語法專題-過去分詞與被動語態(tài)

1、.語法專題過去分詞與被動語態(tài)過去式用來表達(dá)動詞的“過了”、“完了”等意思，漢語里表達(dá)動作的時間時采用的是前后加字法，即在動詞的前面或后面加字，表達(dá)做了，只要在動詞的后面加上“了”就行了，如吃了、看了。而英語采用的是變形法，即不加字，而是讓動詞本身發(fā)生變化，如eat變成ate，see變成saw，ate、saw就是表達(dá)“吃過了”、“看過”的過去式?！斑^去分詞”則完全是另一回事，它的寫法和過去式有時一樣，有時不一樣（簡單詞多不一樣，長詞多一樣），但用法完全不一樣，它有時表達(dá)“被”，有時表達(dá)“完成”。表達(dá)“被”即被動語態(tài)，表達(dá)“完成”即用于完成時態(tài)。另外，過去分詞不僅可以做動詞，還可以做形容詞。一、過

2、去分詞構(gòu)成規(guī)則過去分詞與過去式都是由動詞變化而來，存在規(guī)則與不規(guī)則2種變化。過去分詞的規(guī)則變化由動詞+ed構(gòu)成，具體構(gòu)成方法與過去式一樣。不規(guī)則變化見下表：1. AAA型（原形原形原形）序號原形過去式過去分詞中文備注01cutcutcut切，割02costcostcost花費(fèi)03hithithit撞擊04hurthurthurt傷害05letletlet讓06putputput放07readreadread讀08setsetset安排，設(shè)置2. ABA型（原形過去式原形）序號原形過去式過去分詞中文備注01becomebecamebecome成為02comecamecome來03runranru

3、n跑3. ABC型（1）原形ewown序號原形過去式過去分詞中文備注01blowblewblown吹02flyflewflown飛03growgrewgrown生長04knowknewknown知道（2）iau序號原形過去式過去分詞中文備注01beginbeganbegun開始02drinkdrankdrunk喝03ringrangrung打電話04singsangsung唱05swimswamswum游泳（3）原形過去式過去式+（e）n序號原形過去式過去分詞中文備注01choosechosechosen選擇02forgetforgotforgotten忘記03freezefrozefroze

4、n凍04speakspokespoken說，講05breakbrokebroken破壞（4）原形過去式原形+（e）n序號原形過去式過去分詞中文備注01eatateeaten吃02fallfellfallen落下03givegavegiven給04seesawseen看見05writewrotewritten寫06rideroderidden騎07drawdrewdrawn畫08taketooktaken拿09hidehidhidden躲藏（5）原形過去式過去分詞序號原形過去式過去分詞中文備注01bewas/werebeen是02gowent gone去03dodiddone做4. ABB型序號

5、原形過去式過去分詞中文備注01bringbroughtbrought帶來02buyboughtbought買03fightfoughtfought打架，爭吵04thinkthoughtthought思考，認(rèn)為05catchcaughtcaught捉，抓06teachtaughttaught教07fellfeltfelt感到08keepkeptkept保持09leaveleftleft離開10sleepsleptslept睡覺11sweepsweptswept打掃12dealdealtdealt處理13meanmeantmeant意思是14buildbuiltbuilt建造15hearheard

6、heard聽見16makemademade制造17sendsentsent送，寄18spendspentspent花費(fèi)；度過19havehadhad有20laylaidlaid放21loselostlost丟失22paypaidpaid付錢23saysaidsaid說24sellsoldsold賣25standstoodstood站26understandunderstoodunderstood明白，理解27telltoldtold告訴28feedfedfed喂29findfoundfound發(fā)現(xiàn)；找到30getgotgot得到31holdheldheld握，擁有32meetmetmet遇見3

7、3sitsatsat坐34winwonwon贏5. 具有2種變化序號原形過去式過去分詞中文備注01burnburnedburned燒burntburnt02dreamdreameddreamed做夢dreamtdreamt03hanghangedhanged（被）絞死hunghung掛04learnlearnedlearned學(xué)learntlearnt05lieliedlied說謊laylain躺，放平06smellsmelledsmelled聞smeltsmelt07wakewakedwaked醒wokewoken08beatbeatbeat打beatbeaten二、被動語態(tài)及其用法1. 什

8、么是被動語態(tài)語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，用以說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系。英語的語態(tài)共有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態(tài)是動詞的一種特殊形式，一般說來，只有需要動作對象的“及物動詞”才有被動語態(tài)。如果一個動詞后面必須跟賓語，這個動詞就是及物動詞（用vt.表示），如give, say, eat等；不跟賓語的動詞則稱為不及物動詞（用vi.表示），如walk, come, arrive等。漢語往往用“被”、“受”、“給”、“由”等詞來表示被動意義。eg.（1）He opened the door. 他打開了這扇門。（主動語態(tài)）（2）The

9、door was opened. 這扇門被打開了。（被動語態(tài)） （3）The door was opened by him. 這扇門被他打開了。（被動語態(tài)） 第（3）句話用by引出了open的執(zhí)行者h(yuǎn)im。by是介詞，后須跟he的賓格。當(dāng)然，當(dāng)不想說出動作的執(zhí)行者時，可表達(dá)第（2）句話。2. 被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成 被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)是：be動詞+及物動詞的過去分詞被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)、主語單復(fù)數(shù)等變化只需改變be動詞的形式，過去分詞部分不變。疑問式和否定式的變化也如此。 eg.（1）Her room is swept.（一般現(xiàn)在時，主語是單數(shù)）（2）Their rooms are swept. （一般現(xiàn)在時，

10、主語是復(fù)數(shù)）（3）Her room was swept yesterday. （一般過去時）（4）Her room is being swept now. （現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時S be V-ing）（5）Her room was being swept at this time yesterday. （過去進(jìn)行時，S be V-ing）（6）Her room is going to be swept tomorrow. （一般將來時）（7）Her room should be swept. （含有情態(tài)動詞，情態(tài)動詞后跟動詞原形）我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，無論是什么時態(tài)、主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，被動語態(tài)的be動詞都不能弄丟

11、，但需要隨著時態(tài)、主語的單復(fù)數(shù)的變化而變化，“情態(tài)動詞后跟動詞原形”的語法規(guī)則不能變。3、被動語態(tài)的用法（1）不知道或沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時。eg.The bridge was built last year. 這座橋是去年建造的。He was elected chairman. 他被選為主席。 （2）當(dāng)更加強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時。此時動作的執(zhí)行者由by引導(dǎo)置于謂語動詞之后，不需要時可以省略。eg.The room hasnt been cleaned yet. 房間還沒有打掃。The tiger was killed by him. 老虎被他殺死了。 （3）當(dāng)動作的執(zhí)行者不是人時，多用被

12、動語態(tài)。eg.The window was blown by wind. 窗戶被風(fēng)吹開了。The whole village has been washed away by the flood. 整個村莊都被洪水沖走了。 （4）表示客觀的說明常用“It be（隨時態(tài)選擇be動詞）+ 過去分詞 + that 從句”句型。it是形式主語，真正的主語是that從句。eg.It is said that Lucy has gone abroad. 據(jù)說露茜已經(jīng)出國了。It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.) 大家相信

13、他是個間諜。其它常見的“It is + 過去分詞+ that”句型還有：It is reported that 據(jù)報道It is said that 據(jù)說It is believed that 大家相信It is suggested that 有人建議4、主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)（1）將主動句的賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z Tom killed him. He was killed by Tom. （2）將動詞改為“be+過去分詞”They held a meeting yesterday. A meeting was held by them yesterday.他們昨天開會了。 （3）主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的注

14、意事項主動句中的主語如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人們”、“大家”的單詞，變?yōu)橹鲃泳鋾r，通常刪去“by”，但原主語被強(qiáng)調(diào)者除外。eg.They set up this hospital in 1975. This hospital was set up in 1975. 這所醫(yī)院建于1975年。Only he can finish the job. 只有他能完成這項工作。The job can be finished only by him. 這項工作只能由他來完成。 含有雙賓語，即直接賓語和間接賓語的句子，每個賓語都可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，即

15、其被動語態(tài)有兩種形式。但多以間接賓語作主語。eg. Jack told us the truth. 杰克告訴了我們真相。 We were told the truth by Jack. The truth was told (to) us by Jack.在主動語態(tài)中，make, let, see, hear, notice, feel ,watch等后常跟復(fù)合賓語，即賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語，當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語由動詞不定式（短語）來充當(dāng)時，動詞不定式的to被省略。但在被動語態(tài)中，這個to不能省略。eg.I often hear her sing this popular song. She is ofte

16、n heard to sing this popular song.上句是主動語態(tài)，sing this popular song是省略to的動詞不定式短語，在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語，即句型：hear sb. do sth.；下句是對應(yīng)的被動語態(tài)，to sing this popular song 中的to不能省略。動詞的主動形式表示被動之意以主動形式表示被動之意的動詞多為連系動詞，如：look, feel, smell等。動詞happen, cost, take, have沒有被動語態(tài)。eg.An accident was happened yesterday.（）An accident happe

17、ned yesterday.（）昨天發(fā)生了一起事故。The flower smells sweet. 這花聞起來很香。The watch looks good. 這表看起來很好。This book sells well. 這本書暢銷。有時部分“be + 過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)并不表達(dá)“被動”含義，這樣的過去分詞有l(wèi)ost（lose的過去分詞），broken（break的過去分詞）等，它們其實是形容詞，意思分別是“丟失的；失落的”、“損壞的，破碎的”。eg. My eraser was lost. I feel so lost. 我的橡皮丟了，我很失落。 Her heart is broken. 我的

18、心碎了。三、各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)舉例1一般現(xiàn)在時（am/ is/ are +done）English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的許多人都說英語。Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都舉行班會。The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 學(xué)生們每天都打掃教室。 2一般過去時(was/ were +done)The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那個男孩打碎了。He was saved at last

19、. 他最終獲救了。My bike was stolen. 我的自行車被偷了。 3一般將來時與過去將來時(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一個演講。A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一條新馬路。I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我認(rèn)為將有數(shù)千人得到幫助。 4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時與過去進(jìn)行時(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were

20、being +done)The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天這時，機(jī)器正在被修理。The problem is being discussed now. 問題正在被討論。A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一輛公共汽車。 5現(xiàn)在完成時(have/ has been + done)Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到現(xiàn)在為止，已經(jīng)種了二百棵樹了。The book has been read many times

21、 by me. 這本書已經(jīng)被我讀了許多遍了。Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. 在沖突中已經(jīng)有幾名士兵被殺害。 6過去完成時(had been + done)They said they had been invited to the party. 他們說已經(jīng)被邀請參加晚會了。She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她發(fā)現(xiàn)房子已經(jīng)被暴風(fēng)雨摧毀。He had been tortured by the illness for many years be

22、fore he died.他在去世前已經(jīng)被疾病折磨很多年了。四、被動語態(tài)專項練習(xí). 單項選擇 1. Good books _ again and again.A. should be readedB. should be readC. must readD. ought to read 2. The children _ by the nurse.A. were lookedB. looked afterC. were looked after D. looked 3. He _ some pieces of advice, but he _ to them.A. gave, didnt li

23、stenB. was given, wasnt listenedC. give, wasnt listenedD. was given, didnt listen 4. When_ the accident _ ?A. was, happenB. did, happenC. is, happenD. was, happened 5. The question _ by us soon.A. is going to discussB. will discussC. is going to be discussedD. has been discussed 6. The lab _ about f

24、ive years ago.A. was builded B. was built C. buildsD. has been built 7. A lot of tall buildings _ in his hometown in the last three years.A. have set upB. have been set upC. were set upD. set up 8. They _ printing 500 copies by the end of last month.A. had finishedB. have finishedC. had been finishe

25、dD. have been finished 9. Rice _ also _ in their hometown.A. isgrownB. isgrew C. wasgrewD. wasgrown 10. He _ by the teachers.A. is always praisedB. praisesC. have been praisedD. always is praised 11. Great changes _ place. Many new schools_ .A. have taken, have been openedB. take, are openC. are tak

26、en, openD. have been taken, are opened 12. The picture_ in October, 1996.A. was takingB. had been takenC. was takenD. had taken 13. We cant use the bridge now, because it_ .A. has been repairedB. is repairingC. is repairedD. is being repaired 14. I _the way to the railway station by a policeman.A. w

27、as shownB. showedC. have shownD. was showing 15. The war_ in 1941.A. broke outB. had been broken outC. was broken outD. had broken out 16. When water_ , it will be changed into vapor.A. is heatedB. heatingC. has heatedD. heats 17. We cant enter the room because its door_ .A. lockedB. locksC. is lock

28、ed D. is locking 18. They _day and night.A. are made workB. are made to workC. made to be workedD. are making to work 19. Changan Road is _of people.A. filledB. fillC. fullD. fulled 20. Man-made satellites _into space by many countries.A. was sent upB. is sent upC. have been sent upD. has been sent

29、up 21. This English song _ often _ by the children.A. is, singingB. is, sungC. will, singD. was, sung 22.The windows of our house _once a week.A. must cleanB. have cleanedC. is cleanedD. are cleaned 23. When _ the Peoples Republic of China_ ?A. was, foundB. was, foundedC. did, foundD. does, found 24

30、. Marys radio _ by my brother just now.A. will be mendedB. has mendedC. was mendedD. mended 25. Your exercise books _ after class.A. will hand inB. must hand inC. handed inD. must be handed in 26. Some trees may _ at other times of the year.A. be plantedB. plantC. are plantedD. will be planted 27. T

31、he sun _ at night as usual.A. can be seenB. cant seeC. cant be seenD. doesnt see 28. A new English play _ there next week.A. will put onB. will be put onC. is going to put onD. will be putted on 29. A strange thing _ in our school yesterday.A. was happenedB. has been happenedC. happenedD. was going to happen 30. The glass _ . It _ by little Tom this morning.A. broke, is brokenB. is broken, was brokenC. was broken, brokeD. has been broken, broken . 把下列句子改為被動語態(tài) 1. I saw th