英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法

1、cet4,6 語(yǔ)法精要匯總動(dòng)名詞1. 某些動(dòng)詞后要接動(dòng)名詞某些及物動(dòng)詞后能用動(dòng)名詞而不能用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，其中最常用動(dòng)詞的有 admit, avoid, appreciate, complete, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, involve, imagine, cant help, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, resent, risk, resist, suggest 等。s he suggested

2、spending another day in the mountain area.s heres no way to escape doing the work.she is considering asking her employer for a rise.note: 在 need、want、require、deserve 等動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于不定式的被動(dòng)式the clock needs/wants repairing. (=the clock needs/wants to be repaired)the disabled deserve respecting. (=the disab

3、led deserve to be respected.) 在 like、hate、prefer 等動(dòng)詞后,如果表示一般傾向,則用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)；如果指具體的某次發(fā)生在將 來(lái)的行動(dòng)，則要用不定式。i like reading books of this kind, but i dont like to read that book.she prefers walking to cycling.i prefer to stay at home today. 在 remember、forget、regret 等動(dòng)詞后,如果用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，則表示該賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ) 的動(dòng)作之前；如果用不定式作賓

4、語(yǔ)，則表示賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作之后i remembered locking the door. (=i remembered that i had locked the door.)i remembered to lock the door (=i remembered that i was to lock the door.)i regret telling you about it. (=i regret that i told you about it.)i regret to tell you he has fallen ill. (=i regret that i am t

5、o tell you he has fallen ill.)2. 動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，與介詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。his dream of becoming a successful writer has come true.she left without saying goodbye to us.動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)常用在某些詞組后面。這類常用的詞組主要有：be accustomed to, believe in, confess to, dream of, feel like, give up, insist on, be interested i

6、n, look forward to, object to, have an (no) objection to, pay attention to, put off, be responsible for, succeed in, be tired of, be (get) used to, worry about,等。he is used to living on his own.he has made up his mind to give up smoking.3. 帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞可以有邏輯主語(yǔ)，其構(gòu)成形式為“名詞或代詞的所有格+動(dòng)名詞”。帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞又稱為動(dòng) 名詞的復(fù)

7、合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中用作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)和介詞的賓語(yǔ)。在非正式語(yǔ)體中，如果動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句 中作賓語(yǔ)，也可以賓格來(lái)充當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。但考生需注意的是，在各種英語(yǔ)測(cè)試中，專家們?nèi)詧?jiān)持 在正式語(yǔ)體中用代詞的所有格來(lái)作動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。your driving a car to new york took longer than i expected.i appreciated her devoting herself to the cause of education.your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late.what

8、we felt uneasy about was li mings having too much confidence in himself.不定式1. 某些動(dòng)詞后要接不定式某些及物動(dòng)詞后只能接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，其中最常用的動(dòng)詞有 agree, afford, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, care, choose, continue, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, fear, forget, hate, hesitate, hope, intend,1learn, like, love, man

9、age, mean, neglect, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, seek, tend, try, volunteer, want, wish 等。what do you plan to do tomorrow?she hated to move from such a nice village.in class teachers should try to get feedback from their students2. 不定式的被動(dòng)式不定式有被動(dòng)式，當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主

10、語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式要用被動(dòng)式，在句中 可作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)，復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)等。作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作后將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。the last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently.she preferred to be given more difficult work to do.3. 不定式的完成式當(dāng)不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作賓語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)以及構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓 語(yǔ)，復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。she seemed to have heard about t

11、he news already.he was believed to have been a very rich man.4. 不定式的完成被動(dòng)式當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者，且不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前， 不定式要用完成被動(dòng)式，在句中可作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。the forest fire is reported to have been put out last night.it is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference books.5. 帶邏輯主語(yǔ)

12、的不定式短語(yǔ)不定式可以有邏輯主語(yǔ)，其構(gòu)成形式為“for + 代詞的賓格（或名詞） +不定式”。 帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的不定式 短語(yǔ)可在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)等。it is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time.i think it better for you to see the doctor.what we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.i sent him some pictures for him to see what paris is like.

13、6. 帶疑問(wèn)詞的不定式短語(yǔ)不定式前可以加某些疑問(wèn)代詞，如 who、what、which,或疑問(wèn)副詞，如 when、where、how、why 等， 構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語(yǔ)，可在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)等。how to improve english is often discussed among the students.we havent decided when to visit the place.the most difficult thing in learning english is how to speak the language well.you havent a

14、nswered my question where to get these books.7. 某些動(dòng)詞后的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式不帶 to，這些動(dòng)詞是 feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, see, watch 等。suddenly i felt the atmosphere in the room become tense.i often hear them sing this song.分詞1. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在時(shí)間和語(yǔ)態(tài)上?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作并表示主動(dòng)的意 義，而過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作并表示

15、被動(dòng)的意義。比較：a changing world（一個(gè)變化著的世界）；a changed world（ 一個(gè)已經(jīng)起變化的世界）surprising news（令人驚訝的消息）；surprised people（感到驚訝的人們）2. 分詞作狀語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示時(shí)間、原因、方式、結(jié)果、條件、讓步和伴隨情況等。另外，作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主 語(yǔ)應(yīng)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。2hearing the news, he heaved a sigh of relief.given another chance, ill do it much better.3. 分詞作定語(yǔ)分詞常用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞作定語(yǔ)。單個(gè)的分詞作定語(yǔ)

16、時(shí)，通常放在被修飾詞之前；分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ) 時(shí)，通常放在被修飾詞之后。但有些單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，也可放在被修飾詞之后。hes a spoilt child.the man standing over there is our new english teacher.where are we to get the material needed?4. 分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)分詞可在感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。常用的感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞主要有：see, hear, notice, watch, find, observe, smell 等。常用的使役動(dòng)詞主要有：get, have, keep, leave,

17、 set, make, let 等。此外，分詞還可在 want, like, wish, order 等表示希望、要求、命令等意義的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。she watched her baby sleeping.i got my hair cut.i dont want you worrying about me.5. 分詞與連詞的連用分詞可與各種連詞（如：when, while, once, until, if, unless, though, although, even if, as, as if, as though 等） 連用。連詞+分詞（短語(yǔ)）的結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句。s

18、hell get nervous when speaking in public.he went on talking, though continually interrupted.6. 分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該一致；否則，分詞應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成分詞的獨(dú) 立結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)一般位于句首，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)以及在科技文章中表示附加說(shuō)明時(shí)，它常位于句末。分詞的 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞、代詞+分詞構(gòu)成，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨情況等。weather permitting, the football match will be played on wednesday.h

19、er son having been sent to school, she began to do some shopping.he returned three days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.there were two parties yesterday evening, each attended by some students.時(shí)態(tài)1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)以及將來(lái)完成時(shí)之間的區(qū)別1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：1 構(gòu)成：have / has +過(guò)去分詞2 語(yǔ)法意義及要點(diǎn)：a. 現(xiàn)在

20、完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)過(guò)去開始的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去，常同表示一段時(shí)間的 狀語(yǔ)連用。如 so far, up to now, since, for a long time 等。-he has worked as a teacher for many years.-up till now, nothing has gone wrong.b. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生的對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作或事件。常與不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用， 如 yet, just, before, recently 等；也同表示頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如 often, ever, never, sometimes, se

21、veral times 等； 還可同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如 now, today, this morning 等。但不能同特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連 用(last year , in 1997 等)。-i have never learned japanese before.-we have been quite busy lately (recently).c. 在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)表示將來(lái)完成時(shí)的意義時(shí)，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來(lái)代替將來(lái)完成時(shí)。-well start at 5 oclock if it has stopped raining by then.-i shall go to

22、 see you when i have finished my homework.note: 行為不能持續(xù)的瞬間動(dòng)詞(instantaneous verb), 如 arrive, begin, come, go, start, leave, die, join 等通3常不能用于這一語(yǔ)法意義，即該類動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。-he has joined the army for five years. （誤）-he has been in the army for five years. （正）2) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：1 構(gòu)成：had +過(guò)去分詞2 語(yǔ)法意義及要點(diǎn)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表

23、示某一動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前并持續(xù)到該時(shí)刻。-david and jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.-they had got everything ready before the party began.note: 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)截然不同的是過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以與表示具體過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。-he said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.3) 將來(lái)完成時(shí)：1 構(gòu)成：shall / will + have +過(guò)去分詞2 語(yǔ)法意義及要點(diǎn)

24、：將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或?qū)?lái)某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或發(fā)生。-he will have graduated from high school before his next birthday.-the shop will have closed already before you get there.2. 哪些動(dòng)詞不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)1) 表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如 be, seem, appear, become, get 等。he is being a used-car dealer.（誤）he is a used-car dealer.（正）she is seeming always a

25、bout to smile.（誤）she seems always about to smile.（正）2) 表示感官感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞，如 see（看見）, hear（聽見）,feel（感覺(jué)出）, taste（嘗出）,smell（聞到）等。 the medicine is tasting bitter. （誤）the medicine tastes bitter. （正）i was seeing a car passing by our house. （誤）i saw a car passing by our house. （正）3) 表示擁有的動(dòng)詞，如 have, own, possess, be

26、long, contain, hold 等。he is owning a luxurious car. （誤）he owns a luxurious car. （正）the book is belonging to her. （誤）the book belongs to her.（正）4) 表示思想狀況、態(tài)度的動(dòng)詞，如 believe, think, know, understand, agree, approve, consider, expect, forget, guess, hesitate, hope, imagine, mean, realize, remember, suppos

27、e, trust, want, wish 等。im thinking that he is right. （誤）i think that he is right. （正）im understanding your feelings. （誤）i understand your feelings. （正）5) 表示情感、愿望的動(dòng)詞，如 admire, appreciate, care, enjoy, like, love, hate, detest, regret 等。he is loving his daughter very much. （誤）h e loves his daughter ve

28、ry much. （正）h m regretting to say we cannot come. （誤）i regret to say we cannot come. （正）3. 時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)又稱時(shí)態(tài)一致(sequence of tenses)，指的是某些從句里的動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)必須和主句里的時(shí)態(tài)4保持一致。如果主句里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)（過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)），那么從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)也相應(yīng)地要用過(guò)去時(shí)。 時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)主要發(fā)生在間接引語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)從句中，但其他從句有時(shí)也存在時(shí)態(tài)一致的問(wèn)題。-he explained that he had learned chinese for many yea

29、rs.（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)）-he said he had been collecting materials on that subject for a long time.（過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)） -he told me that they would have completed that project by the end of the year. （將來(lái)完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)）雖然主句用了過(guò)去時(shí)等，如果從句表示的是科學(xué)真理、客觀事實(shí)或某人（物）的經(jīng)常性特點(diǎn)時(shí)，其時(shí)態(tài)可 以不必遵守時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的規(guī)則而仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。-galileo proved that the ear

30、th revolves round the sun.-the teacher told the students that knowledge is power.如果從句中有一個(gè)表示絕對(duì)過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，就不必把一般過(guò)去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)。-he said that he joined the red army in 1933.虛擬語(yǔ)氣1. 表示現(xiàn)在/過(guò)去/將來(lái)情況的虛擬條件句虛擬條件句主要有三種結(jié)構(gòu)：1) 表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反：主句謂語(yǔ)用“would / could / might +動(dòng)詞原形”，從句謂語(yǔ)用“動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去 時(shí)”（動(dòng)詞 be 的過(guò)去式一律用 were）。if i were you,

31、 i would not accept his offer.if i had time, i would certainly go to the cinema with you.2) 表示與過(guò)去情況相反：主句謂語(yǔ)用“would / could / might + have +過(guò)去分詞”，從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 if i had got up a little earlier, i wouldnt have missed the train.if i had been more careful, i might have passed that exam.3) 表示與將來(lái)情況相反：主句謂語(yǔ)用“w

32、ould / could / might +動(dòng)詞原形”，從句謂語(yǔ)用“were +動(dòng)詞不定式” 或“should +動(dòng)詞原形”。if i were to do the job, i would not be able to have enough time to study.if it should rain tomorrow, i would not go out with you.2. 虛擬條件句連接詞 if 的省略如果虛擬條件句的從句中含有 were, had, should, could 等詞時(shí)，可以省略連接詞 if，但這時(shí)必須把 were, had, should, could 等詞移

33、到主語(yǔ)前面，形成倒裝。這種句型主要用于書面形式。were i to do the job, i would finish doing it within two weeks.had it not been for his help, we couldnt have arrived there on time.should it rain tomorrow, i would stay at home.3. wish 后賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞 wish 后的賓語(yǔ)從句表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的或不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，其賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣， 有以下三種構(gòu)成形式。1) 表示現(xiàn)在不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，賓語(yǔ)從句中

34、的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。（be 的過(guò)去式為 were）。i wish i had enough money to buy a car.i wish i were as young and energetic as you.2) 表示過(guò)去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)（had +過(guò)去分詞）或“would / could + have +過(guò)去分詞 ”。i wish i hadnt made such a mistake.i wish i could have done it better.3) 表示將來(lái)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would / should (co

35、uld, might) +動(dòng)詞原形”。 i wish i would not get old.i wish i could travel around the world one day.4. 某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣5在一些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形或should +動(dòng)詞原 形。這類動(dòng)詞一般表示命令，要求，決定，建議，主張等概念，主要有：advise, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, direct, insist, move, order, propose, recommend, requ

36、est, require, suggest,等。the workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 per cent.the teacher decided that you do the experiment first.5. 某些名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣在一些名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形或 should +動(dòng)詞原形。這類名詞一般表示命令，要求，決定，建議，主張等概念，主要有：advice, idea, instruction, motion

37、, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion,等。my suggestion is that we (should) send for a doctor immediately.he gave the order that they (should) do the experiment again.6. 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)發(fā)生的時(shí)間是不一致的.如從句是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)，而 主句可能是對(duì)現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行情況的假設(shè)。 這種句子稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句.if the wea

38、ther had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.7. 某些主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣某些表示命令，要求，決定，建議，主張以及“重要性”和“緊迫性”等概念的主語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛 擬語(yǔ)氣。這時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形或 should + 動(dòng)詞原形。這類主語(yǔ)從句一般由 “it is (was) + 形容詞過(guò) 去分詞 + that 引導(dǎo)的從句”構(gòu)成。該結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用的形容詞主要有：advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, imperative, impor

39、tant, necessary, obligatory, proper, urgent, vital等；常用的過(guò)去分詞主要有：arranged, decided, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, suggested 等。it is necessary that you (should) stop smoking so heavily.it is arranged that you (should) enter for this competition.8. as if / though 引起的從句當(dāng) a

40、s if / though 引起的從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容完全與實(shí)際情況相反或者純粹是一種假設(shè)時(shí)，通常要用虛擬語(yǔ) 氣。如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如果從句表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；如果從句表示與將來(lái)的事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 would (might, could) + 動(dòng)詞原形；they talked as if they had been friends for years.i remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.it looks as if it might rain.note: 如果

41、as if / though 引起的從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容被看作是事實(shí)或者有可能是真實(shí)的，則要用陳述語(yǔ)氣。 it seems as if it is going to rain.the meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.9. lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句當(dāng) lest, for fear that 和 in case 表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”等時(shí)，在它們引起的從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常 用 should + 動(dòng)詞原形。he ran away lest he should be seen.hes working h

42、ard for fear that he should fall behind.he left early in case he should miss the last train.10. if only 引出的從句if only 引出的從句用以表達(dá)感嘆性的愿望，常譯為“要是就好了”。if only 從句經(jīng)常省略結(jié)果主句，且 主要用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，即從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，或用過(guò)去完成 時(shí)表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。if only the rain would stop.if only id listened to my parents.note: if only

43、 引出的句子偶爾也可使用陳述語(yǔ)氣，但考生須注意的是，在各類測(cè)試中一般都以用虛擬語(yǔ) 氣為正確答案。11. would rather（that）引出的從句6would rather 意為“寧愿”，接從句時(shí)常省略關(guān)系代詞 that。would rather 后的從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即從句 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的愿望，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望。id rather you told me the truth.i would rather you came tomorrow than today.id rather you hadnt told me about it.12. it

44、 is (about/high) time (that) 句型該句型表示“（早）該做”，其后的定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示。在測(cè)試中從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。it is time that we went to bed.it is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.13. 表示猜測(cè)的幾種不同的方法及意義一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞的完成式連用能夠表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的猜測(cè)或者未實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性。1) could have + 過(guò)去分詞a. 表示對(duì)過(guò)去可能發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，意為，“可能做了某事”。he couldnt have s

45、een her yesterday.they could have lost their way.b. 表示某事在過(guò)去本有可能發(fā)生，但事實(shí)上并未發(fā)生，意為，“本可以做某事”。we could have started a little earlier.i could have killed her. it was a narrow escape.2) may (might) have + 過(guò)去分詞a. 表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)，意為，“可能已做某事”。h e may have heard the news.h might have come to a wrong conclusion.b. 表示一

46、種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性，即本可以做某事，而實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有做，有時(shí)含有抱怨的口吻。it was a narrow escape. you might have killed yourself.a lot of men died who might have been saved.3) must have + 過(guò)去分詞表示邏輯上的必然性，即按照某些現(xiàn)象推斷過(guò)去肯定發(fā)生過(guò)的某事。s he must have made a big mistake.t he city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of ci

47、vilization.4) neednt have + 過(guò)去分詞表示過(guò)去不必做某事，但已經(jīng)做了，即本可不必做某事。you neednt have woken me up. i dont have to go to work today.he neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.5) should / ought to have + 過(guò)去分詞表示過(guò)去應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做。you should / ought to have done what your parents told you. (but you fail

48、ed to do it.)you should / ought to have been more careful. (but you werent.)6) shouldnt / oughtnt to have + 過(guò)去分詞表示過(guò)去不應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上卻做了。you shouldnt / oughtnt to have crossed the road when the lights were red. (but you did.)they shouldnt / oughtnt to have left so soon. (but they did.)7) would have + 過(guò)去分詞表

49、示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)某時(shí)之前業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作的推測(cè)?？勺g為，“可能”、“也許”、“想必”。he would have arrived by now.she would have recovered by then.從句7i 定語(yǔ)從句1先行詞為 all, anything, something, nothing, everything, much, little, none 等不定代詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞一般 只用 that，不用 which。在大多數(shù)情況下 that 可以省略please tell me everything (that) you know about the matter.thats all

50、 (that) we can do at the moment.2as 引出的限制性定語(yǔ)從句在 such as 的結(jié)構(gòu)中 as 可作關(guān)系代詞，引出限制性定語(yǔ)從句。有時(shí)和 same 連用，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、 賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)等。such people as were recommended by him were reliable.ive never seen such a talented young man as he is.i have the same trouble as you (have).3as 引出的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句as 可作關(guān)系代詞引出非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，代替整個(gè)主句，通常譯為“（正

51、）如一樣”，“（正）象一 樣”等。as 引導(dǎo)的從句一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開，可以位于主句的前面、中間或后面i live a long way from work, as you know.she did not, as her friend had feared, break down.as is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.4分隔式定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后，但有時(shí)會(huì)被其他句子成分與先行詞隔開，從而構(gòu)成分隔式定語(yǔ)從句。 the days

52、 are gone when power politics worked.a new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you french.5.介詞+關(guān)系代詞（which/whom 等）引出的定語(yǔ)從句如果關(guān)系代詞（which/whom 等）在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，那么這個(gè)介詞可以提到從句前，構(gòu)成“介 詞+關(guān)系代詞（which/whom 等）+定語(yǔ)從句”。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中關(guān)系代詞不可以用 that。this is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.the four trav

53、elers with whom i shared the room were pleasant people.6.關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中常可以省略,一般有以下幾種情況:1) 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作直接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，在大多數(shù)情況下可以省略。this is something (that) you must always keep in mind.the man (whom) you just met is our manager.關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞位于句尾時(shí)關(guān)系代詞可以省略；介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí)則關(guān)系代詞不 能省略。this is the room (which) churchill was

54、 born in.this is the room in which churchill was born.（which 不可省略）2) 關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)一般不能省略，但如果關(guān)系代詞在由 there be 存在句構(gòu)成的定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ) 時(shí)?？墒÷?。this is the only book (that) there is on this subject.the old professor made full use of the time (that) there was left to him to continue his research.3) 在 way 后面的定語(yǔ)從句中 in whi

55、ch 或 that 通常省略。thats the way (that/in which) i look at it.i dont like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.7.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞或整個(gè)主句，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用，如果省略掉，原句句意仍保持完整。 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句要用逗號(hào)與主句隔開，其引導(dǎo)詞不能用that。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句屬于正式語(yǔ)體。經(jīng)?？嫉?的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句有以下三種。1)由 which、as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。which、as 代表整個(gè)主句。he said that he had never se

56、en her before, which was not true.china is still a developing country, which is known to all of us.82)由 “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。he sent her a letter, in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.he failed to pass the exam, because of which his parents scolded him.4) 由 “數(shù)詞、代詞或名詞+of +關(guān)系

57、代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。he had three sons, one of whom was my sons classmate.there are about twenty students in this course, most of whom are freshmen.they are two different words, the spellings of which are easily confused. 狀語(yǔ)從句1.狀語(yǔ)從句中以下四種從句考得較多，這里給予簡(jiǎn)單介紹。1) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句主要由以下連詞引導(dǎo)：when, whenever, as, while, since, until, till, before, after, as soon as, once, hardly (scarcely) when, no sooner than。i will