want to buy steel at the lower world price. Domestic producers of steel will have to lower their output because the domestic price moves to the world price.,進(jìn)口國(guó)的得失,國(guó)際貿(mào)易與進(jìn)口國(guó) 如果世界價(jià)格低于國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格，一旦允許自由貿(mào)易，該國(guó)家將是鋼鐵進(jìn)口國(guó)。 國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)者就想以比國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格更低的

15、世界價(jià)格購(gòu)買鋼鐵。 因?yàn)閲?guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格移向世界價(jià)格，所以國(guó)內(nèi)鋼鐵生產(chǎn)者不得不降低產(chǎn)量。,Figure 4 International Trade in the Importing Country,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic demand,圖4. 進(jìn)口國(guó)的國(guó)際貿(mào)易,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,Figure 5 How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,World Price,Domestic de

16、mand,Price after trade,Price before trade,A,B,C,D,Imports,圖5. 自由貿(mào)易如何影響進(jìn)口國(guó)的福利,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,世界價(jià)格,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,貿(mào)易后的價(jià)格,貿(mào)易前的價(jià)格,A,B,C,D,進(jìn)口,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,World Price,Domestic demand,Price after trade,Price before trade,自由貿(mào)易如何影響進(jìn)口國(guó)的福利,0,鋼鐵數(shù)

17、量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,世界價(jià)格,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,貿(mào)易后的價(jià)格,貿(mào)易前的價(jià)格,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,World Price,Domestic demand,Price after trade,Price before trade,自由貿(mào)易如何影響進(jìn)口國(guó)的福利,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,世界價(jià)格,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,貿(mào)易后的價(jià)格,貿(mào)易前的價(jià)格,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country,The are

18、a D shows the increase in total surplus and represents the gains from trade.,Before Trade,After Trade,Change,Consumer Surplus,A,A + B + D,+ (B + D),Producer Surplus,B + C,C,- B,Total Surplus,A + B + C,A + B + C + D,+ D,自由貿(mào)易如何影響進(jìn)口國(guó)的福利,面積 D 表示總剩余的增加量，并代表貿(mào)易的收益,貿(mào)易前,貿(mào)易后,變化,消費(fèi)者剩余,A,A + B + D,+ (B + D),生產(chǎn)者

19、剩余,B + C,C,- B,總剩余,A + B + C,A + B + C + D,+ D,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country,The analysis of an importing country yields two conclusions: Domestic producers of the good are worse off, and domestic consumers of the good are better off. Trade raises the economic well-being of

20、the nation as a whole because the gains of consumers exceed the losses of producers.,自由貿(mào)易如何影響進(jìn)口國(guó)的福利,對(duì)進(jìn)口國(guó)的分析得出了兩個(gè)結(jié)論: 當(dāng)一國(guó)允許自由貿(mào)易并成為一種物品的進(jìn)口國(guó)時(shí)，該物品的國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)者狀況變好，而該物品的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者狀況變壞。 貿(mào)易增加了一國(guó)的整體經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。,The Gains and Losses from Free International Trade,The gains of the winners exceed the losses of the losers. The net

21、 change in total surplus is positive.,國(guó)際自由貿(mào)易的得與失,贏家的好處大于輸家的損失。 總剩余的凈變動(dòng)是正的。,The Effects of a Tariffs 關(guān)稅的影響,Tariffs are taxes on imported goods. 關(guān)稅對(duì)進(jìn)口物品征收的稅。 Tariffs raise the price of imported goods above the world price by the amount of the tariff. 關(guān)稅使進(jìn)口物品的價(jià)格提高到世界價(jià)格之上，其增加量等于關(guān)稅。,The Effects of a Tari

22、ff.,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic demand,關(guān)稅的影響,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,The Effects of a Tariff.,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic demand,World price,Q1S,Q1D,Price without tariff,Imports without tariff,關(guān)稅的影響,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,世界價(jià)格,Q1S,Q1D,沒有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格,沒有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量,The Effects of a Tariff.,

23、0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic demand,Tariff,World price,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,Price without tariff,Price with tariff,Imports without tariff,Imports with tariff,關(guān)稅的影響,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,關(guān)稅f,世界價(jià)格,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,關(guān)稅前的價(jià)格,關(guān)稅后的價(jià)格,沒有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量,有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量,The Effects of a Tariff.,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domes

24、tic supply,Domestic demand,Tariff,World price,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,Imports without tariff,Imports with tariff,Price with tariff,Price without tariff,關(guān)稅的影響,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,關(guān)稅,世界價(jià)格,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,沒有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量,有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量,有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格,沒有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格,The Effects of a Tariff.,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic dem

25、and,Tariff,World price,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,Imports without tariff,Imports with tariff,Price with tariff,Price without tariff,關(guān)稅的影響,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,關(guān)稅,世界價(jià)格,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,沒有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量,有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量,有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格,沒有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格,The Effects of a Tariff.,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic demand,Tariff,World price,

26、Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,Price without tariff,Price with tariff,Imports without tariff,Imports with tariff,A,B,C,E,G,關(guān)稅的影響,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,關(guān)稅,世界價(jià)格,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,沒有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格,有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格,沒有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量,有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量,A,B,C,E,G,Changes in Welfare from a Tariff,The area D+F shows the fall in total surplus and represents the de

27、adweight loss of the tariff.,關(guān)稅帶來的福利變化,面積（ D+F） 表示總剩余減少，并代表關(guān)稅的無謂損失,The Effects of a Tariff,A tariff reduces the quantity of imports and moves the domestic market closer to its equilibrium without trade. With a tariff, total surplus in the market decreases by an amount referred to as a deadweight los

28、s.,關(guān)稅的影響,關(guān)稅減少了進(jìn)口量，并使國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)更接近于沒有貿(mào)易時(shí)的均衡。 有關(guān)稅時(shí)，市場(chǎng)總剩余減少，這種減少被稱為關(guān)稅的無謂損失。,The Effects of an Import Quota進(jìn)口限額的影響,An import quota is a limit on the quantity of imports. 進(jìn)口限額對(duì)進(jìn)口物品的 數(shù)量限制。,The Effects of an Import Quota .,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic demand,Equilibrium without trade,進(jìn)口限額的影響,0,鋼鐵

29、數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,沒有貿(mào)易時(shí) 的均衡,The Effects of an Import Quota,Because the quota raises the domestic price above the world price, domestic buyers of the good are worse off, and domestic sellers of the good are better off. License holders are better off because they make a profit from buying at the world pric

30、e and selling at the higher domestic price.,進(jìn)口限額的影響,因?yàn)檫M(jìn)口限額使物品的國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格上升到世界價(jià)格之上，所以國(guó)內(nèi)買者的狀況變壞了，國(guó)內(nèi)賣者的狀況變好了。 許可證持有者的狀況變好了，因?yàn)樗麄兡軓陌词澜鐑r(jià)格購(gòu)買并按較高的國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格出售中得到利潤(rùn)。,The Effects of an Import Quota .,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic demand,World price,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,Price without quota,Price with quota,Impor

31、ts without quota,Imports with quota,Domestic supply + Import Supply,Quota,A,B,C,E,E,F,G,D,進(jìn)口限額的影響,0,鋼鐵數(shù)量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給,國(guó)內(nèi)需求,世界價(jià)格,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,沒有限額時(shí)的價(jià)格,有限額時(shí)的價(jià)格,無限額時(shí)的進(jìn)口量,有限額時(shí)的進(jìn)口量,國(guó)內(nèi)供給 + 進(jìn)口供給,限額,A,B,C,E,E,F,G,D,Changes in Welfare from an Import Quota,A+B+C+D+E+E”+F+G,A+B+C+E+E”+G,The area D+F shows the fall

32、in total surplus and represents the deadweight loss of the quota.,Before Quota,After Tariff,Change,Consumer Surplus,Producer Surplus,Government,Revenue,Total Surplus,A+B+C+D+E+E”+F,A+B,-(C+D+E+E”+F),G,C+G,+C,None,E+E”,+(E+E”),- (D+F),進(jìn)口限額引起的福利變化,A+B+C+D+E+E”+F+G,A+B+C+E+E”+G,面積（ D+F ）表示總剩余的減少，并代表 進(jìn)口

33、限額的無謂損失。,限額以前,限額以后,變化,消費(fèi)者剩余,生產(chǎn)者剩余,許可證持有者收入,總剩余,A+B+C+D+E+E”+F,A+B,-(C+D+E+E”+F),G,C+G,+C,None,E+E”,+(E+E”),- (D+F),The Effects of an Import Quota,With a quota, total surplus in the market decreases by an amount referred to as a deadweight loss. The quota can potentially cause an even larger deadweig

34、ht loss, if a mechanism such as lobbying is employed to allocate the import licenses.,進(jìn)口限額的影響,有進(jìn)口限額時(shí)，市場(chǎng)總剩余減少，這種減少被稱為進(jìn)口限額的無謂損失。 如果采用游說議員這一機(jī)制來分配進(jìn)口許可證，進(jìn)口限額有可能引起更大的無謂損失。,The Effects of Tariffs and Quotas關(guān)稅和進(jìn)口限額的影響,If government sells import licenses for full value, revenue equals that of equivalent tari

35、ff and the results of tariffs and quotas are identical. 如果政府按其全部?jī)r(jià)值出售進(jìn)口許可證，政府收入就等于等量關(guān)稅時(shí)的收入，進(jìn)口許可證和關(guān)稅的效果一樣。,Both tariffs and import quotas . . .關(guān)稅和進(jìn)口限額都,raise domestic prices. 提高了國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格。 reduce the welfare of domestic consumers. 減少了國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)者的福利。 increase the welfare of domestic producers. 增加了國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者的福利。 cause

36、deadweight losses. 引起了無謂損失。,Other Benefits of International Trade國(guó)際貿(mào)易的其它利益,Increased variety of goods 增加了物品的多樣性 Lower costs through economies of scale 通過規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)降低了成本 Increased competition 增加了競(jìng)爭(zhēng) Enhanced flow of ideas 加強(qiáng)了思想交流,The Arguments for Restricting Trade各種限制貿(mào)易的觀點(diǎn),Jobs 工作崗位論 National Security 國(guó)家安全

37、論 Infant Industry 幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)論 Unfair Competition 不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)論 Protection as a Bargaining Chip 作為討價(jià)還價(jià)籌碼的保護(hù)論,Trade Agreements 貿(mào)易協(xié)定,Unilateral: when a country removes its trade restrictions on its own. 單邊的方法：一個(gè)國(guó)家取消自己的貿(mào)易限制。 Multilateral: a country reduces its trade restrictions while other countries do the same. 多邊

38、的方法：一個(gè)國(guó)家與其它國(guó)家一起減少貿(mào)易限制。,NAFTA 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定,The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an example of a multilateral trade agreement. 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定是一個(gè)多邊貿(mào)易協(xié)議的例子 In 1993, NAFTA lowered the trade barriers among the U.S., Mexico, and Canada. 1993年，這個(gè)協(xié)定降低了美國(guó)、加拿大和墨西哥之間的貿(mào)易壁壘。,GATT,The General Agreement on Tari

39、ffs and Trade (GATT) refers to a continuing series of negotiations among many of the worlds countries with a goal of promoting free trade. GATT has successfully reduced the average tariff among member countries from about 40% after WWII to about 5% today.,關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定,關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定 (GATT) 是世界上許多國(guó)家為了促進(jìn)自由貿(mào)易的一系列連續(xù)的談判。 關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定成功地把成員國(guó)之間的平均關(guān)稅從第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后的40左右降低到現(xiàn)在的5左右。,Summary,The effects of free trade can be determined by comparing the domestic price without trade to the world price. A low domestic price indicates that the country has a comparative advantage in producing