職稱英語理工類B整理后小抄(完整版)

1、專業(yè)好文檔一、閱讀判斷第8篇：what is a dream?（b級）什么是夢？許多世紀以來，人們都對他們夢到的奇異事情感到疑惑。一些心理學家認為，這種大腦的夜間活動并沒有特殊含義。另一些人則認為，夢是生命中重要的一部分。實際上，許多專家認為，夢能揭示人的心理和情感活動。 近代以前，很多人認為夢傳遞的是上帝的信息。直到20世紀，人們才開始從科學的角度研究夢。奧地利心理學家西格蒙德弗洛伊德或許是第一個用科學的方法研究夢的人。在他的著作夢的解析(1900)中，弗洛伊德寫道，夢是一個人愿望的表達。他認為夢打開了一扇窗，讓人們得以表達在生活中不敢表達的情感、思想和恐懼。 瑞士精神病學家卡爾榮格曾是弗洛

2、伊德的學生，但他對夢的看法與弗洛伊德不同。他認為，做夢的目的是要給做夢的人傳遞一種信息。而人們想想自已做的夢，便能對自己有一個更深刻的了解。比如，如果夢到從高處墜落，那么他應(yīng)該反思自己是不是白視過高。反過來，如果夢中自己成了英雄，應(yīng)該想想平時可能太看低自己了。 現(xiàn)代心理學家還在繼續(xù)發(fā)展關(guān)于夢的理論，來自位于圣克魯茲的加利福尼亞大學的威廉多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他認為，夢境和一個人的日常生活、思想和行為都緊密相關(guān)，比方說，一個罪犯就可能夢到犯罪。 多姆霍夫還認為，夢和年齡也有關(guān)系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做夢做的那么多。他認為，做夢也是一項心理機能，也需要隨著年齡增長而發(fā)展。多姆霍夫還發(fā)現(xiàn)夢和性

3、別之間的關(guān)系。通過研究，他發(fā)現(xiàn)男性和女性的夢境常常是不同的。例如，在男性夢境中出現(xiàn)的通常是其他男性，而且常與打斗有關(guān)，而女性的夢境則不是這樣。多姆霍夫通過研究包括來自現(xiàn)代文化以及傳統(tǒng)文化背景在內(nèi)的11種不同文化背景的人群夢境中的性別差異得出了上述結(jié)論。 夢能幫助我們更好地理解自己嗎？心理學家還在嘗試通過不同方式來解答這個問題，不過，有一件事他們是意見一致的：如果你夢到有不好的事要發(fā)生，不要慌張。夢可能會有意義，但也不意味著你夢到的一些恐怖事情就一定會發(fā)生。要記住，夢中的世界并不是真實的世界。第8篇：what is a dream?1. not everyone agrees that drea

4、ms are meaningful. a.right2. according to freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.a.right3. jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. b.wrong4. in the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions. c.not mentioned5. according to dornhoff,babies do not

5、 have the same ability to dream as adults do.a.right6. men and women dream about different things. a.right7. scientists agree that dreams predict the future. b.wrong第10篇：the biology of music（b級）音樂生物學人們把音樂作為一種高效的交流方式，在愛情中它也可能會起到重要的作用。但是音樂是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科學界還沒有給出答案。 哪兩項事物使得人類不同于動物？一個是語言，另一個是音樂。當然一些動物

6、會唱歌(并且許多鳥唱得比很多人都好聽)，但是，動物的歌聲是有限的，比如鳥類和鯨魚。同樣，是人類而不是動物開發(fā)出了樂器。 音樂是個奇怪的東西，它與語言有明顯的不同。但是，人們能夠用音樂去傳達尤其是情感。當音樂與歌曲中的語言結(jié)合在一起的時候，它就是一種強有力的表達方式。但是，從生物學來講，音樂是什么？如果音樂與語言真的不同，那么我們應(yīng)該在大腦的不同區(qū)域內(nèi)對音樂和語言進行加工處理，科學證據(jù)也證實了這一點。有時，受過腦損傷的人會喪失他們處理語言的能力。但是，他們不會自動地丟失音樂才能。比如，維沙翁舍巴林，一位蘇聯(lián)作曲家，在1953年得了中風。他的大腦的左半邊受到損害，他再也不能說話或是理解別人的話，但

7、是他仍然能夠譜曲，直到十年后他離開人世。另一方面，中風有時會使人們喪失音樂能力，但是他們?nèi)匀荒軌蛘f話也能聽懂別人的話。這就說明大腦是分別加了處理音樂和語言的。 通過研究音樂在人身體上的物理效應(yīng)，科學家也了解到許多關(guān)于音樂是如何影響情感的。但是，為什么音樂對我們有如此強烈的影響？這是一個更難回答的問題。倫敦大學學院的研究員杰弗里米勒認為音樂和愛有緊密的關(guān)，音樂需要特殊才能、練習和體能。這也許是一種方式讓你展示你適合做某人的伴侶。比如，按調(diào)唱歌或者彈奏樂器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的記憶力來記住音符。能正確地演奏或者唱出這些音符也證明你的聽力也非常好。所以，當一個男人唱給他心愛的女人時(

8、反之亦然) 音樂就可能成為一種展示的方式。 然而，米勒的理論仍然不能解釋為什么聲音的特定結(jié)合可以深深地影響我們的情感。對于科學家來說，這顯然是一個需要深入研究的領(lǐng)域。第10篇：the biology of music1. humans,but not animals, can sing. b wrong2. people can use music to communicate their emotions. a right3. we use the same part of the brain for music and language. b wrong4. geoffery miler

9、has done research on music and emotions.a right5. its hard for humans to compose music.c6. memory is not an important part in singing in tune. b wrong7. scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans. a right第10篇：the biology of music（b級）音樂生物學人們把音樂作為一種高效的交流方式，在愛情中它也可能會起

10、到重要的作用。但是音樂是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科學界還沒有給出答案。 哪兩項事物使得人類不同于動物？一個是語言，另一個是音樂。當然一些動物會唱歌(并且許多鳥唱得比很多人都好聽)，但是，動物的歌聲是有限的，比如鳥類和鯨魚。同樣，是人類而不是動物開發(fā)出了樂器。 音樂是個奇怪的東西，它與語言有明顯的不同。但是，人們能夠用音樂去傳達尤其是情感。當音樂與歌曲中的語言結(jié)合在一起的時候，它就是一種強有力的表達方式。但是，從生物學來講，音樂是什么？如果音樂與語言真的不同，那么我們應(yīng)該在大腦的不同區(qū)域內(nèi)對音樂和語言進行加工處理，科學證據(jù)也證實了這一點。有時，受過腦損傷的人會喪失他們處理語言的能力。但是

11、，他們不會自動地丟失音樂才能。比如，維沙翁舍巴林，一位蘇聯(lián)作曲家，在1953年得了中風。他的大腦的左半邊受到損害，他再也不能說話或是理解別人的話，但是他仍然能夠譜曲，直到十年后他離開人世。另一方面，中風有時會使人們喪失音樂能力，但是他們?nèi)匀荒軌蛘f話也能聽懂別人的話。這就說明大腦是分別加了處理音樂和語言的。 通過研究音樂在人身體上的物理效應(yīng)，科學家也了解到許多關(guān)于音樂是如何影響情感的。但是，為什么音樂對我們有如此強烈的影響？這是一個更難回答的問題。倫敦大學學院的研究員杰弗里米勒認為音樂和愛有緊密的關(guān)，音樂需要特殊才能、練習和體能。這也許是一種方式讓你展示你適合做某人的伴侶。比如，按調(diào)唱歌或者彈奏

12、樂器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的記憶力來記住音符。能正確地演奏或者唱出這些音符也證明你的聽力也非常好。所以，當一個男人唱給他心愛的女人時(反之亦然) 音樂就可能成為一種展示的方式。 然而，米勒的理論仍然不能解釋為什么聲音的特定結(jié)合可以深深地影響我們的情感。對于科學家來說，這顯然是一個需要深入研究的領(lǐng)域。第10篇：the biology of music1. humans,but not animals, can sing. b wrong2. people can use music to communicate their emotions. a right3. we use th

13、e same part of the brain for music and language. b wrong4. geoffery miler has done research on music and emotions.a right5. its hard for humans to compose music.c6. memory is not an important part in singing in tune. b wrong7. scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on hu

14、mans. a right第8篇：what is a dream?（b級）什么是夢？許多世紀以來，人們都對他們夢到的奇異事情感到疑惑。一些心理學家認為，這種大腦的夜間活動并沒有特殊含義。另一些人則認為，夢是生命中重要的一部分。實際上，許多專家認為，夢能揭示人的心理和情感活動。 近代以前，很多人認為夢傳遞的是上帝的信息。直到20世紀，人們才開始從科學的角度研究夢。奧地利心理學家西格蒙德弗洛伊德或許是第一個用科學的方法研究夢的人。在他的著作夢的解析(1900)中，弗洛伊德寫道，夢是一個人愿望的表達。他認為夢打開了一扇窗，讓人們得以表達在生活中不敢表達的情感、思想和恐懼。 瑞士精神病學家卡爾榮格曾是

15、弗洛伊德的學生，但他對夢的看法與弗洛伊德不同。他認為，做夢的目的是要給做夢的人傳遞一種信息。而人們想想自已做的夢，便能對自己有一個更深刻的了解。比如，如果夢到從高處墜落，那么他應(yīng)該反思自己是不是白視過高。反過來，如果夢中自己成了英雄，應(yīng)該想想平時可能太看低自己了。 現(xiàn)代心理學家還在繼續(xù)發(fā)展關(guān)于夢的理論，來自位于圣克魯茲的加利福尼亞大學的威廉多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他認為，夢境和一個人的日常生活、思想和行為都緊密相關(guān)，比方說，一個罪犯就可能夢到犯罪。 多姆霍夫還認為，夢和年齡也有關(guān)系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做夢做的那么多。他認為，做夢也是一項心理機能，也需要隨著年齡增長而發(fā)展。多姆霍夫還發(fā)現(xiàn)夢

16、和性別之間的關(guān)系。通過研究，他發(fā)現(xiàn)男性和女性的夢境常常是不同的。例如，在男性夢境中出現(xiàn)的通常是其他男性，而且常與打斗有關(guān)，而女性的夢境則不是這樣。多姆霍夫通過研究包括來自現(xiàn)代文化以及傳統(tǒng)文化背景在內(nèi)的11種不同文化背景的人群夢境中的性別差異得出了上述結(jié)論。 夢能幫助我們更好地理解自己嗎？心理學家還在嘗試通過不同方式來解答這個問題，不過，有一件事他們是意見一致的：如果你夢到有不好的事要發(fā)生，不要慌張。夢可能會有意義，但也不意味著你夢到的一些恐怖事情就一定會發(fā)生。要記住，夢中的世界并不是真實的世界。第8篇：what is a dream?1. not everyone agrees that dr

17、eams are meaningful. a.right2. according to freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.a.right3. jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. b.wrong4. in the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions. c.not mentioned5. according to dornhoff,babies do n

18、ot have the same ability to dream as adults do.a.right6. men and women dream about different things. a.right7. scientists agree that dreams predict the future. b.wrong二、閱讀理解第29篇：ill be bach（b級） 譯文：我也能成為巴赫作曲家大衛(wèi)科普發(fā)明了一個電腦軟件，它能寫出古典音樂的原創(chuàng)作品?？破栈?0年才完成這個軟件，現(xiàn)在科普的電腦寫出的作品與德國注明作曲家j.s.巴赫寫的作品很相似，很少有人能分辨出其中的不同。這一

19、切始于1980年的美國，那時科普正在寫一部戲劇，但是他無法創(chuàng)作出新的旋律，于是他編寫了一個電腦軟件來幫他編曲。最開始的時候，軟件寫出的樂曲并不動聽?？破帐窃趺醋龅哪兀克_始重新考慮人們作曲的方式。他認識到作曲家的大腦就像一個大數(shù)據(jù)庫，他們先是吸收他們聽過的所有音樂，然后去除他們不喜歡的，最后再根據(jù)留下的音樂來創(chuàng)作出新的旋律?？破照J為，只有偉大的作曲家才能建立好數(shù)據(jù)庫，并能熟記于心，從而創(chuàng)造出新的音樂?？破崭鶕?jù)現(xiàn)有的音樂建立了龐大的數(shù)據(jù)庫，最開始的時候，數(shù)據(jù)庫包含了幾百部巴赫的作品?？破盏能浖⑦@些數(shù)據(jù)進行分析：首先它將音樂拆解成小的片段，從中找出固定模式，然后將片段組合成新的模式。不久，這個軟

20、件就能夠?qū)懗龊桶秃诊L格很像的小曲子。它們并不完美，但這只是個開始?？破罩溃龅倪€有很多他得寫出一整部歌劇。他進一步完善他的軟件，不久他就能夠?qū)懗龈鼜碗s的音樂了。他還在數(shù)據(jù)庫中加入了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。幾年后，科普的軟件“艾米”已經(jīng)能夠幫助他創(chuàng)作歌劇了。創(chuàng)作過程需要作曲家和艾米共同配合。科普聆聽艾米寫出的音樂片段，從中選取他認為好的。有了艾米的幫助，科普只用了兩個星期就完成這部歌劇，叫做搖籃墜落。演出獲得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以來最高的評價，但是沒有人知道他究竟是怎樣創(chuàng)作出這部歌劇的。從那以后，艾米已經(jīng)寫了上千部作品。科普現(xiàn)在依然會給艾米反饋，告訴她自己哪些

21、音樂是他喜歡的，哪些是不喜歡的，但是現(xiàn)在大部分艱巨的工作是由艾米來完成的。練習：l. the music composed by david cope is abouta classical music.2. by developing a computer software, david cope aimed c to write an opera.3. what did cope realize about a great composers brain?d it creates an accurate database.4. who is emmy? b a computer softw

22、are5. we can infer from the passage thatd emmy did much more work than a composer.三、補全短文how deafness makes it easier to hear most people think of beethovens hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. however, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he wascomplete

23、ly deaf.this is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but hisbiographer, maynard solomon, takes a different view. solomon argues that beethovens deafness heightened his achievement as a composer. in his deaf world beethovencould experiment, free from the sounds of the

24、 outside world, free to create new forms andharmonies.hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. they continue to hear music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played. michael eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf

25、at the age of 21. . he described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:my former musical experiences began to play back to me. i couldnt differentiate between what i heard and real hearing. after many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to hear music which

26、 is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for ali of my moods. how is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both out there and at the same time within us? there is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant

27、. no man-made device could replace the ability to hear . however,it might be possible to use the brains remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.when michael edgar first switched on his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. gradually, with

28、much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. for example, the insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.the primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. when peoplespoke to eagar, he heard their voices coming through like a long-distance telepho

29、ne call ona poor connection. but when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help. when he wanted to appreciate music,eagar played the piano. . he said, i play the piano as i used to and hear it in my head at the same time.the movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added c

30、larity to hearing in myhead. cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which canchange their lives. still, as michael eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,hearing is irrelevant. . even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless t

31、o beethoven as he composed his ninth symphony at the end of his life.三、補全短文how deafness makes it easier to hear most people think of beethovens hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. however, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he wascompletely deaf.this

32、is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but hisbiographer, maynard solomon, takes a different view. solomon argues that beethovens deafness heightened his achievement as a composer. in his deaf world beethovencould experiment, free from the sounds of the outside worl

33、d, free to create new forms andharmonies.hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. they continue to hear music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played. michael eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf at the age of

34、 21. . he described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:my former musical experiences began to play back to me. i couldnt differentiate between what i heard and real hearing. after many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to hear music which is new to me

35、 and to find many quiet accompaniments for ali of my moods. how is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both out there and at the same time within us? there is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant. no man-made

36、 device could replace the ability to hear . however,it might be possible to use the brains remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.when michael edgar first switched on his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. gradually, with much hard wor

37、k, he began to identify everyday sounds. for example, the insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.the primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. when peoplespoke to eagar, he heard their voices coming through like a long-distance telephone call ona p

38、oor connection. but when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help. when he wanted to appreciate music,eagar played the piano. . he said, i play the piano as i used to and hear it in my head at the same time.the movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added clarity to hea

39、ring in myhead. cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which canchange their lives. still, as michael eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,hearing is irrelevant. . even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to beethoven a

40、s he composed his ninth symphony at the end of his life.winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.

41、both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eigh

42、t.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league a

43、nd rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations

44、 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa h

45、asopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures comp

46、laint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be ver

47、y calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses