諾貝爾當(dāng)初為何沒設(shè)立數(shù)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)（Why didn't Nobel set up a math prize）

1、諾貝爾當(dāng)初為何沒設(shè)立數(shù)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)（Why didnt Nobel set up a math prize）Of all the world-class scientific awards, the prestigious Nobel prize is undoubtedly the highest award. However, this honor for scientists is the highest reward, but did not set up a prize in mathematics. Nobel decided in his will award is awarded in

2、 physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine made the most important discovery of scientists; in addition, to write excellent literary works of the author and made outstanding contributions to the cause of world peace.Mathematics is a subject that studies such concepts as quantity, structure, change,

3、 and spatial model, and is the basis of natural sciences, such as physics and chemistry. Why wasnt such an important science included in the award by Nobel? It has been a mystery for many years.There have always been three explanations for the problem that beset many people.The first explanation is

4、that foreign scholars believe that this may be related to the frustration of Nobels love. Nobel had a girlfriend 13 years younger than he was, Hess Sophie, a girl from Vienna, and later Nobel found out that she was very intimate with a mathematician and ran away with him.For his girlfriend and the m

5、athematician elope, and Nobel has been greatly stimulated, brood on, he never talked about his life until the end, Nobel is still a bachelor. It may be the matter, and let Nobel at the end of the establishment of the Nobel prize specific award, without any effort to exclude mathematics.The second ex

6、planation is that some other western scholars believe that Nobel did not set up a mathematical prize because he hated a mathematician named Mi Taylor Fuller. Mi Taylor Fuller was an influential mathematician in Sweden in the late twentieth Century and early nineteenth Century. More than a century la

7、ter, the AIKE tower mathematics journal, founded in 1882, is still the most authoritative journal of mathematics in the world today. He eventually became Dean of the Stockholm Institute (formerly the Stockholm University).It is said that Nobel and Mi Taylor Fuller are two people who cannot agree wit

8、h each other. When Nobel decides to take out his own heritage and set up the Nobel prize, he suddenly thinks of Mi Taylor Fuller. If you set up a math prize, the first prize winner would be Mi Taylor Fuller. I can never award my hard work award to that guy. Nobel was so angry that he did not hit one

9、 place, so he removed the prize from the entire Nobel prize.The above two explanations, the first is only hearsay, the credibility is not high. The second one is not reasonable. Because even when the Nobel prize in the establishment of mathematics award, one of the most promising Mi Taylor Fuller is

10、 not winning, because he around some more mathematicians, such as Poe Kyle, Hilbert etc.The third explanation is that Nobel in nineteenth Century as a supremely gifted inventor, his invention to come more from the intuition and creativity, and do not need to use any higher mathematics knowledge, mat

11、hematical knowledge may not exceed four operations and proportion. At that time, in the second half of the nineteenth Century, the study of chemistry in general did not require advanced mathematics, and the application of mathematics in chemistry occurred after Nobels death. Nobel, I cant predict or

12、 imagine the huge role of mathematics plays in promoting scientific development, he believes that mathematics is not a human can directly benefit from the science, thus ignoring the establishment of the Nobel prize in mathematics is not difficult to understand. Another notable fact is that there was

13、 a very famous Scandinavian prize in the field of mathematics at that time. Since there was a prize, perhaps Nobel felt there was no need to set up a math prize at the Nobel prize.I think the third explanations are more reliable.Zhou Xiaochuan recently wrote in financial research that the high profi

14、ts of Chinas banking sector were not caused by monopolies. He did not say anything but the monopoly. What could the bank do to make money?. He said that apart from the 5 major state-owned banks, China has many small and medium-sized banks, plus numerous urban and rural credit cooperatives, and thus

15、concludes that there is no monopoly in Chinas banking sector.Zhou Xiaochuan defended the monopoly of the banking sector, suggesting that he might not know what a valid monopoly means, or that he, as a central bank governor, deliberately defended the interests of monopolies. If it is the previous exp

16、lanation, it is the misfortune of the Chinese people; and if it is explained later, it is the great misfortune of the Chinese people. His view drove me to the point of being speechless. But I have no words, and I will explain why I do not speak. Thats why I wrote this blog, because Zhou Xiaochuan wa

17、s so openly defending the banks monopoly profits that he lost the fairness and justice that the central bank governor should have. Even Zhou Xiaochuan believes that Chinas banking sector is not monopoly,It is impossible for us to expect the government to break the monopoly, because it is not his per

18、sonal view that Zhou Xiaochuan represents, but the view of the entire vested interest group.What is monopoly?The definition of monopoly in economics textbooks the effect is this: one or more enterprise can decide their products through their dominance in the market price, which, by controlling the p

19、rice level to obtain non normal profits. As opposed to free competition, the result of monopoly is that the price of goods or services is too high, while the goods or services that consumers receive are too little. At present, prices are too high, too difficult to buy a house, is a typical monopoly

20、results.Relative to monopoly, the definition of free competition is this: countless companies produce the same product, each enterprises market share is very small, can not have any impact on the price of the market. As a result, prices in the market are generated by bargains between countless busin

21、esses and customers. Chinas current farmers markets and middle and lower end car markets are examples of free competition.Using the simplest language to distinguish between monopoly and free competition is: in the case of market monopoly, one or several businesses have pricing power for the product.

22、 That is to say, these businesses are the makers of prices, and English is called price-makers. In the case of free competition, each business has no pricing power, they can only be the recipient of the price, English is called price-takers.The monopoly is divided into three types: (1) the exclusive

23、 monopoly, English monopoly or perfect monopoly, that is to say, an enterprise can decide the price of a product or service; (2) English oligopoly, called oligopoly, that is to say, a few businesses have on the product or service pricing; (3 the bureaucratic monopoly, that is to say), the government

24、 used its national administrative power, in order to protect a certain industry, or some of the interests of enterprises, through the form of law, so that one or a small number of enterprises to obtain more profits than non normal free competition under the condition of high.In the west, monopoly ex

25、ists only in the form of the former two, and the third form is very rare. In China, these three forms exist simultaneously, while the third form is the most prevalent and the most harmful form of monopoly to consumers.Zhou Xiaochuans understanding of monopolyZhou Xiaochuan is a senior cadre who know

26、s more about the economy, but his understanding of the economy is rather limited. For example, he believes that as long as there are more than one bank on the market, the bank has no monopoly power. Because, he explained Chinese banking monopoly is not the only reason, in addition to China ICBC, Agr

27、icultural Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Bank of China and bank, there are many other banks, so the bank does not exist the problem of monopoly China. As for why bank profits are so thick, it is because there are non monopolistic factorsZhou Xiaochuan the reason, one hand does not meet the

28、above definition of monopoly, on the other hand, he did not give high profit reason for people sincerely convinced the.Chinas banking industry is an out and out monopoly industry, and its monopoly status is the result of direct government intervention, and it is one of the most serious forms of mono

29、poly. The services of the banking sector are mainly loans and deposits. Other service offerings include withdrawal, credit card management, remittance, transfer, foreign exchange conversion, etc. Among them, the deposit and loan interest were determined by Zhou Xiaochuan led the central bank, the de

30、posit rate is set too low, the loan interest rate is high, all banks can get very rich interest income. This level of income is impossible to achieve under free competition.The banks themselves do not have to set their own prices, and the state decides the prices for them. This is a typical state mo

31、nopoly. Moreover, the monopoly is very fierce, customers and consumers, there is no room for bargaining. To the current deposit and loan interest rates, for example, the one-year deposit and loan interest difference is 3.06 percentage points.What does this 3.06 percentage point mean? If the total de

32、posit and loan amount in the country is two times that of GDP, 6.12 percentage points per year of GDP must be owned by the bank. This is the result of a direct cause of 1 trillion RMB profits in the banking industry every year, that is to say, every employee of the banking industry, can make a profi

33、t of $400 thousand a year, plus the average salary of 300 thousand yuan, plus non labor costs, the banking industry labor productivity per person per year increase in the value of 1 million yuan.If the country is 700 million labor, then last years GDP for 47 trillion and 300 billion yuan, each labor

34、 force to create GDP less than 70 thousand yuan, only 7% per capita banking GDP. Whoever killed you will not believe that the actual productivity of Chinas banking sector is 15 times the national average. In this, in addition to monopoly, is monopoly,There is no other reason for this absurd distinct

35、ion.The protection of bank monopoly status is the direct cause of low efficiency and high profits of the banking industry. Chinese news weekly the official blog wrote, in a forum at the end of 2011, Minsheng Bank China president Hong Qi said in his speech at the opening remarks mentioned and compare

36、d to the enterprise, banking profits are too high, sometimes I feel shy are released. When it comes to the big profits in the banking industry, many people associate with the legendary high salary and high welfare of bank employees. In this interview, there are indeed bank staff bluntly, this years

37、wage rise was quite a bit, and a little embarrassed, said, and the governor of Hong Kongs words form a contrastI dont really pay attention to what the governor said, said a staff member of the head office of a commercial bank. But he said, sorry, its a bit of a story. We have also been notified with

38、in the unit, employees are not allowed to pay wages. I heard that last year, a colleague because of sun wages, was transferred to the post, delegated to the lower, perhaps the leadership think he is too blatant!Ive been working for seven or eight years with a technical threshold, about 200000 a year

39、. Banks have been on the market these years, and our wage growth has been really fast. Take it last year. Basically, everyone has raised wages, and the amount of inflation has gone up by more than 30%, and there may be more than 50%.As governor of the central bank, Zhou Xiaochuan can not speak only

40、for vested interestsAt present, Chinas income polarization, high prices, deposit interest is too low, loan interest is too high, private fund-raising illegal, the banks monopoly profits are not only obvious, but also huge scale.By 1998, banks had trillions of bad loans, accounting for more than 20%

41、of the countrys GDP in 2004. The country filled the hole with taxpayer money. Misappropriating large scale after the listing, at the same time, exorbitant profits, state monopoly industries, including state-owned banks, the amount of profit, to let those monopoly enterprises and bank executives and

42、employees, earned a pours, greatly promote the countrys two polar differentiation, also caused a lot of social discontent.Banking is one of the industries with the highest income in all sectors of the country. Some governors earn tens of millions of salaries and bonuses each year. A dean of Tsinghua

43、 University, who served as an independent director of ICBC, opened 5 meetings a year, earning 500 thousand yuan.In 2011, the average salary of Minsheng Bank was RMB 380 thousand yuan, and ICBC was 400 thousand yuan. While the average wage in the country is less than 40 thousand yuan, what kind of in

44、come gap is this?The difference of wage income between monopoly industries and competitive industries leads to serious social injustice, leads to corruption, and leads to difficulties in the transformation of economic structure. Chinas economic sustainable development has faced too many challenges.A

45、t this point, Chinas future hopes must rest on deepening reform, and the focus of reform must be broken down, including banking monopoly. As governor of the central bank, Zhou Xiaochuan has the duty and responsibility to undertake the historical mission of the reform. However, when this historical r

46、esponsibility was placed before him, he openly defended the monopoly of the banking industry. That is to say, he will not only support antitrust, but instead come back to support monopoly.It seems, China reform difficulty, complexity is not reform, but the reform will touch the vested interest, but

47、officials are vested interest protector, this is the biggest stumbling block to deepen reform.Zhou Xiaochuan: the high profits of Chinas banking industry are not caused by monopoly (from financial network, October 12th)Financial research Journal of ninth published a signed article financial crisis o

48、n relief issues the peoples Bank of China governor Zhou Xiaochuan, Zhou Xiaochuan on the banks with high monopoly profit problem, pointed out that in addition to Chinese industry, agriculture, construction, delivery and other large banks, there are hundreds of various types of the small and medium-s

49、ized commercial banks and rural credit cooperatives and rural banks, therefore said the banking monopoly probably untenable. He said, of course, the current profitability of the banking industry is stronger, higher profits is objective existence, there are some reasons behind it, but obviously not c

50、aused by monopoly.When it comes to China banking monopoly problem, Zhou Xiaochuan pointed out that in China, and some industrial enterprises, banking salary is not too low, there are some disputes in society, that banks with high monopoly profits, but in fact, in addition to Chinese industry, agricu

51、lture, construction, delivery and other large banks, there are hundreds of various types of small and medium-sized commercial banks, not including more than 2000 of the rural credit cooperatives and rural banks, therefore said the banking monopoly probably untenable. He said, of course, the current profitability of the banking industry is stronger, higher pro