美國(guó)法學(xué)會(huì)《侵權(quán)法重述·第三次·產(chǎn)品責(zé)任編》

1、美國(guó)法學(xué)會(huì)侵權(quán)法重述第三次產(chǎn)品責(zé)任編（條文翻譯校對(duì)稿）王竹 四川大學(xué)法學(xué)院副教授restatement of the law, third, torts: products liability (black letters)copyright © 1998 by the american law institute說明：本譯本僅系為中國(guó)侵權(quán)責(zé)任法起草研究、參考目的，根據(jù)肖永平、龔樂凡、汪雪飛譯，肖永平審校：侵權(quán)法重述第三版：產(chǎn)品責(zé)任，法律出版社2006年版譯本校對(duì)而成，僅供個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)、研究參考之用，請(qǐng)勿用于其他任何目的，后果自負(fù)。相關(guān)譯文具體細(xì)節(jié)請(qǐng)參見注釋。第一章基于銷售時(shí)產(chǎn)品缺陷的商

2、業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售者責(zé)任chapter 1- liability of commercial product sellers based on product defects at time of sale主題1普遍適用于產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任規(guī)則topic 1- liability rules applicable to products generally1.商業(yè)銷售者或者分發(fā)者因缺陷產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任從事產(chǎn)品銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)1的經(jīng)營(yíng)者，銷售或者分發(fā)缺陷產(chǎn)品，應(yīng)對(duì)該缺陷所造成的人身或者財(cái)產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任。1 liability of commercial seller or distributor for

3、 harm caused by defective products one engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products who sells or distributes a defective product is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the defect.2.產(chǎn)品缺陷的種類產(chǎn)品在銷售或者分發(fā)時(shí)，包含制造缺陷，設(shè)計(jì)存在缺陷，或者因?yàn)檎f明或警示不充分而存在缺陷，則該產(chǎn)品存在缺陷。產(chǎn)品：（a）如果

4、背離其設(shè)計(jì)意圖，即便在該產(chǎn)品準(zhǔn)備和營(yíng)銷過程中已盡到所有可能的注意，那么（產(chǎn)品）包含制造缺陷；（b）如果可預(yù)見的因該產(chǎn)品引起的損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能夠通過銷售者或以其他方式分發(fā)者，或者他們?cè)诜咒N商業(yè)鏈中的前手，通過采納合理替代性設(shè)計(jì)而減少或者避免，而沒有采納合理替代性設(shè)計(jì)致使產(chǎn)品不具有合理性安全，那么（產(chǎn)品）設(shè)計(jì)存在缺陷；（c）如果可預(yù)見的因該產(chǎn)品引起的損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能夠通過銷售者或以其他方式分發(fā)者，或者他們?cè)诜咒N商業(yè)鏈中的前手，通過提供合理的說明或警示而減少或者避免，而沒有提供合理的說明或警示致使產(chǎn)品不具有合理性安全，那么（產(chǎn)品）因說明或警示不足而存在缺陷。2 categories of product def

5、ecta product is defective when, at the time of sale or distribution, it contains a manufacturing defect, is defective in design, or is defective because of inadequate instructions or warnings. a product:(a) contains a manufacturing defect when the product departs from its intended design even though

6、 all possible care was exercised in the preparation and marketing of the product;(b) is defective in design when the foreseeable risks of harm posed by the product could have been reduced or avoided by the adoption of a reasonable alternative design by the seller or other distributor,or a predecesso

7、r in the commercial chain of distribution, and the omission of the alternative design renders the product not reasonably safe;(c) is defective because of inadequate instructions or warnings when the foreseeable risks of harm posed by the product could have been reduced or avoided by the provision of

8、 reasonable instructions or warnings by the seller or other distributor, or a predecessor in the commercial chain of distribution, and the omission of the instructions or warnings renders the product not reasonably safe.3.支持推斷產(chǎn)品缺陷的間接證據(jù)當(dāng)損害原告的事件滿足下列特征，即使沒有關(guān)于具體缺陷的證據(jù)，也可以推定原告所遭受的損害是由在產(chǎn)品在銷售或者分發(fā)時(shí)存在的產(chǎn)品缺陷導(dǎo)致的

9、：（a）該事件屬于通常是由產(chǎn)品缺陷引起的類型；并且（b）在該具體案件中，不是僅僅由于產(chǎn)品在銷售或者分發(fā)時(shí)存在的缺陷以外的原因引起的。3 circumstantial evidence supporting inference of product defect it may be inferred that the harm sustained by the plaintiff was caused by a product defect existing at the time of sale or distribution, without proof of a specific defe

10、ct, when the incident that harmed the plaintiff:(a) was of a kind that ordinarily occurs as a result of product defect; and (b) was not, in the particular case, solely the result of causes other than product defect existing at the time of sale or distribution.4.對(duì)產(chǎn)品安全法律或法規(guī)的違反與遵守4 noncompliance and co

11、mpliance with product safety statutes or regulations有關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)缺陷責(zé)任或者說明或警示不充分責(zé)任：（a）產(chǎn)品對(duì)可適用的產(chǎn)品安全法律或法規(guī)的違反，致使產(chǎn)品存在與該法律或法規(guī)旨在減小的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān)的缺陷；并且（b）產(chǎn)品對(duì)可適用的產(chǎn)品安全法律或法規(guī)的遵守，在決定該產(chǎn)品是否存在與該法律或法規(guī)旨在減小的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān)的缺陷時(shí)應(yīng)該予以適當(dāng)考慮，但這種遵守并不排除作為法律問題對(duì)產(chǎn)品缺陷的認(rèn)定。in connection with liability for defective design or inadequate instructions or warnings:(

12、a) a product,s noncompliance with an applicable product safety statute or administrative regulation renders the product defective with respect to the risks sought to be reduced by the statute or regulation; and (b) a product,s compliance with an applicable product safety statute or administrative re

13、gulation is properly considered in determining whether the product is defective with respect to the risks sought to be reduced by the statute or regulation, but such compliance does not preclude as a matter of law a finding of product defect.主題2適用于特殊產(chǎn)品或產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)的責(zé)任規(guī)則topic 2- liability rules applicable to

14、 special products or product markets 5.產(chǎn)品零件商業(yè)銷售者或分銷者對(duì)裝配了該零件的產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任從事產(chǎn)品零件銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的經(jīng)營(yíng)者，銷售或分銷產(chǎn)品零件，應(yīng)對(duì)對(duì)裝配了該零件的產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)致的人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任，如果：（a）該零件自身存在本章所定義的缺陷，并且該缺陷導(dǎo)致了該損害；或（b）（1）該零件的銷售者或分銷者實(shí)質(zhì)上參與了將該零件裝配入該產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)；并且（2）該零件的裝配導(dǎo)致該產(chǎn)品存在本章所定義的缺陷；并且（3）產(chǎn)品的該項(xiàng)缺陷造成了該損害。5 liability of commercial seller or distributor of prod

15、uct components for harm caused by products into which components are integrated one engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing product components who sells or distributes a component is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by a product into which the componen

16、t is integrated if:(a) the component is defective in itself, as defined in this chapter, and the defect causes the harm;or (b)(1) the seller or distributor of the component substantially participates in the integration of the component into the design of the product; and (2) the integration of the c

17、omponent causes the product to be defective, as defined in this chapter; and (3) the defect in the product causes the harm.6.商業(yè)銷售者或分銷者對(duì)缺陷處方藥和醫(yī)療設(shè)備導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任（a）處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備的制造商銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)有缺陷的處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備，應(yīng)對(duì)該缺陷對(duì)人身造成的傷害承擔(dān)責(zé)任。處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備是指必須依據(jù)衛(wèi)生保健提供者的處方才能合法地銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的藥品或設(shè)備。2（b）為第a款規(guī)定的責(zé)任目的，如果在銷售或以其他方式分銷時(shí)處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備符合下列情形

18、之一的，存在缺陷：（1）包含第2條第a款所定義的制造缺陷；或（2）由于本條第c款所定義的設(shè)計(jì)缺陷而不具有合理的安全性；或（3）由于本條第d款所定義的說明或警示不充分而不具有合理的安全性。（c）如果某種藥品或醫(yī)療設(shè)備引起的可預(yù)見的損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與其可預(yù)見的治療效果相比十分巨大3，以致理性的衛(wèi)生保健提供者在知道可預(yù)見的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和治療效果的情況下，都不會(huì)給任何一類患者開具該藥品或醫(yī)療設(shè)備的處方，那么該處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備由于設(shè)計(jì)缺陷而不具有合理的安全性（d）如果關(guān)于可預(yù)見的損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的合理說明或者警示未能提供給以下對(duì)象，那么處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備由于說明或警示不充分而不具有合理的安全性：（1）處于依據(jù)說明或警示降低損害風(fēng)

19、險(xiǎn)環(huán)節(jié)4的開具處方或者其他衛(wèi)生保健提供者；或（2）在處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備制造者知道或有理由知道的衛(wèi)生保健提供者不會(huì)處于依據(jù)說明或警示降低損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)環(huán)節(jié)情況下的病人。（e）處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備的零售商或其他分發(fā)者應(yīng)對(duì)該藥品或設(shè)備所致的損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任，如果：（1）該藥品或醫(yī)療設(shè)備在銷售或以其他方式分銷時(shí)包含第2款第a款所定義的制造缺陷；或（2）該藥品或醫(yī)療設(shè)備在銷售或以其他方式分銷時(shí)或在此之前，零售商或其他分發(fā)者未盡合理注意，并因此導(dǎo)致了人身傷害。6 liability of commercial seller or distributor for harm caused by defective presc

20、ription drugs and medical devices(a) a manufacturer of a prescription drug or medical device who sells or otherwise distributes a defective drug or medical device is subject to liability for harm to persons caused by the defect. a prescription drug or medical device is one that may be legally sold o

21、r otherwise distributed only pursuant to a health-care provider,s prescription.(b) for purposes of liability under subsection(a), a prescription drug or medical device is defective if at the time of sale or other distribution the drug or medical device:(1) contains a manufacturing defect as defined

22、in 2(a); or(2) is not reasonably safe due to defective design as defined in subsection (c); or (3) is not reasonably safe due to inadequate instructions or warnings as defined in subsection (d).(c) a prescription drug or medical device is not reasonably safe due to defective design if the foreseeabl

23、e risks of harm posed by the drug or medical device are sufficiently great in relation to its foreseeable therapeutic benefits that reasonable health-care providers, knowing of such foreseeable risks and therapeutic benefits, would not prescribe the drug or medical device for any class of patients.(

24、d) a prescription drug or medical device is not reasonably safe due to inadequate instructions or warnings if reasonable instructions or warnings regarding foreseeable risks of harm are not provided to:(1) prescribing and other health-care providers who are in a position to reduce the risks of harm

25、in accordance with the instructions or warnings; or (2) the patient when the manufacturer knows or has reason to know that health-care providers will not be in a position to reduce the risks of harm in accordance with the instructions or warnings.(e) a retail seller or other distributor of a prescri

26、ption drug or medical device is subject to liability for harm caused by the drug or device if:(1) at the time of sale or other distribution the drug or medical device contains a manufacturing defect as defined in 2(a); or(2) at or before the time of sale or other distribution of the drug or medical

27、device the retail seller or other distributor fails to exercise reasonable care and such failure causes harm to persons.7.商業(yè)銷售者或分銷者對(duì)缺陷食品導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任從事食品銷售或者分銷經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)者，銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)存在第2、3、4規(guī)定的缺陷的食品，應(yīng)對(duì)該缺陷所造成的人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任。根據(jù)第2條第a款的規(guī)定，如果一個(gè)合理的消費(fèi)者不能預(yù)見該食品中含有此種成分，則食品中的該致害成分構(gòu)成缺陷。7 liability of commercial seller or dist

28、ributor for harm caused by defective food productsone engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing food products who sells or distributes a food product that is defective under 2, 3, or 4 is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the defect. under 2(a), a harm

29、-causing ingredient of the food product constitutes a defect if a reasonable consumer would not expect the food product to contain that ingredient.8.商業(yè)銷售者或分銷者對(duì)存在缺陷的舊貨導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任從事舊貨銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的經(jīng)營(yíng)者，銷售或分發(fā)有缺陷的舊貨，應(yīng)對(duì)該缺陷所造成的人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任，如果該缺陷：（a）源于銷售者未盡合理注意；或（b）是第2條第a款所規(guī)定的制造缺陷，或第3條規(guī)定的可以推斷出的缺陷，并且銷售者的產(chǎn)品營(yíng)銷會(huì)使處于與購(gòu)買

30、者相同環(huán)節(jié)的理性人期望該舊貨不會(huì)比該產(chǎn)品全新時(shí)具有更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；或者（c）是第2條和第3條規(guī)定的經(jīng)過銷售者或商業(yè)分發(fā)鏈條中的前手重制5的舊貨；或者（d）源于根據(jù)第4條的規(guī)定，舊貨違反了適用于舊貨的產(chǎn)品安全法律或法規(guī)。舊貨是指在本條中提到的銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)之前，被商業(yè)性地出售或者以其他方式分發(fā)給商業(yè)分發(fā)鏈條以外的購(gòu)買者并被使用了一段時(shí)間的產(chǎn)品。8 liability of commercial seller or distributor of defective used productsone engaged in the business of selling or otherwise

31、distributing used products who sells or distributes a defective used product is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the defect if the defect:(a) arises from the seller,s failure to exercise reasonable care; or(b) is a manufacturing defect under 2(a) or a defect that may be

32、 inferred under 3 and the seller,smarketing of the product would cause a reasonable person in the position of the buyer to expect the used product to present no greater risk of defect than if the product were new; or(c) is a defect under 2 or 3 in a used product remanufactured by the seller or a pre

33、decessor in the commercial chain of distribution of the used product; or (d) arises from a used product,s noncompliance under 4 with a product safety statute or regulation applicable to the used product.a used product is a product that, prior to the time of sale or other distribution referred to in

34、this section, is commercially sold or otherwise distributed to a buyer not in the commercial chain of distribution and used for some period of time.第二章非基于銷售時(shí)產(chǎn)品缺陷的商業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售者責(zé)任chapter 2- liability of commercial product sellers not based on product defects at time of sale9.商業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售者或分銷者因錯(cuò)誤陳述導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任從事產(chǎn)品銷售或者以

35、其他方式分發(fā)的經(jīng)營(yíng)者，對(duì)與產(chǎn)品有關(guān)的重要事實(shí)作出與產(chǎn)品銷售有關(guān)的欺詐性的、有過失的或者無(wú)知的錯(cuò)誤陳述，應(yīng)對(duì)錯(cuò)誤陳述導(dǎo)致的人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任。9 liability of commercial product seller or distributor for harm caused by misrepresentationone engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products who, in connection with the sale of a product, makes a fraudul

36、ent, negligent, or innocent misrepresentation of material fact concerning the product is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the misrepresentation.10.商業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售者或分銷者因售后未能警示導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任（a）因銷售者未能在產(chǎn)品銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)后提出警示而導(dǎo)致人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害，如果一個(gè)處于銷售者環(huán)節(jié)的理性人應(yīng)該會(huì)提出這樣的警示，從事產(chǎn)品銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的經(jīng)營(yíng)者應(yīng)該承擔(dān)責(zé)任。（b）一個(gè)處于

37、銷售者環(huán)節(jié)的理性人，應(yīng)該會(huì)在銷售之后提出警示，如果：（1）銷售者知道或者理應(yīng)知道產(chǎn)品引起了實(shí)質(zhì)性的人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；而且(3) a warning can be effectively communicated to and acted on by those to whom a warning might be provided; and（2）那些應(yīng)該被提供警示的人能夠被確定，并且可以合理的被假設(shè)并不知道該損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；而且（3）警示能夠被有效地傳達(dá)給那些應(yīng)該被提供警示并根據(jù)警示采取行動(dòng)的人；并且（4）損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)十分巨大，使得承擔(dān)提供警示的負(fù)擔(dān)有充足的理由。10 liability of com

38、mercial product seller or distributor for harm caused by post-sale failure to warn (a) one engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the seller,sfailure to provide a warning after the time of sale or distri

39、bution of a product if a reasonable person in the seller,s position would provide such a warning.(b) a reasonable person in the seller,sposition would provide a warning after the time of sale if:(1) the seller knows or reasonably should know that the product poses a substantial risk of harm to perso

40、ns or property; and(2) those to whom a warning might be provided can be identified and can reasonably be assumed to be unaware of the risk of harm; and(4) the risk of harm is sufficiently great to justify the burden of providing a warning. 11.商業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售者或分銷者因售后未能召回產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任滿足下列條件時(shí)，從事產(chǎn)品銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的經(jīng)營(yíng)者，應(yīng)對(duì)

41、銷售者未能在銷售或分銷后召回該產(chǎn)品從而導(dǎo)致的人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任：（a）（1）依據(jù)法律或法規(guī)頒發(fā)的政府命令，明確要求銷售者或分銷者召回該產(chǎn)品?；颍?）在沒有根據(jù)第a款第1項(xiàng)召回要求的情況下，銷售者或分銷者承諾召回該產(chǎn)品；而且（b）銷售者或分銷者未能在召回產(chǎn)品過程中作為理性人行事。11 liability of commercial product seller or distributor for harm caused by post-sale failure to recall product one engaged in the business of selling or other

42、wise distributing products is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the seller,sfailure to recall a product after the time of sale or distribution if:(a)(1) a governmental directive issued pursuant to a statute or administrative regulation specifically requires the seller or

43、 distributor to recall the product; or(2) the seller or distributor, in the absence of a recall requirement under subsection (a)(1), undertakes to recall the product; and(b) the seller or distributor fails to act as a reasonable person in recalling the product.第三章后手和非真正制造者責(zé)任chapter 3- liability of s

44、uccessors and apparent manufacturers12.后手對(duì)前手商業(yè)性銷售的缺陷產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任取得前手公司或其他經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體資產(chǎn)的后手公司或其他經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體應(yīng)對(duì)經(jīng)該前手商業(yè)性銷售或以其他方式分發(fā)的缺陷產(chǎn)品所造成的人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任，如果此種取得：（a）附有后手承擔(dān)相關(guān)責(zé)任的協(xié)議；或者（b）是為逃避債務(wù)責(zé)任或前手責(zé)任而欺詐性財(cái)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)果；（c）構(gòu)成與前手的聯(lián)營(yíng)或合并；或者（d）導(dǎo)致后手成為前手的延續(xù)。12 liability of successor for harm caused by defective products sold commercially by p

45、redecessor a successor corporation or other business entity that acquires assets of a predecessor corporation or other business entity is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by a defective product sold or otherwise distributed commercially by the predecessor if the acquisitio

46、n:(a) is accompanied by an agreement for the successor to assume such liability; or (b) results from a fraudulent conveyance to escape liability for the debts or liabilities of the predecessor; or(c) constitutes a consolidation or merger with the predecessor; or(d) results in the successor becoming

47、a continuation of the predecessor.13.后手對(duì)后手自己售后未能警示導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任（a）取得前手公司或其他經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體資產(chǎn)的后手公司或其他經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體，無(wú)論根據(jù)第12條的規(guī)定是否應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)責(zé)，因?qū)ζ湮茨芫颓笆忠唁N售或分發(fā)的產(chǎn)品所產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)警示用戶而造成的人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任，如果：（1）該后手承諾或同意為該產(chǎn)品提供維護(hù)或修理服務(wù)，或者與前手產(chǎn)品的購(gòu)買者形成類似的關(guān)系而獲得實(shí)際或潛在經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，并且（2）一個(gè)處于該后手環(huán)節(jié)的理性人將提出警示。（b）一個(gè)處于該后手環(huán)節(jié)的理性人將提出警示，如果：（1）該后手知道或者理應(yīng)知道產(chǎn)品引起了實(shí)質(zhì)性的人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；并且（2）那些應(yīng)該被

48、提供警示的人能夠被確定，并且可以合理的被假設(shè)并不知道該損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；而且（3）警示能夠被有效地傳達(dá)給那些應(yīng)該被提供警示并根據(jù)警示采取行動(dòng)的人；并且（4）損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)十分巨大，使得承擔(dān)提供警示的負(fù)擔(dān)有充足的理由。13 liability of successor for harm caused by successors own post-sale failure to warn(a) a successor corporation or other business entity that acquires assets of a predecessor corporation or other bu

49、siness entity, whether or not liable under the rule stated in 12, is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the successor,s failure to warn of a risk created by a product sold or distributed by the predecessor if:(1) the successor undertakes or agrees to provide services for

50、maintenance or repair of the product or enters into a similar relationship with purchasers of the predecessor,s products giving rise to actual or potential economic advantage to the successor, and(2) a reasonable person in the position of the successor would provide a warning.(b) a reasonable person

51、 in the position of the successor would provide a warning if:(1) the successor knows or reasonably should know that the product poses a substantial risk of harm to persons or property; and(2) those to whom a warning might be provided can be identified and can reasonably be assumed to be unaware of t

52、he risk of harm; and(3) a warning can be effectively communicated to and acted on by those to whom a warning might be provided; and(4) the risk of harm is sufficiently great to justify the burden of providing a warning.14.將他人制造的產(chǎn)品作為自己產(chǎn)品的銷售或分銷從事產(chǎn)品銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的經(jīng)營(yíng)者，將他人制造的產(chǎn)品作為自己產(chǎn)品的銷售或分銷，應(yīng)該承擔(dān)與如果該銷售者或者分銷者就

53、是該產(chǎn)品制造者相同的責(zé)任。14 selling or distributing as ones own a product manufactured by another one engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products who sells or distributes as its own a product manufactured by another is subject to the same liability as though the seller or distributor w

54、ere the product,s manufacturer.第四章具有普遍適用性的條款chapter 4- provisions of general applicability主題1因果關(guān)系topic 1- causation15.支配產(chǎn)品缺陷與損害之間因果聯(lián)系的通則產(chǎn)品缺陷是否導(dǎo)致人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害根據(jù)侵權(quán)法上支配因果關(guān)系的通行規(guī)則和原則來確定。15 general rule governing causal connection between product defect and harmwhether a product defect caused harm to persons or

55、 property is determined by the prevailing rules and principles governing causation in tort. 16.產(chǎn)品缺陷導(dǎo)致的損害擴(kuò)大（a）當(dāng)產(chǎn)品在商業(yè)銷售或以其他方式分發(fā)時(shí)存在缺陷，而且該缺陷使得原告的損害擴(kuò)大到因其他原因造成的損害之外，該產(chǎn)品銷售者應(yīng)對(duì)擴(kuò)大的損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任。（b）如果有證據(jù)支持確定沒有產(chǎn)品缺陷情形下其他原因會(huì)造成的損害，那么該產(chǎn)品銷售者的責(zé)任就僅限于可歸責(zé)于產(chǎn)品缺陷的損害擴(kuò)大部分6。（c）如果沒有證據(jù)支持確定第b款規(guī)定的沒有產(chǎn)品缺陷情形下其他原因會(huì)造成的損害，那么該產(chǎn)品銷售者應(yīng)對(duì)可歸責(zé)于該缺陷及其他

56、原因的全部原告損害負(fù)責(zé)。（d）被判決7根據(jù)第b款對(duì)原告遭受的部分損害或根據(jù)第c款對(duì)原告的全部損害負(fù)責(zé)的缺陷產(chǎn)品銷售者，與其他對(duì)造成損害應(yīng)負(fù)法律責(zé)任的當(dāng)事人，由可適用的連帶責(zé)任規(guī)則確定承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任或按份責(zé)任.16 increased harm due to product defect(a) when a product is defective at the time of commercial sale or other distribution and the defect is a substantial factor in increasing the plaintiff,s harm

57、 beyond that which would have resulted from other causes,the product seller is subject to liability for the increased harm.(b) if proof supports a determination of the harm that would have resulted from other causes in the absence of the product defect, the product seller,liability is limited to the

58、 increased harm attributable solely to the product defect.(c) if proof does not support a determination under subsection (b) of the harm that would have resulted in the absence of the product defect, the product seller is liable for all of the plaintiff,s harm attributable to the defect and other causes.(d) a seller of a defective product that is held liable for part of the harm suffered by the plaintiff under subsection (b), or all of the harm suffered by the plaintiff under subsection (c), is jointly