英語閱讀理解解題方法.docx

1、英語閱讀理解解題方法英語閱讀理解答題技巧一、緊扣主旨大意高考英語閱讀理解的主旨大意題主要是考查考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法對文章進(jìn)行高度的概括或總結(jié)的能力。常見的設(shè)問方式有以下三類：標(biāo)題類：Whats the best title/headline for the passage?大意類：The text is mainly about_.The topic/subject discussed in the passage is _ .From the passage，we can conclude that _ .作者意圖類：Whats the write

2、rs purpose in writing the passage?針對主旨大意類型的題，學(xué)生可以掌握以下解題策略：一、把握文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，快速找出主題閱讀理解文章的主要邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：1、時(shí)間順序。按時(shí)間先后順序說明某一事件、某一理論的發(fā)展過程，屬于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的文章主題通常在首段或末段。2、“總說-分述”結(jié)構(gòu)。首段做總的說明，其他段落分別說明或具體論述首段的觀點(diǎn)，屬于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的文章主題在首段。最典型的是新聞報(bào)道類文章，此類體裁的文章在近年高考閱讀中逐漸增多。一般這類文章都有固定格式：城市名稱(新聞社)新聞內(nèi)容。掌握一些國際知名新聞社的英文名稱是必要的，路透社Reuters，美聯(lián)社Associated

3、Press，法新社Agence France Presse。3、“分述-總說”結(jié)構(gòu)。前面幾段分別說明，末段總結(jié)。屬于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的文章主題在末段。二、尋找主題句，確定文章中心思想不是所有的文章都有主題句，對于大部分有主題句的文章來說，主題句表達(dá)了文章的中心思想，找到了主題句，也就抓住了文章的主旨大意。主題句呈現(xiàn)的形式有：1、在文首。文章開門見山，提出主題，隨后擺事實(shí)、講道理來解釋、支撐和發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。2、在文中。通常前面只提出問題，隨之陳述細(xì)節(jié)引出主題，而后做進(jìn)一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。3、在文尾。在表述細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)，得出結(jié)論，以概括主題。三、將首段中心句和各段第一句話連接成一個(gè)整

4、體，得出文章主題通常有些文章會在首段提出一個(gè)重要論點(diǎn)，隨后在各段分別進(jìn)一步從不同角度繼續(xù)闡述，這樣我們可以找出首段的中心句，再將其和各段第一句串聯(lián)在一起，就可以得出文章的中心思想。如：(2006北京卷D篇71題)Which is the best title for the passage?A.Societal Conditions in Premodern TimesB.Practices of Reducing Maternal AttachmentC.Poor Health Service and High Infant Death RateD.Differences between M

5、odern and Premodern Parents第一段：Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused，a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.第二段：One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived

6、into the second year.第三段：A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing.從第一段的中心句和各段的第一句不難看出，這篇文章的標(biāo)題應(yīng)該是Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment.四、逆向思維法解標(biāo)題類問題針對這類題型，考生不妨思考一下，“如果我是作者，遇到這樣的標(biāo)題，文章應(yīng)該怎樣寫?”如：(2005全國I卷B篇62題)What would be the best title for the text?A.A Cross-country Tr

7、ipB.A Special Border PassC.An Unguarded BorderD.An Expensive Church Visit如果標(biāo)題是A Cross-country Trip，那么文章應(yīng)該講述一次出境旅行;如果標(biāo)題是A Special Border Pass，那么文章應(yīng)該著重講一個(gè)特殊的邊境通行證;如果標(biāo)題是An Unguarded Border，那么文章應(yīng)該側(cè)重講邊境如何不設(shè)防;如果標(biāo)題是An Expensive Church Visit，那么文章應(yīng)該講一次禮拜如何花費(fèi)昂貴了。經(jīng)過這樣的逆向思維，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文章的內(nèi)容恰好與標(biāo)題An Expensive Church V

8、isit一致，因此應(yīng)該選D。英語閱讀理解答題技巧二、把握作者意圖每一篇文章都有其寫作目的。那么作者是如何在文章中體現(xiàn)自己的思想呢?他通過哪些語言向讀者傳達(dá)了自己的感受呢?我們在閱讀的同時(shí)怎樣收集、綜合各種信息，體會作者的情感呢?了解這些有助于我們在做閱讀理解題時(shí)把握作者思路，領(lǐng)會文章內(nèi)涵，做出正確的選擇。要做到這一點(diǎn)，我們需要從兩個(gè)方面入手：一是把握作者的寫作意圖，二是把握出題的角度。下面我們就分別分析一下。一、對于寫作意圖的把握有的文章只是客觀地介紹一件事或物，或各方觀點(diǎn)，作者不發(fā)表自己個(gè)人的意見，如一些科技文，新聞事件報(bào)道等。這樣的文章屬于“廣而告知型”。要根據(jù)客觀事實(shí)答題，一是一，二是二

9、，凡與事實(shí)不符的選項(xiàng)，或文中沒有提到的事實(shí)，當(dāng)然都是不能選的。這樣的題目難度一般都不會很大。最難于駕馭的是一些故事性、情感經(jīng)歷性的文章。因?yàn)樽髡咴谛形臅r(shí)會用到一些寫作手法，如倒敘、插敘等。往往還會有一些思想、情感的波動。這就需要我們在閱讀時(shí)認(rèn)真把握，細(xì)心體會。1.注意連接詞的使用：Near the end of the last year in middle school，my dad took me to the wildlife refuge.He needed to get some aligator blood to do the experiment.At first，I thoug

10、ht fishing for alligators was a bad idea.What if one tried to eat me?But we had a lot of help，and my dad knew a lot about alligators，so it was OK.通過第一句可知這是倒敘。我們知道了結(jié)果：作者去了野生動物保護(hù)區(qū)。接下來是作者當(dāng)初由反感、害怕到最后打消顧慮同意去。都是通過連接詞at first，but，so等展開的。所設(shè)題目是：Why did the writer think that fishing for aligators was a bad id

11、ea at first?A.Because the writer was afraid of the fierce alligatorsB.Because we should protect alligatorsC.Because the writer was not as brave as his fatherD.Because the writer knew little about alligators弄清了作者的思想波動就不難選出正確答案A了。2.注意一些形容詞及某些特定句式的使用：透過一些形容詞可以看出作者的傾向，如：Isnt that wonderful if we get the

12、re by air?(作者希望坐飛機(jī)去那里。)某些句型表面看上去是比較級，而實(shí)際上是最高級含義。My mother decided to take me on the trip.It couldnt be better.(It couldnt be better=Its great.意為“太好了”)某些否定形式的句子實(shí)際上是肯定含義：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our environment too much.(再怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)環(huán)境的重要性也不過分。)作者以這樣的句子體現(xiàn)自己的觀點(diǎn)：必須加大力度保護(hù)環(huán)境。注意虛擬語氣的使用。H

13、ow I wish I had passed the driving test.(我多么希望已通過了駕照考試呀!)此句暗含的事實(shí)是：并沒通過考試。3.將自己想象為故事中的主人公，體會其心理感受有一篇文章，寫一個(gè)老太太剛剛在海邊買了一座別墅，打算在那里度過余生。因?yàn)槟抢锏臍夂驖駶櫆嘏?，更適合她的健康。此時(shí)她站在曾經(jīng)生活了25年的房子里，最后環(huán)顧這曾經(jīng)裝載了她的大半生的房子。所給的問題是：How does the old lady feel at the last moment in her old house?正確答案是：Her feeling is complex.其他的選項(xiàng)如She is h

14、appy/She is sad等都片面。只要我們設(shè)身處地站在老太太的位置上想一想，就不難找到正確答案。4.把握全篇文脈，仔細(xì)揣摩事情發(fā)生的背景我們不僅要掌握一定的語言知識，還需要平時(shí)儲備一定的邏輯推理能力以及必要的西方的文化背景知識，才能完全領(lǐng)會文章的主旨或者其所滲透出的幽默感。請看下面這篇介紹父子關(guān)系的文章。第一句話就開門見山：My father and I were very close.He was always proud of my success.然后用一個(gè)事例說明：If I won a spelling contest at school，he was on top of the

15、 world.如果知道be on top of the world是“高興至極”的意思，也只是理解了語言的表層含義。接下來：When I was named President of the Ford Motor Company，I didnt know which of us was more excited.正確理解了上文的鋪墊，才會真正領(lǐng)會此句暗含的意味及幽默：實(shí)際上父親比我還高興。如果對西方人的生活方式及習(xí)慣比較了解的話，也不難接受下面的句子：I hugged and kissed my dad at every opportunitynothing could have felt m

16、ore natural.我們再來繼續(xù)欣賞一下父親鮮明的個(gè)性：My father was a curious man who was always trying new things.He was the first person in my town to buy a motorcycle.Unfortunately，my father and his motorcycle didnt get along too well.He fell off it so often that he got rid of it just a month after buying it.As a result

17、，he never again trusted any vehicle with less than four wheels.讀懂了這些，就不難理解下文中為什么父親不讓“我”擁有一輛自行車，反而當(dāng)“我”剛滿16歲就讓我開車了。正確理解了文章的來龍去脈及內(nèi)涵，對于文后題目的處理也就會輕而易舉了。二、對于出題意圖的把握1.正確理解一個(gè)事物的兩個(gè)方面有些題目不是直接照搬原文的話，而是用一些另外的語言表達(dá)出同樣的意思，因此我們必須掌握用英文解釋英文的技能。如一篇介紹輟學(xué)學(xué)生的文章，文章先后兩次談到學(xué)生輟學(xué)后的感想。第一次：Most students who dropped out of school

18、in the United States admit they made a mistake by giving up and some say they might have stayed if classes were more chalenging.第二次：three out of four said if they could turn back the clock they would choose to stay.文后的題目是Which of the folowing is right according to the passage?正確答案是：Most dropout stud

19、ents hope to go back to school if possible.雖然原文沒有像題目這樣明確說明，但其實(shí)這是一個(gè)事物的兩個(gè)方面;對于輟學(xué)的后悔其實(shí)就是希望繼續(xù)上學(xué)。通過正確推斷這些文句的含義，即可找出正確答案。2.以文章內(nèi)容為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行判斷有些題目要根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容來判斷正誤，這就需要按作者的思路去考慮，站在作者或文章內(nèi)容中出現(xiàn)的人物的立場上予以辨析，不能依據(jù)自己的喜好或認(rèn)知判斷。英語閱讀理解答題技巧三、合理推理判斷推理判斷題在高考中占很大的比重，學(xué)生在此類題型中也失分最多。推理判斷題要求考生考慮文中信息并在通篇理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上領(lǐng)會作者的言外之意，弦外之音做出合理的推理和判斷。

20、一、理解定義。判斷是對已知的事實(shí)仔細(xì)評價(jià)之后做出的合理決定。推理是對事實(shí)的內(nèi)涵所做的陳述或以事實(shí)為依據(jù)對未知所做的陳述。注意無論是判斷還是推理都是以已知事實(shí)為依據(jù)。二、推理題常見的提問形式。常以infer，imply，indicate，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等詞提問?；蚝斜硗茰y的情態(tài)動詞，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的動詞，如probably，mostlikely等。三、具體策略1.通過辨認(rèn)細(xì)節(jié)的技巧，找到相關(guān)的事實(shí)或證據(jù)，對這些事實(shí)或證據(jù)進(jìn)行分析和評價(jià)，在此基礎(chǔ)上再作決定。切記

21、：推斷是以文章提供的事實(shí)為依據(jù)，而不是憑空想象，更不是讀者自己的意愿。2.借助常識。在推理判斷題中，我們平時(shí)積累的一些常識通常會派上用場。2006年陜西高考英語試卷中一篇關(guān)于通信發(fā)展史的閱讀最為典型。 A.The postal service has over the years become faster. B.The postal service has over the years become slower.大家都應(yīng)知道交通越來越發(fā)達(dá)，郵電業(yè)當(dāng)然是faster.此篇還涉及到有關(guān)發(fā)郵件的常識，如果同學(xué)們有這個(gè)common sense，就如魚得水了。3.務(wù)必要用排除法。排除法在此類題型中發(fā)

22、揮著不可磨滅的作用。根據(jù)在文章中找到的事實(shí)依據(jù)和常識排除錯(cuò)誤信息，再排除和文章中一詞不差的信息 (文章里的原句不會是推理判斷出來的結(jié)果，但通過同義詞或句型轉(zhuǎn)換過的選項(xiàng)有可能是正確答案)，最后再排除無關(guān)或偏離信息，正確答案就不言而喻了。4.詞句段篇，相互交融。詞的理解要放在句子里，句子的理解要靠段，段的理解也離不開篇。單獨(dú)說floor誰都知道是什么意思，但she was floored to see her own name and address inside the cover，in her own handwriting這個(gè)語境里是surprised的意思。因此不能獨(dú)立地看某個(gè)詞或某句話。

23、此外，學(xué)生對一詞多義或一些習(xí)語的積累也是很有必要的，這就要靠同學(xué)們課下多下工夫了。5.平時(shí)擴(kuò)大詞匯量的同時(shí)也要注意學(xué)習(xí)詞的深刻內(nèi)涵。從措辭去尋找文章的感情色彩，猜測作者的態(tài)度或?qū)懽饕鈭D?，F(xiàn)僅舉一簡單的例子。When the phone finally rang，he leaped from the edge of his chair and grabbed for it.從這幾個(gè)詞我們能形象地看出他等電話之久，緊張迫不及待的心情，同時(shí)也說明電話之重要，這正是作者的真正意圖。例He is an old cobbler(修鞋匠) with a shop in the Marais，a histor

24、ic area in Paris.When I took him my shoes，he at first told me：“I have no time.Take them to the other fellow on the main street;hell fix them right away.”But Id had my eye on his shop for a long time.Just looking at his bench loaded with tolls and pieces of leather，I knew he was a skilled craftsman(手

25、藝人).“No，”I replied，“the other fellow cant do it well.”“The other fellow”was one of those shopkeepers who fix shoes and make keys “while-u-wait”-without knowing much about mending shoes or making keys.They work carelessly，and when they have finished sewing back a sandal strap(鞋帶)you might as well jus

26、t throw away the pair.My man saw I wouldnt give in，and he smiled.He wiped his hands on his blue apron(圍裙)，looked at my shoes，had me write my name on one shoe with a piece of chalk and said，“Come back in a week.”I was about to leave when he took a pair of soft leather boots off a shelf.“See what I ca

27、n do?”he said with a pride.“Only three of us in Paris can do this kind of work.”When I got back out into the street，the world seemed brand-new to me.He was something out of an ancient legend(傳說)，this old craftsman with his way of speaking familiarly，his very strange，dusty felt hat，his funny accent f

28、rom who-knows-where and，above all，his pride in his craft.These are times when nothing is important but the bottom line，when you can do things any old way as long as it “pays”，when，in short，people look on work as a path to ever-increasing consumption(消費(fèi)) rather than a way to realize their own abilities.In such a period it i