星火英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)翻譯

1、精品好資料學(xué)習(xí)推薦（1）中國(guó)是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，人口約占世界總?cè)丝诘?2%。在過(guò)去相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期里，由于諸多原因,貧困一直困擾著中國(guó)。20世紀(jì)80年代中期，中國(guó)農(nóng)村絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)憑借自身的發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)得到快速增長(zhǎng)，但少數(shù)地區(qū)由于經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、歷史、自然等方面的制約，發(fā)展相對(duì)滯后。中國(guó)政府在致力于經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)全面發(fā)展的進(jìn)程中，在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)實(shí)施了以解決貧困人口溫飽問(wèn)題為主要目標(biāo)的有計(jì)劃、有組織的大規(guī)模扶貧開發(fā)，極大地緩解了貧困現(xiàn)象。China is the largest developing country in the world and its population accounts for

2、 about 22 percent of the worlds total. For a long period of its history, China has been plagued by poverty for various reasons. In the mid-1980s, the economy of an overwhelming majority of the rural areas in China grew dramatically by virtue of their own advantages, but a small number of areas still

3、 lagged behind because of the constraints of their economic, social, historical, and natural conditions. The Chinese government, while working on all-round economic and social development, has nationwide implemented a large-scale program for development-oriented poverty relief in a planned and organ

4、ized way. With the main objective of helping poverty-stricken people solve the food and clothing problems, this program has gone a long way toward alleviating poverty.1.發(fā)展中國(guó)家：英語(yǔ)中對(duì)應(yīng)的表達(dá)為developing country，該句結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，直譯即可。2.人口約占世界總?cè)丝诘模捍司渚o接上文，和前面一個(gè)分句共享一個(gè)主語(yǔ)China，為了指代清楚并且避免重復(fù)，此處的“人口”可譯為its population。表達(dá)“(數(shù)量、比

5、例上)占”有一個(gè)常用的詞組account for?！笆澜缈?cè)丝凇比绻弊g的話是the worlds total population或者the total population of the world，但是由于該分句的主語(yǔ)中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了一次population,故此處可將total活用作名詞，意為“總數(shù)”。3.在過(guò)去相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期里：該分句如果直譯的話可譯為for a long time in the past，但是根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，此處“相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期”指的是“中國(guó)歷史中的一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期”，又由于該分句所在句的主語(yǔ)隨后緊接著出現(xiàn)，因而可以意譯為for a long period of its histo

6、ry。4.由于諸多原因：此處較為簡(jiǎn)單，可以有多種譯法?！坝捎凇笨梢杂胋ecause of, due to, out of來(lái)表達(dá)，也可以用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)潔的單詞for?！爸T多”的表達(dá)方式也有很多，如many, various, a lot of, lots of等。因而該分句可簡(jiǎn)潔地譯為for various reasons。5.貧困一直困擾著：表達(dá)“被貧困所困擾”較為常用的譯法是be plagued by，由于此處表達(dá)的是過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)生并且其影響持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一種狀態(tài)，因而注意時(shí)態(tài)要采用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。此處可譯為has been plagued by poverty。6. 20世紀(jì)80年代中期發(fā)展相對(duì)滯后：該

7、句較長(zhǎng)，翻譯時(shí)要注意平衡句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。“經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展較快”中的“經(jīng)濟(jì)”指的是“中國(guó)農(nóng)村絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)”，在翻譯時(shí)可以照此調(diào)整一下句子的語(yǔ)序?！皽蟆背Ｓ胠ag behind 來(lái)表達(dá)。7.中國(guó)政府在致力于緩解了貧困現(xiàn)象：該句內(nèi)容較多，翻譯時(shí)可以根據(jù)語(yǔ)義將該長(zhǎng)句拆分成兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子，即：“中國(guó)政府在致力于經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)全面發(fā)展的進(jìn)程中，在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)實(shí)施了有計(jì)劃、有組織的大規(guī)模扶貧開發(fā)。扶貧開發(fā)以解決貧困人口的溫飽問(wèn)題為主要目標(biāo)，極大地緩解了貧困現(xiàn)象?！薄爸铝τ凇笨梢杂枚陶Z(yǔ)work on來(lái)表達(dá)。“扶貧開發(fā)”實(shí)際上是一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，因而可靈活譯為a program for developmentoriented

8、poverty relief。（2）北京有無(wú)數(shù)的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活給古都北京帶來(lái)了無(wú)窮的魅力。北京的胡同不僅僅是平民百姓的生活環(huán)境，而且還是一門建筑藝術(shù)。通常，胡同內(nèi)有一個(gè)大雜院，房間夠4到10個(gè)家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充滿了友善和人情味。如今，隨著社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，很多胡同被新的高樓大廈所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下來(lái)。參考答案：In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs brings endlesscharm to the ancien

9、t capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people. Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine

10、 humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved.難點(diǎn)精析：1.帶來(lái)了無(wú)窮的魅力：翻譯為bring endless charm to。2.漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于用并列的散句或短語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)一個(gè)語(yǔ)境，而英文習(xí)慣上用整句表述，句內(nèi)不太重要的信息會(huì)用介詞短語(yǔ)或從句來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，如本段中“胡同內(nèi)有一個(gè)大雜院，房間夠4到10個(gè)家庭的差不多20口人住”是：兩個(gè)并列關(guān)系的漢語(yǔ)短句，翻譯成

11、英文時(shí)可將第二句用with介詞結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)出來(lái)，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用。3.充滿友善和人情味：翻譯為full of friendliness and genuine humanity。4.隨著社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展：翻譯為with rapid social and economic development，也是with介詞短語(yǔ)的應(yīng)用，在句中作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。（3）要了解中國(guó)文化，就應(yīng)該對(duì)中國(guó)的戲曲文化有所了解。中國(guó)地方戲種類很多，其中京劇是一個(gè)具有代表性的劇種。作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的劇種，京劇的誕生大約是在1840年至1860年。京劇是在吸收其他地方戲營(yíng)養(yǎng)的基礎(chǔ)上形成的。京劇有明確的角色分工;在念白上用北京方言;在音樂(lè)

12、上以胡琴為主要伴奏樂(lè)器。由于京劇是在融合各種地方戲之精華的基礎(chǔ)上形成的，所以它不僅為北京的觀眾所鐘愛，也受到全國(guó)人民的喜愛。參考答案To understand the Chinese culture, you have to know something about the Chinese opera culture. In China, there are many kinds of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one. As an independent opera form, Peking Oper

13、a was approximately born between 1840 and 1860. Peking opera originated from absorbing the essentials of other local operas. In Peking Opera there is a clear division of roles; the spoken parts are in Beijing dialect; and huqin, is the main accompaniment instrument. Since Peking Opera has combined t

14、he cream of various local operas, it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country.難點(diǎn)精析1.要了解中國(guó)文化，就應(yīng)該對(duì)中國(guó)的戲曲文化有所了解：該句沒(méi)有給出明確的主語(yǔ)，因而在翻譯時(shí)要注意：增譯主語(yǔ)you?！爸袊?guó)的戲曲文化”可譯為the Chinese opera culture。2.中國(guó)地方戲種類很多，其中京劇是一個(gè)具有代表性的劇種：該句在翻譯時(shí)可以采用非限定性定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)。該句可譯為：In China, there are many kind

15、s of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one.注意此處為了避免在前后分句中重復(fù)使用名詞opera而在后半句中使用了名詞性替代詞 one。3.京劇是在吸收其他地方戲營(yíng)養(yǎng)的基礎(chǔ)上形成的：“在的基礎(chǔ)上形成”如果直接譯為be formed on the I basis of.會(huì)稍顯生硬，因而可以靈活譯為originate from.。“地方戲”可以直譯為local opera。4.念白：“念白”指的是中國(guó)戲曲中人物的獨(dú)白或者兩者的對(duì)話，因而此處在翻譯時(shí)可將其靈活譯為the I spoken parts。5.胡琴：

16、這一特有名詞在英文中并沒(méi)有直接對(duì)應(yīng)的詞匯或表達(dá)，因而可以采用漢語(yǔ)拼音表示。6.它不僅為北京的觀眾所鐘愛，也受到全國(guó)人民的喜愛：“不僅 也 ”常用not onlybut also來(lái)表達(dá)。此處句中的“鐘愛”和“喜愛”同義，在翻譯后半部分內(nèi)容時(shí)可以將與前半部分重復(fù)的內(nèi)容省略，故該部分內(nèi)容可譯為：it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country。（4）中歐經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易合作取得了可喜的成果。歐盟已經(jīng)成為中國(guó)的重要經(jīng)貿(mào)伙伴，是中國(guó)最大的技術(shù)供應(yīng)方、第三大貿(mào)易伙伴和第五大實(shí)際投資方。2001年，

17、中歐貿(mào)易達(dá)到766億美元，比上一年增長(zhǎng)11%，尤其是中國(guó)從 歐盟的進(jìn)口增長(zhǎng)了 15.8%。我非常贊賞歐中(Europe-China Business Association)與比中經(jīng)貿(mào)理事會(huì) (Belgium-Chinese Economic and Commercial Council)為發(fā)展中歐關(guān)系所做出的努力。中歐經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易合作具有廣闊的前景。中歐經(jīng)濟(jì)具有很強(qiáng)的互補(bǔ)性，在貿(mào)易、投資、科技等領(lǐng)域具有很大的合作潛力。參考答案：China-EU economic and trade cooperation has yielded heartening fruits. The EU has now

18、 become an important economic and trade partner of China, working as the largest technology supplier, the third largest trading partner and the fifth largest actual investor in China. Bilateral trade reached 76.6 billion dollars in 2001, achieving an 11% increase compared to the previous year. In pa

19、rticular, Chinas imports from the EU grew by 15.8%. I highly appreciate the efforts by the Europe-China Business Association and the Belgium-Chinese Economic and Commercial Council for developing China-EU ties. China-EU trade and economic cooperation is endowed with a promising future. The two econo

20、mies are strongly complimentary to each other and hence enjoy huge potential for cooperation in trade, investment, science and technology areas.難點(diǎn)精析：1.中歐經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易合作取得了可喜的成果：EU=European Union，表示歐盟;“取得了”可譯為has got，但稍顯生硬，yield fruit意為“結(jié)果，取得成果”，用在此處更為恰當(dāng);“可喜的”可譯為heartening，還可譯為 promising。2.第三大貿(mào)易伙伴和第五大實(shí)際投資方：“最

21、大”用thelargest來(lái)表示，“第幾大”則可譯為the+序數(shù)詞+largest，因此此處“第三大”譯為thethirdlargest; “第五大”譯為the fifth largest。“貿(mào)易伙伴”譯為tradingpartner; “實(shí)際投資方”譯為actual investor。3. 766億美元：應(yīng)譯為76.6 billion dollars。billion意為“10億”，而不是“1 億”。4.增長(zhǎng)了15.8%:可譯為grew by 15.8%,還可譯為increased by 15.8%。increase的反義詞為decrease，二者用 法相同，后接具體的百分比時(shí)，要與介詞by連

22、用。5.發(fā)展中歐關(guān)系：“關(guān)系”還可譯為relationship，但tie表示的“關(guān)系”比relationship的情感色彩更強(qiáng)烈一些， ; 意為“緊密關(guān)系”，此處原文中雖沒(méi)有提及“緊密”，但很顯然是要發(fā)展中歐的緊密關(guān)系，故譯成tie更貼合文意。6.具有很強(qiáng)的互補(bǔ)性：可譯為are strongly complimentary to each other complimentary意為“互補(bǔ)的”。7.具有很大的合作潛力：“具有”此處譯為enjoy顯得生動(dòng)，帶有較強(qiáng)的感情色彩。potential后應(yīng)與介詞for 搭配。（5）中醫(yī)(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是中華文化不

23、可分割的一部分，為振興華夏做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。如今，中醫(yī)和西醫(yī)(western medicine)在中國(guó)的醫(yī)療保健領(lǐng)域并駕齊驅(qū)。中醫(yī)以其獨(dú)特的診斷手法、系統(tǒng)的治療方式和豐富的典籍材料，備受世界矚目。中國(guó)的中醫(yī)事業(yè)由國(guó)家中醫(yī)藥管理局(State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology)負(fù)責(zé)。現(xiàn)在國(guó)家已經(jīng)出臺(tái)了管理中醫(yī)的政策、法令和法規(guī)，引導(dǎo)并促進(jìn)這個(gè)新興產(chǎn)業(yè)的研究和 開發(fā)。在定義上，中醫(yī)是指導(dǎo)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥理論和實(shí)踐的一種醫(yī)學(xué)，它包括中醫(yī)療法、中草藥(herbalogy)、針 灸(acupuncture )、推拿(massage)和氣功(Qigong)。參考答案

24、：Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an integral part of Chinese culture. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Today both TCM and western medicine are being used in providing medical and health services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, systematic approach,

25、abundant historical literature and materials, has attracted a lot of attention from the international community. In China, TCM is under the administration of State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. National strategies, laws and regulations governing TCM are now in place to guide and promote th

26、e research and development in this promising industry. TCM is defined as a medical science governing the theory and practice of traditional Chinese medicine. It includes Chinese medication, herbalogy, acupuncture, massage and Qigong.難點(diǎn)精析：1.不可分割的一部分：可譯為an integral part。2.為振興華夏做出了巨大的賁獻(xiàn)：可譯為has made gre

27、at contributions to the prosperity of China，其中“華夏”即“中國(guó)”或“中華”，可直接譯為China; “振興”此處翻譯成了名詞形式prosperity,還可譯為revitalization;“做出了 巨大的貢獻(xiàn)”可譯為 has made great contributions。3.并駕齊驅(qū)：此處指兩者(中醫(yī)和西醫(yī))都得以應(yīng)用，可簡(jiǎn)單地翻譯為both are being used。4.獨(dú)特的診斷手法、系統(tǒng)的治療方式和豐富的典籍材料：三個(gè)并列的名詞短語(yǔ)，可分別譯為unique ： I diagnostic methods, systematic appr

28、oach和abundant historical literature and materials; “典籍材料”可理解為歷史文獻(xiàn)資料，翻譯為historical literature and materials。5.引導(dǎo)并促進(jìn)這一新興產(chǎn)業(yè)的研究和開發(fā)：“引導(dǎo)”譯為guide; “促進(jìn)”可譯為promote，還可譯為facilitate或further; “新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，可譯為promising industry,還可譯為new industry或emerging industry。6.中醫(yī)療法：譯為Chinese medication。（6）中國(guó)新年是中國(guó)最重要的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，在中國(guó)也被稱為春節(jié)。新

29、年的慶?；顒?dòng)從除夕開始一直延續(xù)到元宵節(jié)(the Lantern Festival)，即從農(nóng)歷(lunar calendar)最后一個(gè)月的最后一天至新年第一個(gè)月的第十五天。各地歡度春節(jié)的習(xí)俗和傳統(tǒng)有很大差異，但通常每個(gè)家庭都會(huì)在除夕夜團(tuán)聚，一起吃年夜飯。為驅(qū)厄運(yùn)、迎好運(yùn)，家家戶戶都會(huì)進(jìn)行大掃除。人們還會(huì)在門上粘貼紅色的對(duì)聯(lián)(couplets)，對(duì)聯(lián)的主題為健康、發(fā)財(cái)和好運(yùn)。其他的活動(dòng)還有放鞭炮、發(fā)紅包和探親訪友等。參考答案：Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese holiday. In China, it is als

30、o known as the Spring Festival. New Year celebrations run from Chinese New Years Eve, the last day of the last month of the lunar calendar, to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month. Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to

31、place. However, New Years Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner. It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck. And doors will be decorated with red couplets with th

32、emes of health, wealth and good luck. Other activities include lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes, and visiting relatives and friends.難點(diǎn)精析：1.慶?；顒?dòng)：譯為celebrations即可，考生要注意，不要看到“慶祝活動(dòng)”就想在celebration的后面加上： activities。2. 有很大差異：譯為vary widely,此句還可以翻譯為are rather different。3.驅(qū)厄運(yùn)、迎好運(yùn)：譯為sweep a

33、way ill fortune and to bring in good luck，此處的“驅(qū)”如果考生無(wú)法譯出：sweep away，也可以用簡(jiǎn)單的get rid of來(lái)表達(dá)。4.大掃除：譯為thoroughly clean the house。5.放鞭炮、發(fā)紅包：譯為 lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes。放鞭炮還可以用 set off the firecrackers或 fire firecrackers來(lái)表達(dá)。【1】四合院（Siheyuan）是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)民居中最重要的形式。它數(shù)量多、分布廣，并且在漢族、滿族、白族以及其他

34、少數(shù)民族中十分流行。大多數(shù)房屋采用木質(zhì)框架。主屋在南北走向的軸線上，兩個(gè)廂房則位于四合院的兩側(cè)。家庭中的長(zhǎng)者住在主屋中，在兩翼則是年輕一代的屋室。婦女住在內(nèi)院?？腿撕湍衅妥≡谕庠?。這種分布符合封建理制（feudal regulations）。四合院遍布全國(guó)的城鄉(xiāng) ，但由于各地自然條件和生活方式各有不同，因此發(fā)展出各自的特征。北京的四合院是最具代表性的。參考答案：Siheyuan is the most important form of Chinese traditional house. It is great in number and wide in distribution, popu

35、lar among Han, Man, Bai, and some of other minority groups. Most of the houses are of wood framework. The principal room is built on the south-north axis, and two wing rooms are located on both sides of it. The family elders live in the principal room and wings are the bedrooms for the younger gener

36、ations. Women live in inner yard. Guests and male servants live in the outer yard. This distribution is in accordance with the feudal regulations. Siheyuan spreads over towns and villages throughout china, but each developed its own characteristics as a result of respective natural conditions and di

37、fferent ways of life. Siheyuan in Beijing is the most representative.【2】風(fēng)水（Feng shui）是中國(guó)建筑中的一個(gè)特殊傳統(tǒng)，是古人對(duì)空間的布置與安排方法，其目的是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)建筑與環(huán)境的和諧共存。風(fēng)水的字面意思就是“風(fēng)和水”。在古代，風(fēng)水通常將從選址、設(shè)計(jì)、建筑直到內(nèi)部和外部裝修的整個(gè)過(guò)程聯(lián)系在一起。它將天、地、人三者融為一體，并且在所選的地址、方位、自然法則以及人類命運(yùn)之間尋求和諧。它反對(duì)人對(duì)自然的破壞，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)人與環(huán)境的共處，這種狀態(tài)被認(rèn)為是完美、神秘的。參考答案：Feng shui, a special Chinese

38、 traditional in architecture, is the ancient Chinese practice of placement and arrangement of space to achieve coexistence in harmony with the environment. Feng shui literally translates as “wind-water”. Feng shui usually links the whole process from site selection, designing, construction and inter

39、ior and exterior decoration in ancient times. It combines the trinity of the heaven, earth, and humans, and seeks harmony between selected site, orientation, nature doctrine and human fate. It repulses human destruction of nature and stresses cohabitation with the environment, which is regarded as p

40、erfect and occult.【3】舞龍（Dragon dance）是中國(guó)文化中一種傳統(tǒng)的舞蹈與表演形式。它起源于漢朝并且由信仰并尊敬龍的中國(guó)人所開創(chuàng)。人們認(rèn)為舞龍一開始是農(nóng)耕文化的組成部分，起初也是治病和防病的一種方法。舞龍?jiān)谒纬⊿ong Dynasty）就已經(jīng)成為一項(xiàng)流行的活動(dòng)。舞龍是中國(guó)文化和傳統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，已經(jīng)傳遍了中國(guó)乃至全世界，而且已經(jīng)成為中國(guó)體育活動(dòng)中的一種特殊的藝術(shù)表演。它象征著在來(lái)年為世界上所有的人帶來(lái)好運(yùn)和興旺。參考答案：Dragon dance is a form of traditional dance and performance in Chinese

41、culture. It originated during the Han Dynasty and was started by the Chinese who has shown great belief and respect towards the dragon. It is believed to have begun as part of the farming and harvest culture, also with origins as a method of healing and preventing sickness. Dragon dance was already

42、a popular event during the Song Dynasty. Dragon dance is an important part of the Chinese culture and tradition. It has spread throughout China and to the whole world and become a special performance of arts in the Chinese physical activities. It symbolizes good luck and prosperity in the year to co

43、me for all the human beings on earth.【4】原文：中國(guó)結(jié)（The Chinese Knot）是一種古老的藝術(shù)形式。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，繩結(jié)可以追溯到10萬(wàn)年前。中國(guó)人不僅用繩結(jié)來(lái)固定、包裹、狩獵、捕魚，還用來(lái)記錄事件，而且有些繩結(jié)純粹起裝飾作用。中國(guó)結(jié)具有文化內(nèi)涵（culture connotation）。由于結(jié)在漢語(yǔ)中的發(fā)音與“吉”相近，吉的意思為“福、祿、壽、喜、財(cái)、安、康”，這是中國(guó)人永恒的追求，因此有些中國(guó)結(jié)表達(dá)出人們的各種愿望。例如：新婚夫婦的房間通常用一個(gè)盤長(zhǎng)結(jié)（Pan-chang Knot）來(lái)裝飾，象征著永恒的愛情。 The Chinese Knot i

44、s an ancient art form and the artifacts could date back to 100 000 years ago. Chinese people used knots for more than just fastening, wrapping, hunting, and fishing. Knots were also used to record events, and some knots had purely ornamental functions. The Chinese Knot has culture connotations. Sinc

45、e knot is pronounced as “Jie” in Chinese similar with the of “Ji”, which means blessing, good salary, longevity, fortune, safety and health and is the everlasting pursuit of Chinese people, some Chinese Knots express peoples various hopes. For example, the room of newlyweds is usually decorated with

46、 a Pan-long Knot to symbolize eternal love.【5】現(xiàn)代中國(guó)人的姓名通常由姓（家庭姓氏）和名（個(gè)人所起的名字）組成，并且姓在前，名在后。因此，王小平被稱為王先生，個(gè)人的名字為小平。但是，在中國(guó)古代，起名字非常復(fù)雜。一個(gè)人通常有好幾個(gè)名字，包括姓、氏、名、字，每一個(gè)都表達(dá)不同的意思。姓和氏演變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在的姓，名和字則演變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在的名?，F(xiàn)在人們通常用姓氏來(lái)指一個(gè)人的姓，用名字來(lái)指一個(gè)人所起的名。對(duì)中國(guó)古代文獻(xiàn)的研究表明，“姓”最初指不同的母系部落（matriarchal tribes）的名字，和人們的居住地也有某些關(guān)系。研究表明，“姓”出現(xiàn)于母系社會(huì)時(shí)期，大約四千

47、至五千年之前。 A modern Chinese usually has a surname (family name) or xing and a given name (first name), or ming (or mingzi), always in that order. Thus Wang Xiaoping is Mr. Wang with the personal name Xiaoping. In ancient China, however, naming was very complicated and one person usually had several nam

48、es, including xing, shi, ming, and zi. Each of these four words meant a different thing. Xing and shi together formed todays surname, and ming and zi todays given name. Nowadays, people use xingshi to refer to a persons surname, mingzi to refer to ones give name. Study of ancient Chinese documents s

49、hows that xing originally referred to the names of different matriarchal tribes. It also had something to do with the place where people live. Researches show that xing came into being during the matrilineal society period, around four or five thousand years ago.【6】原文：乒乓球是一項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)耐力和反應(yīng)能力(reflexes)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，盡管

50、乒乓球本身比較小，運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度不大。不論男女老少都可以同臺(tái)公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。由于是室內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以可以常年舉行比賽或進(jìn)行練習(xí)。自從乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)誕生以來(lái)，它已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了巨大的演變。比賽規(guī)則經(jīng)過(guò)多次的修改，并且隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和打球方式的改變，運(yùn)動(dòng)器材也發(fā)生了變化。這些改良(refinement)只是證明了乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)已經(jīng)發(fā)展為一項(xiàng)非常完美的運(yùn)動(dòng)，可以與我們所崇尚(with reverence)的任何一種經(jīng)典運(yùn)動(dòng)相媲美。Despite its small size and moderate intensity, ping-pong is a sport that emphasizes endurance and ref

51、lexes. People of all ages and genders can play it on an equal ground. The sport is played indoors, so year-round competition and practice are possible. Ping-pong has undergone enormous evolution since it came into being, with has experienced many revisions of rules and seen an improvement of equipme

52、nt as technology and playing styles changed. Such refinement only serves as evidence that ping-pong is indeed a full-fledged sport, comparable to any of the other classics we behold with reverence.【7】原文：儒家思想是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的基石。它出現(xiàn)在大約2500年前的春秋時(shí)期(the Spring and Autumn Period)，是建立在夏、商、周朝的傳統(tǒng)文化之上，并由孔子創(chuàng)立的完整觀念體系(id

53、eological system)。儒家思想博大精深，涵蓋了人性、政治、法律、教育、哲學(xué)、道德各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。儒家文化以人本哲學(xué)(humanistic philosophy)為依托，這表現(xiàn)在它對(duì)人類個(gè)體的尊敬、關(guān)注和熱愛。總而言之，儒家文化是世界文化遺產(chǎn)的重要組成部分，是東方文化的代表，也是中國(guó)文化傳統(tǒng)的中流砥柱。Confucianism is the cornerstone of traditional Chinese culture. Founded about 2500 years ago in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucianism is a c

54、omplete ideological system created by Confucius, based on the traditional culture of the Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties. It is extensive and profound, covering on humanistic philosophy, politics, education, philosophy and ethics. Confucian culture rests on humanistic philosophy, which is shown in its re

55、spect, attention to and love of human individuals. In brief, Confucian culture is an important component of world cultural heritage, a major representative of oriental culture, and the dominant facet of Chinese cultural tradition.【8】原文：清華大學(xué)被視為中國(guó)最著名和選拔人才最嚴(yán)格的大學(xué)之一。清華大學(xué)的校園位于北京西北部的海淀區(qū)，這是專為大學(xué)指定的區(qū)域。它坐落在清代皇

56、家花園的舊址上，保留了一些中式的園林風(fēng)格以及一些傳統(tǒng)的建筑，但它的許多建筑物都是西式風(fēng)格的，反應(yīng)了美國(guó)對(duì)它的影響。它擁有中國(guó)最美麗校園之一，擁有中國(guó)最好的工程和應(yīng)用科學(xué)(applied science)課程，吸引了全國(guó)最有才華的學(xué)生，其地位和美國(guó)伯克利大學(xué)(Berkeley)、麻省理工學(xué)院以及斯坦福大學(xué)相當(dāng)。Tsinghua University is regarded as one of the most renowned and most selective universities in China. The campus of Tsinghua University is situat

57、ed in northwest Beijing, in Haidian District which is designated for universities. It is located on the former site of Qing Dynasty royal gardens and retains some Chinese-style landscapes as well as some traditional buildings, but many of its buildings are Western-style reflecting the American influence on its history. With one of the most beautiful campuses and the best engineering and applied science programs in China, it attracts the most talented students of the nation and occupies a position similar to Berkele