3455.C WTO多哈回合談判進(jìn)程及對(duì)中國(guó)的影響 英文文獻(xiàn)

1、doha round negotiations of the reasons for sheepworld trade organization six key members of the united states, european union, japan, australia, brazil and india to hold ministerial talks in geneva broke down on the 24th, the wto director-general announced a comprehensive suspension of the doha roun

2、d negotiations. since then, the doha round was forced into the dormant. national media have published analytical articles 25, exploration has been going on 5 years of frustration into the doha round of negotiations, dormant period causes and impacts. doha round of multilateral trade negotiations lau

3、nched in november 2001. some media that he hoped this round of negotiations to promote the flagging global economic growth, it had initiated this round of negotiations is an important cause. but the world economy has shown strong momentum and flexibility has been weakened in some extent this expecta

4、tion. u.s., eu and japan has emerged as the three major economies in a good situation now, while china, india and other emerging market economies are also working to bring new world economic growth, a strong driving force, so that some developed countries that, even if the doha round of negotiations

5、 broke down, negative impact on them will not be too much. on the other hand, developing countries in the international trading system to enhance overall strength, they have changed over the past few rounds of multilateral trade negotiations has been the passive situation of developed countries led

6、by the nose, harmful to the interests of the program itself firmly said no . deeper causes of the doha round negotiations also came from outside: as the global trade imbalances and increased unemployment, the united states and the european union increasingly widespread resistance to globalization, b

7、ut they are precisely the doha round negotiations is the key participants. some developed countries, the public does not believe that globalization will make their countrys industrial hollowing out and reduce their employment opportunities. although the united states is the biggest beneficiaries of

8、globalization, but globalization also lost its traditional industries, many jobs. the united states has still not succeeded in adjusting the structure of employment. especially the united states are the key to the upcoming mid-term elections when the mouth, so it refused to adhere to the issue of ag

9、ricultural subsidies to make substantive concessions. western europe and japan, globalization, technological level is not like the united states, their economic competition with the united states are very keen competition with the united states, under adverse circumstances, western europe and japan

10、hard to give up government intervention and welfare policy, so in doha round negotiations, western europe, japan and the united states on some issues that a stalemate exists. forced on the doha round negotiations indefinitely dormant will impact the general view that the following points: first, the

11、 implementation of the wto multilateral trading system, due to the multilateral trading system under the lowest cost, once the multilateral trading system, frustration, a country will have to participate in bilateral or regional trade, the costs would be relatively high. second, the doha round negot

12、iations suffered a setback, will suffer most in developing countries. world trade imbalance in the current competitive landscape, developing countries need a mechanism to protect their economic interests. the official name of the doha round, the doha development agenda, also known as the development

13、 round, the thrust of it is through more equitable trade environment, to promote the economic development of poorer countries. the world bank released in january this year, agricultural trade reform and the doha development agenda report, 2015, free trade will bring about 86 billion u.s. dollars inc

14、ome developing countries, and to 3,000 people out of poverty, of which two-thirds population in africa. now negotiations broke down, the expected return is likely to vanish. third, in the long run, the doha round was forced to sleep will be the future of the world economy and international political

15、 situation have some negative effects: in some countries trade protectionism will rise, increasing barriers to trade between countries trade war will intensify and so on. in addition, after setbacks in the multilateral trade negotiations, the state will be more inclined to form between the different

16、 levels of bilateral and regional consortium. so some analysts believe that the doha round of negotiations indefinitely dormant it could lead to proliferation of regional and bilateral trade agreements, and then erosion and destruction of the global multilateral trading system. some experts believe

17、that the doha round of failed talks, the potential to minimize adverse effects, should be the priority of the international community. the reasons for the breakdown of the doha negotiationsdoha round (also known as the doha development agenda, referred to as dda) in november 2001 at the fourth wto m

18、inisterial conference to start, is the first round since the establishment of wto multilateral trade negotiations, is by far the most participants, the question most widely round of negotiations in agriculture, industry, services, trade rules, intellectual property, development, trade and environmen

19、t, trade facilitation, and many other topics, covering more than 95% of global trade. including agricultural and non-agricultural products (17.11, -0.21, -1.21%), market access is considered the most critical difference is most focused on two issues. doha negotiations, wto members aim is to promote

20、reduction of trade barriers and create a more equitable trading environment, in particular, to promote global economic development of poorer countries.start the doha round negotiations nearly seven years, very difficult, slow progress. in late july of this year, key members of the wto negotiations r

21、esume in geneva around the core issues of agriculture and non-agricultural to do something again, to achieve the year end goal of the doha round. up to 9 days of tough negotiations twists and turns, once seemed in sight, eventually they fall short. the direct cause of the breakdown of the talks, the

22、 united states and other developed countries and india and other developing members on how to implement specific agricultural special safeguard mechanism irreconcilable differences. the so-called special safeguard mechanism for agricultural products, is developing members in the case of import surge

23、s of agricultural products, to raise tariffs and other special security measures to protect domestic agriculture from the impact. to india, which the developing members of the xi wang will relax the use of special safeguard measures, the bottom line, to protect themselves adequately relative vulnera

24、bility of nongye production and household livelihoods, safeguard food security, but the united states jujue concessions, its hard line zhijie lead the talks. further analysis, the breakdown of the talks is the contradiction between the developed and developing countries, the result of long-term accu

25、mulation, but the crux of the issue focused on agricultural subsidies. the current doha round is the core issue of agricultural subsidies. reduce the use of special safeguard mechanism for the bottom line, not just india and china but also for more than 100 developing countries have expressed suppor

26、t for the request. therefore, the essence of the problem is not the united states and india, and chinas contradictions, but the contradiction between developed and developing countries. in fact, the united states in the negotiations on the reduction of agricultural subsidies has not really concessio

27、ns - although the amount promised to subsidize 17 billion u.s. dollars by the year fell to 14.5 billion u.s. dollars, but thanks to international food prices, the actual payment of subsidies to the u.s. amount of only 70 million, less than half the new proposal, but there is additional space. this i

28、s obviously difficult to meet the demands of developing countries. with the increased power and status, developing countries have been unwilling to take care of developed countries, the passive acceptance of the rules are not favorable. 多哈回合談判進(jìn)入休眠期的原因和影響世界貿(mào)易組織6個(gè)關(guān)鍵成員美國(guó)、歐盟、日本、澳大利亞、巴西和印度在日內(nèi)瓦舉行的部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)談24日

29、宣告破裂后，世貿(mào)組織總干事宣布多哈回合談判全面中止。自此，多哈回合談判被迫進(jìn)入休眠期。各國(guó)媒體25日紛紛發(fā)表分析文章，探究已持續(xù)5年之久的多哈回合談判無(wú)奈進(jìn)入休眠期的原因及影響。 多哈回合多邊貿(mào)易談判是2001年11月啟動(dòng)的。一些媒體指出，期望通過(guò)這一輪談判推動(dòng)萎靡不振的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，是當(dāng)初發(fā)起這輪談判的一個(gè)重要?jiǎng)右?。但目前世界?jīng)濟(jì)所表現(xiàn)出的強(qiáng)勁勢(shì)頭和彈性已在一定程度上弱化了這一期望。美國(guó)、歐盟和日本三大經(jīng)濟(jì)體如今都呈現(xiàn)出良好態(tài)勢(shì)，而中國(guó)、印度等新興市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家又正為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)注入新的強(qiáng)大動(dòng)力，以至于一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家認(rèn)為，即使多哈回合談判破裂，對(duì)它們產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響也不會(huì)太大。另一方面，由于發(fā)展中

30、國(guó)家在國(guó)際貿(mào)易體系中整體實(shí)力提升，它們一改在以往數(shù)輪多邊貿(mào)易談判中被發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家牽著鼻子走的被動(dòng)局面，對(duì)有損自身利益的方案堅(jiān)決說(shuō)不。 更深層次的原因還來(lái)自于多哈回合談判之外：由于全球貿(mào)易的失衡和失業(yè)的加劇，美國(guó)和歐盟內(nèi)部對(duì)全球化抵制日益廣泛，而它們恰恰又是多哈回合談判最關(guān)鍵的參與者。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家一些公眾認(rèn)為，推行全球化會(huì)使他們國(guó)家的工業(yè)空心化，并減少本國(guó)的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。美國(guó)雖是全球化的最大得益者，但全球化也使其傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)失去了許多工作崗位。美國(guó)至今仍未能成功調(diào)整就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。尤其是美國(guó)正處于即將舉行中期選舉的關(guān)鍵當(dāng)口，因此，它堅(jiān)持拒絕在農(nóng)業(yè)補(bǔ)貼問(wèn)題上作出實(shí)質(zhì)性讓步。西歐和日本的全球化程度、科技水平都不如美國(guó)，它

31、們同美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)都很激烈，在同美國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不利的情況下，西歐和日本很難放棄政府干預(yù)和福利主義政策，因此，在多哈回合談判中，西歐、日本與美國(guó)在一些問(wèn)題上也相持不下。 關(guān)于多哈回合談判被迫無(wú)限期休眠將產(chǎn)生的影響，一般認(rèn)為有以下幾點(diǎn)： 其一，世貿(mào)組織實(shí)施的是多邊貿(mào)易體制，由于多邊貿(mào)易體制下成本最低，一旦多邊貿(mào)易體制受挫，一個(gè)國(guó)家就不得不參與雙邊或者區(qū)域性的貿(mào)易，這樣成本會(huì)相對(duì)較高。 其二，多哈回合談判遭受挫折，受害最大的將是發(fā)展中國(guó)家。在目前世界貿(mào)易不平衡的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)格局下，發(fā)展中國(guó)家需要一種機(jī)制保障其經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。多哈回合的正式名稱(chēng)為多哈發(fā)展議程，也被稱(chēng)作發(fā)展回合，其主旨正是通過(guò)更公平的貿(mào)易環(huán)境，來(lái)促進(jìn)較貧窮

32、國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。根據(jù)世界銀行今年1月發(fā)表的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易改革與多哈發(fā)展議程報(bào)告，2015年前，自由貿(mào)易將給發(fā)展中國(guó)家?guī)?lái)860億美元收入，并使3000萬(wàn)人脫離貧困，其中三分之二人口在非洲?，F(xiàn)在談判破裂，這一預(yù)期收益很可能化為烏有。 其三，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看，多哈回合談判被迫休眠還將對(duì)未來(lái)的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)乃至國(guó)際政治格局產(chǎn)生一些負(fù)面影響：一些國(guó)家內(nèi)部的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義勢(shì)力會(huì)抬頭，貿(mào)易壁壘會(huì)增多，國(guó)家間的貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)會(huì)加劇等等。另外，在多邊貿(mào)易談判受挫后，國(guó)家之間將更加傾向于組成不同程度的雙邊和區(qū)域聯(lián)合體。所以有分析人士認(rèn)為，多哈回合談判無(wú)限期休眠很可能導(dǎo)致地區(qū)及雙邊貿(mào)易協(xié)議激增，進(jìn)而腐蝕和破壞全球多邊貿(mào)易體系。 一些專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為

33、，把多哈回合談判受挫可能帶來(lái)的不利影響降低到最小程度，應(yīng)當(dāng)是國(guó)際社會(huì)的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。多哈談判破裂的原因多哈回合談判(又稱(chēng)多哈發(fā)展議程，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)dda)于2001年11月在wto第四屆部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議上啟動(dòng)，是wto成立以來(lái)的第一輪多邊貿(mào)易談判，是迄今參加方最多、議題最廣的一輪談判，涉及農(nóng)業(yè)、制造業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)、貿(mào)易規(guī)則、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)、發(fā)展、貿(mào)易與環(huán)境、貿(mào)易便利化等眾多議題，涵蓋95%以上的全球貿(mào)易。其中農(nóng)業(yè)和市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入被認(rèn)為是最關(guān)鍵也是分歧最集中的兩個(gè)議題。多哈談判的宗旨是促使世貿(mào)組織成員削減貿(mào)易壁壘，創(chuàng)造更公平的貿(mào)易環(huán)境，以促進(jìn)全球特別是較貧窮國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。多哈回合談判啟動(dòng)近7年來(lái)，步履維艱、進(jìn)展緩慢。今年7月下旬，世貿(mào)組織主要成員在日內(nèi)瓦重啟談判進(jìn)程，圍繞農(nóng)業(yè)和非農(nóng)等核心問(wèn)題再盡一番努力，以期實(shí)現(xiàn)年內(nèi)結(jié)束多哈回合的目標(biāo)。長(zhǎng)達(dá)9天的艱苦談判一波三折，一度似乎成功在望，最終又功虧一簣。這次談判破裂的直接原因，是美國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)成員與印度等發(fā)展中成員在如何具體實(shí)施農(nóng)產(chǎn)品特殊保障機(jī)制方面存在難以彌合的分歧。所謂農(nóng)產(chǎn)品特殊保障機(jī)制，是指發(fā)展中成員可在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口激增的情況下，采取提高關(guān)稅等特殊保障