高考英語閱讀理解科普文(難度較高)

1、.2014年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解 拉分題（較難題目）特訓(xùn)：節(jié)能環(huán)保類1The Goldman Environmental Foundation recently recognized a group of individuals (個(gè)體) for their efforts to protect the environment. Each year, the American-based group honors environmental activists from six different areas. The first three winners of the 2012 Gol

2、dman Prize are from Kenya, the Philippines and China. The Goldman Environmental Foundation says Ikal Angelei is a hero to those who live around Lake Turkana. The Kenyan woman received the award because of her efforts to stop a dam project on a river in Ethiopia. Critics say the dam will harm the lak

3、e and restrict (限制) the flow of water for people who live nearby. The Philippine island of Mindoro is home to those who depend on the areas natural resources for food and jobs. Edwin Gariguez became concerned when a European company announced plans to mine for nickel (鎳) on the island. The Roman Cat

4、holic minister said waste materials from the mining project would pollute the water and destroy the forests. So he started a campaign to stop the project. In China, Ma June is working with businesses to clean up their pollution. He formed a group that collects information about pollution, and publis

5、hes it on the Internet. The Goldman Prize was also awarded to activists from Argentina, Russia and the United States. Sofia Gatica of Argentina is from a town where farmers commonly use pesticide (殺蟲劑) products to protect soybean crops from insects. The town also has a high rate of cancer. Sofia Gat

6、ica believed that pesticide use was responsible for the death of her baby. She worked with other mothers to get government officials to ban the use of chemicals near populated areas. Evgenia Chirikova objects to the plans to build a road through a protected forest just outside Moscow. She has demand

7、ed that Russian officials redirect the road away from the forest. She and her followers have been arrested for their activities. However, their campaign has gained widespread public support. The sixth winner is American Caroline Cannona community leader in Point Hope, Alaska. Miz Cannon is fighting

8、to keep Arctic waters safe from oil and gas exploration. 60. We can know from the passage that _. A. the dam project has been preventedB. the first three activists are all from Asia C. a European company is going to dig for nickelD. Ma June is trying to stop oil and gas exploration61. From the 7th p

9、aragraph, we can know that _. A. pesticide use accounts for a high-rate of cancerB. Sofia managed to ban the use of chemicalsC. the farmers mainly live on unpolluted products D. the death of the baby was due to delayed treatment62. What do we know about Evgenia Chirikova？A. She plans to build a road

10、 to protect the forest. B. She is in charge of a project far away from the road. C. She persuaded the government to set her followers free. D. Her environmental action has been widely acknowledged. 63. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Six Advanced Individuals for Hard WorkB. Efforts

11、to Create a Clean and Beautiful WorldC. Six Environmental Activists Win Goldman PrizeD. The Goldman Environmental Foundation Prize2SCS Global Services （SCS） has evaluated a new methodology for measuring the carbon sequestration（封存） ability of soil under the Verified（驗(yàn)證） Carbon Standard （VCS）, a lead

12、ing greenhouse gas （GHG） accounting system. The methodology, developed by The Earth Partners, will allow land managers who sequester GHGs in grasslands and farmlands to produce carbon credits for sale in the voluntary market.Managers of grasslands and farmlands can increase carbon sequestration in s

13、oil by practices such as changing grazing（放牧） practices and operating treatments designed to improve the variety and productivity of plant groups. The Earth Partners is presently piloting this methodology with farmers across seven million acres of the Palouse River and Columbia Plateau regions in th

14、e Pacific Northwest.“The VCS program has achieved an important milestone in now combining grassland and rangeland carbon offset（抵消，補(bǔ)償） projects, said Dr. Robert J. Hrubes, Executive Vice President of SCS.SCS looks forward to approving and verifying agricultural carbon offset projects that use this v

15、ery powerful new methodology.The VM0021 Soil Carbon Quantification Methodology is based on decades of soil carbon research and testing conducted by top soil scientists. The methodology was developed by The Earth Partners and verified by Environmental Services, Inc. as well as SCS Global Services. It

16、 is the first soil carbon methodology to be approved for use under the VCS.This widely tested methodology is the first to specially deal with soils in a market, said Steven I. Apfelbaum, Chairman of Applied Ecological Services, Inc. and Director of Science with The Earth Partners. According to Apfel

17、baum, soils represent the second largest living sink of carbon on the planet.68. The new methodology is assessed according to.A. The Earth PartnersB. the Verified Carbon StandardC. Environmental Services, Inc.D. Applied Ecological Services, Inc.69. Carbon sequestration in soil can be strengthened by

18、.A. selling carbon credits in the voluntary marketB. changing grazing practices and operating treatmentsC. reducing the variety and productivity of plant groupsD. decreasing farmlands in the Pacific Northwest70. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. The VCS program proves to be

19、successful in carbon offset projects.B. Many soil Carbon Methodologies have already been approved for use.C. The new methodology has been tested in many fields including soil.D. Soils seem to be the largest living sink of carbon on the planet.71. What is the attitude of SCS towards the new methodolo

20、gy?A. Opposed.B. Cautious.C. Doubtful.D. Approving.3Rainforest is home to around two-thirds of all plant and animal species found on landin addition to millions of people who depend on them for survivalour remaining ancient forests are some of the most diverse ecosystems known to science. They are a

21、lso vitally important to the health of our planet, especially when it comes to regulating the climate. But ancient forests around the world are under attack. Protecting rainforests is on the global agenda (議事日程) in a big way. Governments now recognize the importance of protecting tropical forests in

22、 order to avoid dangerous climate change, and there is now much debate. As governments try to thrash out the details of a new international agreement, expected to be signed at the end of 2009, they are discussing how best to include measures to save rainforests, and therefore address one of the majo

23、r causes of climate change. Worldwide, forest destruction causes more greenhouse gas emissions (排放) each year than do all the trains, planes and cars on the planet. So if we are to deal with global warming, there is an urgent need to find ways to reduce the 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions cau

24、sed by forest destruction each year, and to keep the remaining forests standing. We need to protect the planets remaining forests not only to stop climate change from getting worse, but to ensure that we can stand the impacts of global warming. Healthy forests absorb and store quantities of carbon,

25、helping to regulate temperature and generate rain. When they are destroyed, this carbon is released into the atmosphere. Thus keeping forests standing is both a critical part of regulating climate change and of adapting to a warmer world. To date, most of the talk has focused on how to pay for reduc

26、ing deforestation (濫伐森林), rather than on how to actually go about doing it. We believe governments need to support local people to protect their environment, as we have been showing for 20 years can be a very effective way of saving rainforests. 1. The best title for the passage is. A. Rainforest an

27、d Climate ChangeB. Strategies on Protecting RainforestC. Serious Deforestation to RainforestD. Present Situation of Rainforest2. From the first paragraph we can infer that. A. we have little rainforest left until nowB. the ancient forests are being destroyed來源:21世紀(jì)教育網(wǎng)C. rainforest control the planet

28、 in many waysD. Rainforest is home to all plants and animals on earth3. The underlined part “thrash out” in the second paragraph means. A. try to understandB. come up withC. hide awayD. have a thorough discussion4. Greenhouse gas emissions caused by forest destruction. A. are the same amount by tran

29、sport on earthB. take 20% of global greenhouse gas emissionsC. can be avoided by setting measures onlyD. have nothing to do with climate change5. From the text we can learn that healthy forest. A. can keep us healthy and happyB. can increase the effect from global warmingC. can be helpful in adjusti

30、ng the temperature D. can give out large amounts of carbon4Rivers may be a significant source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (一氧化二氮), scientists now find. Their calculation suggests that across the globe the waterways contribute three times the amount of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere as had b

31、een estimated by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations scientific body charged with reviewing climate change research. They found that the amount of nitrous oxide produced in streams is related to human activities that release nitrogen (氮) into the environment, such as

32、 fertilizer use and sewage discharges. “Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion and intensive agriculture, have increased the availability of nitrogen in the environment,” said Jake Beaulieu of the University of Notre Dame and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Cincinnati, Ohio,

33、and lead author of the paper published this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. “Much of this nitrogen is transported into river and stream networks,” Beaulieu said. There, microbes (微生物) convert the nitrogen into nitrous oxide (also called laughing gas) and an inert

34、 gas called dinitrogen (二氮). The finding is important, the researchers say, because nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change and destruction of the stratospheres ozone layer, which protects us from the suns harmful ultraviolet (紫外線) radiation. Compared with carbo

35、n dioxide, nitrous oxide is 300-fold more powerful in terms of its warming potential, though carbon dioxide is a far more common greenhouse gas. Scientists estimate nitrous oxide accounts for about 6 percent of human-induced climate change. Beaulieu and colleagues measured nitrous oxide production r

36、ates in 72 streams. When summed across the globe, the results showed rivers and streams are the source of at least 10 percent of human-caused nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere. “Changes in agricultural and land-use practices that result in less nitrogen being delivered to streams would reduc

37、e nitrous oxide emissions from river networks,” Beaulieu said.1. From the second paragraph we can learn. A. actually rivers give off much more nitrous oxide than expectedB. scientists calculation is totally wrongC. human activities release nitrous oxide in to the riversD. there is no nitrogen in fer

38、tilizer2. Which of the following is NOT the source of nitrogen? A. Fertilizer use. B. Sewage discharges. C. Fossil fuel combustion. D. Climate change. 3. Nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas because. A. it can protect us from the suns harmful ultraviolet radiationB. it is to blame for most of

39、human-induced climate changeC. it is a far more common greenhouse gasD. it has much more warming potential than carbon dioxide4. What does the passage mainly tells us? A. Rivers may be a source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide. B. Its human activities that release nitrogen into the environment. C

40、. How to reduce nitrous oxide emissions from river networksD What to do with the climate change caused by nitrous oxide. 5The Maldives faces the threat of extinction from rising sea levels, but the government said on Thursday it was looking to the future with plans to build homes and a golf course t

41、hat float. An increase in sea levels of just 18 to 59 centimeters would make the Maldivesa nation of tiny coral islands in the Indian Oceanvirtually uninhabitable by 2100, the UNs climate change panel has warned. President Mohamed Nasheed has vowed a fight for survival, and last month he signed a de

42、al with a Dutch company to study proposals for a floating structure that could support a conference centre, homes and an 18-hole golf course. “It is still early stages and we are awaiting a report on the practicality,” a government official who declined to be named said. The company, Dutch Docklands

43、, is currently building floating developments in the Netherlands and Dubai. There was no immediate comment from the firm but its website said it undertook projects that make “l(fā)and from water by providing large-scale floating constructions to create similar conditions as on land”. The Maldives began

44、to work on an artificial island known as the Hulhumale near the crowded capital island of Male in 1997 and more than 30,000 people have been settled there to ease congestion. The city, which has a population of 100,000, is already protected from rising sea levels by a 30-million-dollar sea wall, and

45、 the government is considering increasingly imaginative ways to combat climate change. Nasheed, who staged the worlds first underwater cabinet meeting in October to highlight his peoples serious and difficult situation, has even spoken of buying land elsewhere in the world to enable Maldivians to re

46、locate if their homes are completed covered. He has also promised to turn his nation into a model for the rest of the world by becoming “carbon neutral” by 2020. His plan involves ending fossil fuel use and powering all vehicles and buildings from “green” sources such as burning coconut husks. 1. Wh

47、y do you think Mohamed Nasheed chose Dutch Docklands? A. Because it has experience in building floating structure. B. Because it has a good fame throughout the world. C. Because it charged much less than other companies. D. Because it supports building floating structures in the world. 2. The Hulhum

48、ale was built with the purpose of. A. attracting more visitors B. making it a new capitalC. making the capital less crowded D. fighting against climate change3. According to the last two paragraphs, Nasheed is a person who. A. has succeeded in buying land abroadB. is more than well-knownC. has thoug

49、ht more for his nationD. has stopped using fossil fuel4. The underlined word “vowed” in paragraph 3 can be replaced by. A. ended B. promised C. failed D. weighed6PLAYA GRANDE, COSTA RICA? This resort town was long known for Leatherback Sea Turtle (棱皮龜) national Park, nightly turtle beach tours and e

50、ven a sea turtle museum. However, on a beach where dozens of turtles used to nest on a given night, scientists spied only 32 leatherbacks all of last year. With leatherbacks threatened with extinction (滅絕), Playa Grandes turtle museum was abandoned three years ago and now sits among a sea of weeds.

51、And the beachside ticket office for turtle tours was washed away by a high tide in September. “We do not promote that as a turtle tourism destination any more because we realize there are far too few turtles to please,” said Alvaro Fonseca, a park ranger (管理員). Even before scientists found temperatu

52、res going up over the past decade, sea turtles were threatened by beach development, drift net fishing and Costa Ricans interest in eating turtle eggs. But climate change may cause the most serious harm to an animal that has lived in the Pacific for 150 million years. Sea turtles are sensitive to nu

53、merous effects of warming. They feed on reefs, which are dying in hotter seas. They lay eggs on beaches that are being covered by rising seas and more violent waves. More uniquely their gender (性別) is determined, not by genes but by the eggs temperature during development. Small rises in beach tempe

54、ratures can result in ail-female populations, obviously problematic for survival. If the sand around the eggs hits 30 degrees Celsius, the gender balance shits to females: at about 32 degrees they are all female. Above 34, you get boiled eggs. On some nesting beaches, scientists are artificially coo

55、ling nests with shade or irrigation and trying to protect broader areas of coastal property from development to ensure that turtles have a place to nest as the seas rise. 21世紀(jì)教育網(wǎng)5. Why does the resort town stop promoting its turtle tourism? A. It decides not to disturb the turtles normal life. B. To

56、urists have lost interest in watching turtles. C. There are only very few turtles now. D. The turtle museum was destroyed by a high tide. 6. Which of the following is the major factor in the turtles endangerment? A. The locals eating habit. B. Drift net fishing. C. Beach development. 21世紀(jì)教育網(wǎng)D. Globa

57、l warming. 7. We learn from the last paragraph that scientists. A. are doing research on the sea rise B. are moving turtles to new homesC. are protecting turtles nestsD. are getting rid of sea weeds8. The passage intends to. A. introduce a special kind of sea turtleB. explain the mystery of turtles

58、eggsC. show the dangers a certain kind of turtle is facingD. attract more visitors to a sea turtle museum7Sometimes, the simplest ideas are the best. For example, to absorb heat from the sun to heat water, you need large, flat, black surfaces. One way to do that is to build those surfaces specially, on the roofs of buildings. But why go to all that trouble when cities are full of black surfaces already, in the form of asphalt(柏油) roa