Lesson 14 語(yǔ)言重組技巧

1、lesson 14 語(yǔ)言重組技巧reconstruction skills教學(xué)目標(biāo)：使學(xué)生掌握語(yǔ)言重組技巧教學(xué)內(nèi)容：語(yǔ)言重組技巧，語(yǔ)言重組技巧練習(xí)，短文練習(xí)i theory and skills翻譯不是在兩種語(yǔ)言中尋找字詞或句法的完全對(duì)應(yīng)，而是追求信息的對(duì)等。但是由于時(shí)間和心理上的巨大壓力，口譯員在工作時(shí)容易受原語(yǔ)的限制，在譯文中常會(huì)生搬硬套原語(yǔ)的表達(dá)和結(jié)構(gòu)，使譯文不符合目的語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，有時(shí)甚至不知所云。如有的同學(xué)聽(tīng)到”we started this magazine to write about people who make things happen in business.”就會(huì)譯成：“

2、我們創(chuàng)辦這本雜志是寫(xiě)那些使商界事情發(fā)生的人。”什么是“是事情發(fā)生的人”？其實(shí)就是商界的開(kāi)拓者，改變商業(yè)社會(huì)的人。因此譯員聽(tīng)到一段講話(huà)后應(yīng)盡量脫離原語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)，抽取其含義，用符合目的與習(xí)慣的方法將信息重新組織。由于漢英兩種語(yǔ)言文化的巨大差異，有些表達(dá)方式直譯過(guò)來(lái)并不能在目的語(yǔ)中產(chǎn)生所預(yù)期的效果，例如第二課“譯員須知”中提到的中國(guó)人表示問(wèn)候或尊重的方式。直譯過(guò)來(lái)容易讓一些英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的人產(chǎn)生誤解和不悅。有的字詞在目的語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有現(xiàn)成的對(duì)等詞匯，需要進(jìn)行必要的解釋?zhuān)械闹v話(huà)人因?yàn)檫^(guò)于緊張或者準(zhǔn)備不足而羅嗦重復(fù)，詞不達(dá)意，甚至說(shuō)到一半就卡殼，這種情況下譯員應(yīng)本著出于講話(huà)人的原則，對(duì)講話(huà)進(jìn)行必要的整理和補(bǔ)充，以協(xié)

3、助講話(huà)人傳遞信息。常用的重組技巧有轉(zhuǎn)換、釋義、增補(bǔ)、省略等幾種。轉(zhuǎn)換（conversion）有詞性和句型的轉(zhuǎn)換，例如英語(yǔ)中的名詞和介詞在漢語(yǔ)中常常譯為動(dòng)詞，如“he is a good public speaker.”譯成“他很擅長(zhǎng)演講”；而“我謹(jǐn)代表（廈門(mén)）市委市政府”則轉(zhuǎn)化為英語(yǔ)的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)：“on behalf of the municipal government, and the cpc (xiamen) committee”才更符合英文的習(xí)慣。釋義（paraphrasing）也是口一種一種重要的語(yǔ)言重組技巧。對(duì)于口譯員來(lái)說(shuō)，一詞多譯或一句多譯的練習(xí)十分重要，因?yàn)檫@種變通能夠幫助譯員避

4、免因?yàn)槟承┰~句而卡殼，導(dǎo)致口譯不連貫甚至中斷。使用增補(bǔ)（addition）和省略（omission）的技巧并不意味著在組織譯文時(shí)可以任意自由發(fā)揮，而是要使之符合目的語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，協(xié)助發(fā)言人更好地傳達(dá)其說(shuō)話(huà)意圖，并幫助聽(tīng)眾更好地理解信息。如前文提到的發(fā)言人重復(fù)啰嗦的時(shí)候譯員可以省略啰嗦的部分，發(fā)言人想表達(dá)卻沒(méi)能表達(dá)出來(lái)的意思可以幫助他表達(dá)完整；如遇到發(fā)言人是專(zhuān)家而聽(tīng)眾時(shí)非專(zhuān)業(yè)人士的情況時(shí)，可以適當(dāng)對(duì)一些專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)詭椭?tīng)眾更好地接收信息。ii skills practiceremind students to interpret meaning instead of words so they

5、 dont get stuck over words or structures when an immediate equivalent cant be found. try to use reconstruction skills including conversion, paraphrasing, addition or deletion, to facilitate communication in the tl.13.1 大發(fā)展我們將繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持“大開(kāi)放促大開(kāi)發(fā)，大開(kāi)發(fā)促大發(fā)展”的方針，適應(yīng)我國(guó)加入世界貿(mào)易組織的新形勢(shì)，積極致力于與國(guó)際慣例接軌，加快政府職能轉(zhuǎn)變，減少行政審批事項(xiàng),整頓

6、和規(guī)范市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序, 著力營(yíng)造符合市場(chǎng)化要求的公開(kāi)、公正、平等的法制環(huán)境，統(tǒng)一、穩(wěn)定、公平的政策環(huán)境，誠(chéng)實(shí)守信的信用環(huán)境，“親商、重商、安商、富商”的社會(huì)環(huán)境，敢富、爭(zhēng)富、快富的輿論環(huán)境，生態(tài)文明的人居環(huán)境，不斷提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量和水平，確保中外企業(yè)在四川得到最好的支持和服務(wù)。同時(shí)，我們將進(jìn)一步創(chuàng)新直接利用外資的方式，通過(guò)出售產(chǎn)權(quán)引進(jìn)外資；探索引進(jìn)各類(lèi)投資基金、探索bot、tot等靈活多樣的方式；積極引進(jìn)國(guó)內(nèi)外資，轉(zhuǎn)移在國(guó)內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)基地和研發(fā)基地；積極邀請(qǐng)外商到四川設(shè)代表處，為已有的投資企業(yè)創(chuàng)造條件增資擴(kuò)股；積極嘗試在境外利用外資。通過(guò)加強(qiáng)交流合作，實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)、共同發(fā)展。cheap coffee b

7、ad for the environmentthe fact that we can drink cheaper and cheaper coffee actually means coffee growers are getting less and less out of the same field they plant. so they have to grow more in order to maintain the income. this however, means destruction to forests and the eco-environment. with ev

8、ery cup of coffee drink, we are helping toward the destruction.every new round of earth exploration doesnt bring human beings material enjoyment alone, but also ecological catastrophe. forests and greenbelt are the lungs of the earth, which keep the air on the earth fresh and provide necessary oxyge

9、n for survival of animals. but with the development of human society, the earths lungs are shrinking dramatically due to destruction. dimons obrien, a scientist from the world wildlife conservation society, said, if no appropriate protective measure is taken, every cup of coffee we drink brings dama

10、ge to the environment or even accelerates the extinction of some species.though people are spending more and more money on coffee consumption, coffee growers are getting less and less. partly due to the increased costs of production, storage, transportation and distribution, partly to the decreased

11、price of coffee. to get as much profits possible. the manufactures and sellers have to go all out to lower the purchase price of coffee beans. the annual sales volume of coffee in usa is 70 billionsumatra is the second largest island of indonesia and is known for its typical tropical rain forest and

12、 dozens of rare animals and plants. the beautiful sumatra is also home to cheap instant coffee. in order to maintain their income against the dropping price, coffee growers have to plant more coffee trees. since 1996 the coffee planting area on the island has increased 28% at the price of 30% vanish

13、ed forests. ecological diversity is greatly destroyed in those coffee plantations since only coffee trees are found making it difficult for wild animals to survive.in order to protect the rare wildlife eco-environment, experts call on international society to protect the purchasing price of coffee b

14、eans and the local governments to limit the expansion of coffee planting areas.iii. interpreting exercise提示：請(qǐng)先熟悉列出的詞匯與短語(yǔ)后再聽(tīng)錄音，并在錄音停頓時(shí)開(kāi)始口譯。印度洋海嘯詞匯與短語(yǔ)印度洋海嘯震驚悲痛斯里蘭卡突發(fā)災(zāi)難災(zāi)區(qū)傳染性疾病捐款援助痛定思痛罪魁禍?zhǔn)讱w咎于占用地方珊瑚礁淺水地帶紅樹(shù)林養(yǎng)蝦砍伐慘痛代價(jià)預(yù)警機(jī)制the indian ocean tsunamishockgriefsri lankaunexpected disasterdisaster-stricken areasin

15、fectious diseasesdonationdisaster relief aidreflect upon the disasterprimary causehold responsibleexpropriatecoral reefshallow water areasmangrovesfarm prawnslog(suffer) a heavy losspreventive and warning mechanismslanguage tips1. 使全球陷入了震驚和悲痛: (the tsunami) plunged the whole world into shock and gri

16、ef 2. 無(wú)數(shù)家庭失去父母、兄弟和姐妹：countless families lost their loved ones.3. （國(guó)際社會(huì)。）找到薄弱環(huán)節(jié)：to find out what still needs to be done4. 加強(qiáng)對(duì)民眾如何在地震和海嘯發(fā)生時(shí)逃生的宣傳和教育: raise peoples awareness of how to survive earthquakes and tsunamis.5. 全人類(lèi)攜起手來(lái)，共同努力: if the whole world works together / if we join hands and work togethe

17、r / if the human race acts colletively2004年底發(fā)生的印度洋海嘯，使全球陷入了震驚和悲痛。它席卷了印尼、泰國(guó)、斯里蘭卡等諸多印度洋沿岸國(guó)家，死亡人數(shù)接近30萬(wàn)，僅在印尼就造成至少10萬(wàn)人死亡，無(wú)數(shù)家庭失去父母、兄弟和姐妹。在這場(chǎng)突發(fā)的災(zāi)難中，直接或間接受災(zāi)的人數(shù)達(dá)到500萬(wàn)。國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)受災(zāi)地區(qū)進(jìn)行了積極援救和捐款。中國(guó)政府和民間對(duì)災(zāi)區(qū)的援助超過(guò)了12億人民幣。在人類(lèi)已進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)的今天，人類(lèi)社會(huì)還發(fā)生如此大的悲劇，讓人深思。痛定思痛，人們不禁要問(wèn)，這樣的悲劇，為何會(huì)發(fā)生，能否避免？人們對(duì)災(zāi)難發(fā)生的原因進(jìn)行了廣泛的探討和分析。首先，這是大自然對(duì)人類(lèi)行為的懲

18、罰。人類(lèi)的沿海大量修改房屋以及對(duì)自然環(huán)境的破壞，是這次災(zāi)害如此重大的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住０l(fā)生地震并引發(fā)海嘯是自然界的正?，F(xiàn)象，然而一次海嘯造成幾十萬(wàn)人死亡，不能完全歸咎于大自然，因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)占用了本不應(yīng)占用的地方。為了吸引游客，許多國(guó)家在海邊蓋起了密密麻麻的旅館、飯店，這無(wú)疑增加了人們受到自然災(zāi)害侵襲的危險(xiǎn)。有專(zhuān)家指出，珊瑚礁以及生長(zhǎng)在海岸邊淺水地帶的紅樹(shù)林，能保護(hù)海島免受海嘯侵襲。而在過(guò)去二三十年里，人們?yōu)榱嗽诤＿叺臏\水地捕蝦、養(yǎng)蝦，大量砍伐海邊紅樹(shù)林，結(jié)果人們?yōu)榇烁冻隽藨K重代價(jià)。 其次，沒(méi)有海嘯預(yù)警機(jī)制使人們毫無(wú)提防。此次災(zāi)難的發(fā)生是地震引起的，但對(duì)人類(lèi)造成巨大災(zāi)難的不是地震本身，而是地震引起的海嘯。海

19、嘯發(fā)生前兩小時(shí)就已經(jīng)發(fā)生了地震，在不少地區(qū)都有明顯震感。如果事先擁有一個(gè)非常有效的海嘯預(yù)防和警告機(jī)制，當(dāng)?shù)氐娜藗兙蜁?huì)有足夠的時(shí)間逃生，那樣，海嘯造成的人員傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失就會(huì)降低。災(zāi)難發(fā)生后，一些國(guó)家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人發(fā)表談話(huà)，敦促?lài)?guó)際社會(huì)共同采取預(yù)防措施，努力將類(lèi)似海嘯這樣的自然災(zāi)害的損失降到最低限度。人們應(yīng)從這次自然災(zāi)害中汲取教訓(xùn)，共同承擔(dān)保護(hù)地球環(huán)境的責(zé)任。相關(guān)國(guó)家的政府應(yīng)聯(lián)合起來(lái)，盡快建立一個(gè)預(yù)警系統(tǒng)。國(guó)際社會(huì)必須從印度洋這場(chǎng)災(zāi)難中吸取教訓(xùn)，找到薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，并加強(qiáng)對(duì)民眾如何在地震和海嘯發(fā)生時(shí)逃生的宣傳和教育。只要全人類(lèi)攜起手來(lái)，共同努力，雖然我們并不能避免類(lèi)似的自然災(zāi)害再度發(fā)生，但我們一定能把災(zāi)難的

20、損失減少到最低限度。its time to be green詞匯與短語(yǔ)bring coals to newcastle 班門(mén)弄斧，多此一舉committed 下定決心的，致力于的abuse the ecology of the planet 破壞地球的生態(tài)indestructible 不可破壞的、不可摧毀的devastation 災(zāi)難fertilizers, pesticides, other chemicals and siltsmothering marine creature化肥、殺蟲(chóng)劑、化學(xué)產(chǎn)品和煤粉都在不斷地毒害和扼殺海洋生物bottom trawling 海底拖網(wǎng)捕撈fell 砍倒

21、coral forests 珊瑚礁smother 扼殺motorization and industrialization 機(jī)動(dòng)化和工業(yè)化genetic engineering 基因工程test (the limits) to breaking point 試探極限deplete 剝奪be green instead of greedy 停止貪婪，綠化生活take both personal and political will 個(gè)人和政府的共同努language tips1. make a positive difference in this world: 積極地改變世界、使世界變得更美好

22、2 when that half-way point known as peak oil is reached, it becomes physically impossible to increase production no matter how hard you pump it.peak oil:石油峰值3. to live within its income rather than depleting its capital：應(yīng)該取之有度，而非使其枯竭4. its time to be green: 該開(kāi)始保護(hù)我們的環(huán)境了。是時(shí)候綠化我們的生活了。distinguished gues

23、ts, ladies and gentlemen,i feel humbled to be asked to give this speech. i feel like i am bringing coals to newcastle in the presence of this distinguished audience here. the essence of my speech today is this: never underestimate the power of a few committed people to change the world. if you remem

24、ber nothing else i hope you will never forget that all of you, everyone one of you, can make a positive difference in this world. whats more, if you act collectively with other people, your influence will be that much greater. /we need to make a difference, because we face real and serious threats t

25、o our very survival. we know there is only one earth yet human beings refuse to respect that fact. we continually abuse the ecology of the planet to the point that it is collapsing. /at ground level the earth seems huge, indestructible, but beneath the surface of that beautiful blue ocean is devasta

26、tion. tonnes of fertilisers, pesticides, other chemicals and silt are poisoning and smothering marine creatures. in many places, the ocean floor is barren, where bottom trawling has felled ancient coral forests and unique marine communities still unknown to science. many species of fish and marine m

27、ammals and birds are gone or rare. ecologists worldwide are warning that we face ecological collapse in the oceans, and that means the collapse of our fishing industry too. /climate change is a direct consequence of our massive consumption of fossil fuels: coal, gas and oil. our oil consumption has

28、been so extravagant that we have used up, in just one century, around half of what the planet has to offer. when that half-way point known as peak oil is reached, it becomes physically impossible to increase production no matter how hard you pump it. /when we reach that peak, demand will continue to

29、 rise, not just from western societies that have used most of the oil so far, but also from countries such as china and india, trying to catch up with our level of motorization and industrialization. imagine what would happen to the planet if the two billion people in those two countries squandered

30、resources like we do? we cant expect them to contain their consumption if we dont reduce ours. /nature has its limits and we are testing them to breaking point. we are our own worst enemy. we think that technology can solve everything when in fact many of our technologies, such as genetic engineerin

31、g, are part of the problem. we cant beat nature, but we can work with it to live within its income rather than depleting its capital. /instead of driving even faster as we get closer to the edge of the cliff, its time to slow down. its time to be green instead of greedy. we need to change the way we

32、 live, to change the way we work, to change the way we do business and to change the rules that governments make. that takes both personal and political will. / homework提示：請(qǐng)先熟悉列出的詞匯與短語(yǔ)后再聽(tīng)錄音，并在錄音停頓時(shí)開(kāi)始口譯。對(duì)話(huà)環(huán)保詞匯與短語(yǔ)植樹(shù)節(jié)世界水日世界氣象日地球日國(guó)際生物多樣性日世界環(huán)境日警報(bào)可持續(xù)發(fā)展環(huán)保理念arbor dayworld water dayworld meteorological dayea

33、rth dayinternational biological diversity dayworld environment daywarningsustainable developmentawareness of environmental protection主持人： 歡迎大家來(lái)到我們的節(jié)目。翻開(kāi)日歷大家都會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，每年當(dāng)中都有許多值得人們紀(jì)念的日子。比如，3月12日是我國(guó)的植樹(shù)節(jié)，3月22號(hào)是世界水日，3月23號(hào)是世界氣象日，4月22號(hào)是地球日，5月22日是國(guó)際生物多樣性日，6月5日是世界環(huán)境日。這些紀(jì)念日之所以說(shuō)它們特別，是因?yàn)樗鼈兌己铜h(huán)保有關(guān)。在倡導(dǎo)環(huán)保理念的人們的眼中，這些日子是一

34、個(gè)紀(jì)念，也是一個(gè)警惕，同時(shí)更是一種期待。那么在今天的節(jié)目時(shí)間當(dāng)中，我們將圍繞著環(huán)保展開(kāi)對(duì)話(huà)?，F(xiàn)在讓我們用掌聲，請(qǐng)出我們今天的嘉賓，莫瑞斯斯特朗先生。我們請(qǐng)莫瑞斯斯特朗先生跟大家介紹一下您的個(gè)人情況，比如您今年高壽？mr. strong: well, i am feeling like i am 21, but the calendar says i will be 75 next month.主持人： 不過(guò)我們覺(jué)得，您此刻坐在我們的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，更像是21歲，年輕充滿(mǎn)了活力的斯特朗先生。過(guò)去因?yàn)槟媳狈嚼娌煌蠹覍?duì)于環(huán)保的理解和所站的立場(chǎng)肯定是完全不一樣的，那么即使到了今天，您個(gè)人覺(jué)得，在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和

35、發(fā)展中國(guó)家之間，對(duì)于環(huán)境保護(hù)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的認(rèn)同上，是差異更大了，還是在不斷的縮小當(dāng)中？mr. strong: there is a great deal more knowledge now. we understand much better. what is actually happening is we have a lot experience and new technologies to help manage these problems, but we are still not doing adequately. even with all the progress, the

36、scientists tell us that basic conditions are still deteriorating. and this means that prospects for the human future are being affected by our inadequate environmental performance. but the difference is that we now what we are doing. we know more or less how to fix the problems, but not everything.

37、we must continue to learn, but we are not doing it sufficiently. what is encouraging about china is your leadership. i have just been listening to the peoples congress where your leadership said your economic growth is in god balance for social and environmental considerations. you have human-center

38、ed, people-centered development and scientific development because it is coming from your leadership, which means that they fully recognize that your economic growth must be managed much more carefully in the future. otherwise the national growth, economic growth to improve the strength of the count

39、ry and the life of people will not be realized, unless that growth is on the sustainable growth pathway. what china does or what china does not do will affect the future of the whole world.主持人： 我非常同意您的觀點(diǎn)，我覺(jué)得在當(dāng)今的中國(guó)來(lái)講，伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，環(huán)保的問(wèn)題也已經(jīng)上升到國(guó)家安全這樣一個(gè)高度上來(lái)，所以其實(shí)很多人都在思考著怎么樣走這樣一條全面協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的道路。而且中國(guó)怎樣走這條路是不是對(duì)世界

40、環(huán)境的未來(lái)有著舉足輕重的影響？mr. strong: why i am so convinced that china is the key is because china is the largest country in the world: china is the fastest growing. but we know, we now see for example the yellow river, the mother river, it has three times as much soil sediment it carries three times as much a

41、s the amazon and the mississippi put together. of your 4,000 lakes in china, 3,000 have already dried up. the others are in the process of being dried up or polluted. this is happening.i am not criticizing your development because you have gained real benefits. but at the same time, we know that chi

42、na will not have a future, that is, a future life for its people and its land unless something is done. sustainable development is not an option for development it is an absolute necessity and it has to be in everybodys mind. there has to be a sustainable development revolution, as important as your

43、 original political revolution. i think it is the key. china must be central to that revolution, not because the world thinks it should, but because chinas own future requires this.so i believe that the new revolution will bring us to a safer world in which all people can benefit from this process, what we call globalization, because right now lots of new wealth is being generated. much that wealth is at the expense