Unit4wordsandexpressions概要

1、1. (L 2) enroll: v. put onto the official list; (cause to) enter or join (followed byin /on)* He is enrolled as a part-time student. 她決定上當(dāng)?shù)匾剐５挠?jì)算機(jī)班。(=She decided to enroll in the computer course at the local evening school.)2. (L 7) ground sb. in sth: teach sb. the main points or rules (of a subject)

2、 as a base for further study (usually passive)* Most seven-year-olds are grounded in the basics of reading and writing.(= The volunteers have been grounded in the prevention of the disease.)3. (L 11) energetic: adj. full of energy; very active* We need to be more energetic in promoting ourselves abr

3、oad. 該俱樂部需要一個(gè)充滿活力和熱情的管理委員會(huì)的支持。(= The club has the support of an energetic and enthusiastic management committee.)4. (L 12) specimen: n. a single typical thing or example* He has a collection of rare insect specimens.* Museums will pay large amounts of money for good dinosaur fossil specimens.* 宇航員帶回

4、一些月球巖石的樣本。(= Astronauts brought back specimens of moon rock.)5. (L 13) by and by: before long; soon* You will find happiness by and by. 不久，他接手該雜志的編輯工作。(= By and by he took over the editing of the magazine.)6. (L 15) explicit: adj. clearly stated; definite 我給了她如何來這里的非常明確的指示。(= I gave her very explici

5、t directions how to get here.)* Susan was very explicit about her reasons for wanting a divorce.7. (L 16) entrust: vt. make someone responsible for doing something important, or for taking care of someoneentrust sth./sb. to sb.* He didnt look like the sort of man you should entrust your luggage to.(

6、=She entrusted her sons education to a private tutor.) be entrusted with sth./sb.* She was entrusted with the task of collecting all the data concerning the project.我們受委托保管公益金。(= We are entrusted with public welfare funds.)8. (L 27) infectious: adj.1) able to be spread and caught, especially through

7、 the air (used of disease) 如今 ,所有人都知道 SARS 的傳染性很強(qiáng)。(=Nowadays all of us know that SARS is highly infectious.)* Ive had this cold for at least a week, so I dont think I can be infectious any more.2) likely to influence others* His infectious smile and sense of fun was highly reminiscent of Gedge anywa

8、y.CF: infectious & contagious 這兩個(gè)詞都是形容詞，都有“有感染力的”之意，但在作“傳染的”詞義時(shí)，二詞 有以下的不同。infectious 通常指細(xì)菌、原蟲等進(jìn)入人體內(nèi)生長、繁殖而引起的感染。這種感染主要是通 過空氣、食物、水、衣服等媒介傳染的。例如：* Measles is an infectious disease. 麻疹是一種傳染病。* There is no disease more infectious than the plague. 瘟疫最易傳染。contagious 主要指接觸性傳染，是通過接觸病人、病人接觸過的東西、病人的分泌物等而 感染的。例如

9、：* Chicken pox is a highly contagious disease. 水痘是一種高度傳染的疾病。 *Scarlet fever is contagious. 猩紅熱時(shí)一種傳染病。9. (L 28) sacred: adj. holy; solemn* Mount Fuji is regarded as a sacred mountain by the Japanese. 印度教徒把牛尊為神物。(= Cows are sacred to Hindus.)10. (L 30) commend: vt:1) praise or approve of someone or so

10、mething publicly* The judge commended her for/on her bravery.* The paper was highly commended in the UK Press Awards.2) recommend (followed by for/on )* Colleagues, I commend this report to you.Collocation:commend itself to sb. 被 接受； 受至U 歡迎 *John Lennons music commended itself to many people. have m

11、uch to commend it 很好* Ian McKellens performance had much to commend it.11. (L 31) ardent: adj. showing strong feeling or desire; eager* She is a woman of strong beliefs and has always given ardent support to thecivil-rights movement.* Hes an ardent supporter of the national football team.12. (L 33)

12、haunt: vt: pervade; visit frequently* A strong smell of rotten eggs haunted the room. 據(jù)說，一個(gè)無頭鬼經(jīng)常在城堡出沒。(= It was said that a headless man haunted the castle.)13. (L 40) steadfast: adj.1) firm and unchanging* The group remained steadfast in its support for the new system, even when it was criticized i

13、n the newspapers.(= Linda has been steadfast in her refusal to sell the car.)2) faithful and loyal 那位年老的黑人對主人忠心耿耿。(=The old black man remained steadfast to his master.)CF: steadfast, faithful & staunch 這三個(gè)詞都是形容詞，都有“忠實(shí)的”之意。steadfast 表示忠心堅(jiān)定不移、不動(dòng)搖，或指不變的本質(zhì)、個(gè)性。不僅指人，還指保持穩(wěn)定 過程的事物。例如：* her boyfriends steadf

14、ast love for her男朋友對她堅(jiān)貞不移的愛* the blue, the steadfast, the blazing sky那片藍(lán)色、紋絲不動(dòng)、耀眼的天空faithful 表示堅(jiān)定、不動(dòng)搖地?fù)碜o(hù)某人、某事，往往與之有些連帶關(guān)系，如婚姻、友誼、政 治上的忠誠、感激或尊敬；還可以表示某人在得到某一職位、權(quán)力時(shí)做出的誓約、 承諾。例如：* He was a good and faithful friend. 他是一位忠實(shí)的好朋友。* She is faithful to her beliefs. 她忠實(shí)于她的信仰。staunch 表示信念不可動(dòng)搖，忠心不移，且具有天生的抵御外來不利影響

15、的能力。例如：* He has been a staunch supporter of the Liberal Party for over thirty years.三十多年來，他一直是工黨堅(jiān)定的支持者。* The US has been a staunch ally of ours for many years.許多年來，美國一直是我們堅(jiān)定的同盟者。14. (L 42) look sb./sth. in the face:meet with a steady look; face bravely or withoutshame* I could hardly look her in the

16、 face after calling her by the wrong name.他要是知道了，我怎么好意思再見他？(=If he knows, how can I look him in the face again?)15. (L 61) rehearsal: n. reciting, recounting; a practice performance of a play, concert, etc.* The band was scheduled to begin rehearsals for a concert tour. 在彩排時(shí)是否要請媒體來拍照？(=Is the press

17、going to be invited in to take photographs at the dress rehearsal?) Collocation:call a full rehearsal 召集全體演員進(jìn)行排練 conduct/hold a rehearsal 舉行排練 be in rehearsal 在排練中 a dress/final rehearsal 彩排 a juiced rehearsal 電視節(jié)目預(yù)演 a public rehearsal 公開預(yù)演16. (L 62) fringe:1. vt. be around the edge of something* Th

18、e house is fringed with flowers. 沿池塘種著一排樹。(= A line of trees fringed the pool.)2. n.1) (decorative) edge* The jacket has leather fringes(= It was easier to move about on the fringe of the crowd.)2) a short border of hair hanging over a person s forehead* We saw a tall girl with straight brown hair a

19、nd a fringe yesterday afternoon.17. (L 62) arch: v. provide with an arch; have the curved shape of an arch* Two rows of trees arched over the driveway.* The cat arched its back when it saw the dog.18. (L 68) conspicuous: adj. very easy to notice* Among the guests, Yao Ming, a giant of a man, was con

20、spicuous. 他由于行為舉止不好而引起人們的注意。(= He was conspicuous for his bad manners.)CF: conspicuous, noticeable & arresting 這三個(gè)詞都是形容詞，都有“突出的” 、“值得注意的”之意。conspicuous 指事物或某特征太明顯臺(tái)突出而刺激感官或頭腦，并立即為感官或頭腦所感 覺到。例如：*The actress red dress was very conspic uous on the stage. 這位女演員穿的紅裙子在舞 臺(tái)上非常顯眼。* There are several conspicuo

21、us printing errors in your paper. 你的論文中有幾個(gè)明顯的印 刷錯(cuò)誤。noticeable 指事物或某特征太明顯而不可避免地引起人們的注意，可作定語或表語。例如：* His long, feminine eyelashes were very noticeable.他那長長的，女人似的睫毛很引人注* After two days there was a noticeable improvement in his health.兩天后，他的身體有了明顯得好轉(zhuǎn)。arresting 指事物或某特征因非同尋常而顯得醒目，引人注意或給人以深刻印象。例如：* I will

22、never forget that arresting moment.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了那給人留下深刻印象的一刻。* Last night we went to the gymnasium to watch an arresting figure skating.昨晚我們?nèi)ンw育館觀看了一場引人入勝的花樣溜冰。19. (L 71) wretched: adj.1) unpleasant and annoying* That wretched car broke down on the half way home again today.(= The wretched landlord refused

23、to have the air-conditioner repaired.)2) very poor and unhappy* The wretched man hadn t eaten in three days. 他們在悲慘的生活條件下度日。(= They live under wretched condition.)20. (L 85) perplexity: n. the feeling of being confused or worried by something you cannot understand* In our perplexity Bohr is at hand t

24、o help us.* Although my professor gave me a detailed explanation, I was still puzzled by one or two perplexities.Collocation:clear up perplexities 澄清令人困惑的事物face perplexities 面對令人困惑的事物great perplexity 大難題in perplexity 困惑不解地 a matter of perplexity 令人困惑的問題perplex: vt. make (sb.) feel confused and worri

25、ed(= We were perplexed by his strange behavior.)* The question of how the murderer had gained entry to the house perplexed the police for several weeks.21. (L 86) cordial: adj. warmly friendly* Relations between the two leaders are said to be cordial.* Britain and Portugal have had cordial relations

26、 for more than four centuries.NB:cordial 常被用來修飾一些名詞，例如：a cordial smile 友善的微笑；a cordial greeting 熱情的問候；a cordial welcome 熱情的歡迎； a cordial reception 熱情的款待 ；a cordial invitation 熱誠的邀請； a cordial atmosphere 熱烈的氣氛。22. (L 92) discourse:1. vi. make a long formal speech (followed byon/upon )* The professor

27、discoursed at length on environmental protection. 她將就某些公司中存在的性別歧視發(fā)表演講。(= She will discourse on the gender discrimination in some companies.)2. n. a serious speech or piece of writing about a particular subject* The old professor embarked on a discourse aboutthe town s origins.(= He was preparing a d

28、iscourse on recent economic development in China.)NB: 以上是該詞作為可數(shù)名詞的用法。當(dāng)該詞作不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，意為“嚴(yán)肅的對話”或“討論” (serious conversation or discussion between people)。例如：* Candidates should engage in serious political discourse. ( 考生要對嚴(yán)肅的政治問題進(jìn)行 討論。 )* That afternoon our dean held discourse with me. (那天下午院長找我談了話。 )23. (

29、L 93) enthusiastically:adv. in an enthusiastic manner* The students participated enthusiastically in the community activities.(=The film star was welcomed enthusiastically by the cheering crowd.)enthusiastic adj.having or showing enthusiasm (followed byabout )* You dont seem very enthusiastic about

30、the party - dont you want to go tonight? 那位歌手受到了熱情的接待。(=The singer got an enthusiastic reception. )enthusiasm n. a strong feeling of interest, admiration and eagerness* Greta was full of enthusiasm for the plan.CF: enthusiasm, passion & zeal 這三個(gè)都是名詞，都有“激情” 、“熱情”之意。enthusiasm 側(cè)重指對某一目標(biāo)、事業(yè)、活動(dòng)等的一種強(qiáng)烈的好感，

31、并常含有積極、急切地 追求的含義。這個(gè)名詞可用作可數(shù)或不可數(shù)。passion 側(cè)重指強(qiáng)烈的、無法自持的、具有壓倒性的情緒和感情，如愛好、憤怒和情欲 等，含有急切渴望的意味。這個(gè)名詞可用作可數(shù)或不可數(shù)。zeal 為正式用語，語義較強(qiáng)，側(cè)重指對某一目標(biāo)或事業(yè)等具有的極其強(qiáng)烈的熱情，并積 極投身于為達(dá)到這一目的或事業(yè)而進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)或不懈地努力中。這個(gè)詞只能用作不可 數(shù)。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the words in CF.1. He approached the job with missionar

32、y .2. The poet felt his burning for the woman.3. The new teacher is full of for her work.4. In their to catch drug dealers, police have ignored citizens basic civil rights.5. Hate and anger are .6. We went along to the local diving club, full of .(= 1. zeal 2. passion 3. enthusiasm 4. zeal 5. passio

33、ns 6. enthusiasm)24. (L 95) leave sb. to ones own devices:allow sb. to deal with problems unaided* I just gave my daughter a brush and paints, and left her to her own devices. 孩子們被允許在下午有一個(gè)小時(shí)的自由支配時(shí)間。(=The children were left to their own devices for an hour in the afternoon.)25. (L 102) subsequent: ad

34、j. happening or coming after something else* Last year we planned to move house, but subsequent events made this impossible. 繼他訪問之后傳來了他生病的消息。(=Subsequent to his visit came news of his illness.)26. (L 104) part with: get rid of something that you are fond of* Im reluctant to part with any of the kitt

35、ens, but we need the money. 那個(gè)小男孩不喜歡舍棄自己的舊玩具。(=The boy hates parting with his old toys.)27. (L 106) resemblance n. similarity; likeness (followed bybetween / to )* There was a clear family resemblance between all the brothers.* Her evidence bears no resemblance to what other witnesses have told us.C

36、F: resemblance, likeness & similarity 這三個(gè)詞都是名詞，都有“相象” 、“相似”之意。 resemblance 主要指外觀或外在的性質(zhì)。 likeness 是普通用語，比 resemblance 意味更強(qiáng)。 similarity 僅指相似，而且多指物，強(qiáng)調(diào)性質(zhì)、特色、程度的相似或類似。 (Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the words in CF.1. The between Susan and her sister was remarkable.2. Ther

37、e are some striking between the two plays.3. The present crisis bears some to the oil crisis of the 1970s.4. The painting is a good of you.5. Jane bears to her mother.(= 1. resemblance2. similarities 3. similarity4. likeness 5. resemblance)28. (L 109) odor n. a smell, esp. an unpleasant one* The tas

38、te is only slightly bitter, and there is very little odor. 我們立刻注意到在房間里濃重的鴉片氣味。(=We immediately noticed the heavy odor of opium in the room.)Collocation:emit/diffuse/exhale/exude/give off/send out an offensive odor 散發(fā)出難聞到氣味 fall into bad/ill odor 名聲變壞 produce an odor 產(chǎn)生某種氣味 perceive an odor 覺察某種氣味 re

39、cognize an odor 辨出某種氣味smell the odor of 聞到 氣味body odor 體臭 /狐臭29. (L 110) fragrant: adj. having a sweet or pleasant smell, esp. of flowers* The sauce itself was light, fragrant and slightly sweet.花園里的空氣又暖和又芬芳。(=The air in the garden was warm and fragrant.)fragrance n. a pleasant smell* The fragrance

40、of the roses filled the room.CF: fragrance, odor & smell 這三個(gè)詞都名詞，都有“氣味” 、“香味”之意。fragrance 意為“芳香” 、“香味”，指好聞的、清香的、新鮮怡人的氣味。常指生長之物的氣 味，如草木花香。也可指香粉、化妝品或其散發(fā)的香味。例如：* The streets are full of fragrance of lilac after a rain. 雨后街道上充滿著紫丁香的氣味。odor 是個(gè)相當(dāng)正式的詞，常指臭味，多用于科技領(lǐng)域。例如：* There was an odor of formalin in the

41、ward. 病房里有福爾馬林的氣味。smell 是個(gè)中性詞， 可以表示香味， 也可以表示臭味。 若無形容詞修飾， 一般指難聞的氣味。 *I couldn t bear the smell ocf igarette. 我無法忍受香煙的味道。* I prefer the faint sweet smell of flowers in his garden.我特別喜歡他花園里那種淡淡的花香。30. (L 112) be engaged (up)on/in:be busy doing; occupied with* Shes part of a team of scientists who are e

42、ngaged on/upon cancer research. 他們現(xiàn)在正在和供應(yīng)商打官司。(=They are now engaged in a legal battle with their suppliers.)31. (L 120) turn to: start doing or becoming involved with (Here to functions aspreposition.)* Having been abused by his father, the boy was turning to crime. 他處于困境時(shí)總是求助于他姐姐。(=When he s in tr

43、ouble, he always turns to his sister.)32. (L 120) investigation: n. a careful search or examination; systematic inquiryThe police made an immediate investigation into the explosion, which killed over twenty people.該公司正在對此事件進(jìn)行徹底調(diào)查。(=The company is carrying out a thorough investigation of the affair.)

44、CF: investigation, examination & inquiry 這三個(gè)詞都是名詞，都有“尋求信息或真相”之意。 investigation 強(qiáng)調(diào)為求得事實(shí)而進(jìn)行的仔細(xì)和系統(tǒng)的調(diào)查，尤指由官方進(jìn)行的調(diào)查。 examination 強(qiáng)調(diào)通過檢查而尋求事實(shí)。 inquiry 尤指以詢問方式進(jìn)行調(diào)查以尋求事實(shí)。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the words in CF.1. Were getting a lot of about our new teaching method.2. Al

45、l patients had a complete physical .3. On further , it emerged that Malcolm had not been involved in the incident.4. The authorities are planning to launch a full-scale into the crash.5. A private detective was hired to conduct the .6. My suitcases were at the Customs when I entered the country.(= 1

46、. inquiries 2. examination 3. inquiry 4. investigation 5. investigation6. examined)Collocation:await investigation 有待調(diào)查bear investigation 經(jīng)得其調(diào)查，不怕追查(常用于否定句) carry out/conduct/do/make an investigation 進(jìn)行調(diào)查 launch an in vestigati on into就開展調(diào)查a criminal investigation 刑事偵察 firsthand investigation 第一手調(diào)查 an on-the-spot investigation 現(xiàn)場調(diào)查 un