[考研英語]森林經(jīng)理學(xué)翻譯英語原文

1、introductionthis forestry practice guide supports the uk forestry standard, the various guidelines and other advisory material produced by the forestry commission. its purpose is to help owners and managers of plantations, forests and woods that are approaching the felling stage to take advantage of

2、 the opportunities this presents to make any necessary improvement to the diversity and appearance of the area in balance with other, more functional or economic objectives. it is a straightforward, step-by-step guide as to how to go about this task, referred to here as forest design planning, withi

3、n the wider framework of environmental and operational planning.本林業(yè)實(shí)踐指南支持英國(guó)林業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、其他指南以及由林業(yè)咨詢委員會(huì)編寫的各種材料。其目的是幫助人工林、森林和接近砍伐期的林木的經(jīng)營(yíng)者或經(jīng)理，以改善林區(qū)的生物多樣性和森林景觀，并發(fā)揮森林的多功能和實(shí)現(xiàn)其經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)。本指南就如何著手這項(xiàng)工作作出簡(jiǎn)單的一步一步的指導(dǎo)，而這種指導(dǎo)在這里可以理解為在大框架的環(huán)境下運(yùn)作的森林設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)劃。the forest itself is the environment. the forest is not only the trees, but al

4、so the understorey, the ground vegetation, the open spaces, soils, rocks and water, all of which are integral parts. any action taken concerning the arboreal component of the forest the trees is not just of environmental consequence: it is in itself an environmental act. silvicultural planning, prod

5、uction planning, road planning and recreation planning are all, therefore, aspects of planning the forest environment as much as landscape and nature conservation planning.森林本身就是環(huán)境。森林不僅僅包括樹木，還包括林下層、地表植被、空曠地、土壤、巖石和水，所有的這些都是森林不可或缺的組成部分。采取的任何跟森林有關(guān)的行動(dòng)，包括森林它本身就是一種環(huán)境行為。因此，所有的造林規(guī)劃、生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃、道路規(guī)劃和游憩區(qū)規(guī)劃與景觀保護(hù)和自然保護(hù)

6、同等重要。the requirement for planning is quite simply to achieve an understanding of the consequences of an action before embarking on that action. it has been described as both the launching point for the future and the process of learning from the past. embarking on any action, whether it be felling t

7、rees or creating a wildlife or failing to achieve ones objectives. this is true where there is a single management objective. it is even more true where there are multiple objectives. an action aimed at furthering only one of these will almost certainly affect the optimize if decisions are taken wit

8、hout proper information and planning. the uk government has a firm policy for increasing the many diverse benefits that forests can provide. the aim is to create attractive and productive forests, which blend with the landscape, are rich in wildlife and are efficient to manage. how this is achieved

9、and what is appropriate in individual circumstances depends on local conditions and priorities. proper long-term planning needs to take account of all the relevant issues and produce an integrated solution. compiling a plan requires clear thinking and logical action. 規(guī)劃的要求很簡(jiǎn)單，就是在采取任何行動(dòng)之前對(duì)此行動(dòng)的后果進(jìn)行思考，

10、這可以理解為總結(jié)過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和考慮未來的行為后果。采取任何行動(dòng)時(shí)，無論是為了砍伐樹木，或者創(chuàng)造一種野生動(dòng)物，即使沒有達(dá)到目標(biāo)，都可以肯定定一個(gè)單一或者多重的管理目標(biāo)的做法。如果采取缺乏正確的信息和規(guī)劃的決定，那么至少有一個(gè)旨在推動(dòng)日后發(fā)展的因素會(huì)影響到結(jié)果的最優(yōu)化。英國(guó)政府為增加森林帶來的多種利益，已出臺(tái)堅(jiān)定的政策，其目的是創(chuàng)造具有吸引力和富有成效的森林，擁有野生動(dòng)植物豐富和高效管理的景觀。至于如何實(shí)現(xiàn)和在個(gè)別情況下采取怎么樣的行動(dòng)才是恰當(dāng)?shù)?，則取決于當(dāng)?shù)氐臈l件和優(yōu)先次序。合理的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃需要考慮到所有相關(guān)因素和提供一個(gè)綜合的解決方案。因此，編制規(guī)劃方案需要清晰的思維和理性的思考。the plan

11、ning process in forest management is all the more critical because the consequences of actions may be a long way in the future. it is important to remember that every action that we take today will affect the options open to future generations. it is equally important to remember that to take no act

12、ion, whether a conscious decision or through neglect or procrastination, will also affect the options open to future generations. the planning process must not, in itself, become a barrier to action. finally the type of plan should be appropriate to the scale of the work envisaged and its purpose. 因

13、為行動(dòng)的后果都可能會(huì)影響到將來，因此在森林經(jīng)營(yíng)中的規(guī)劃過程顯得更為之重要。強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，我們今天采取的任何行動(dòng)都會(huì)影響到我們子孫后代得選擇，同時(shí)，無論是有意識(shí)的決定還是有誤忽視或拖延而不采取任何行動(dòng)，也將影響到今后幾代人的選擇機(jī)會(huì)。而規(guī)劃過程本身不能成為一個(gè)阻礙的行動(dòng)。最后，規(guī)劃類型應(yīng)適合工作對(duì)象的規(guī)模及滿足其規(guī)劃目的。application of this guide to northern ireland 北愛爾蘭的應(yīng)用this guide has been written primarily for use in great britain. however, many of the pri

14、nciples may also be applied to forests elsewhere. accordingly, where the context permits, the guide may also be a help to woodland owners and managers in meeting the requirements of the uk forestry standard in northern ireland.本指南主要針對(duì)英國(guó)林業(yè)編寫，但是其中的很多原則也同樣適用于其他地區(qū)的森林。相應(yīng)地，如果指南在北愛爾蘭適用，也可能幫助當(dāng)?shù)亓謭?chǎng)主和森林管理人員，使其

15、經(jīng)營(yíng)的森林達(dá)到英國(guó)林業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。the policy background 政策背景the government has adopted certain criteria and standards for the sustainable management of our forests and woodlands and these are set out in the uk forestry standard. forest design planning is the process which ensures that plans for change in the structure

16、of existing woods, or the creation of new ones, will meet the requirements of the standard. the process takes into account the physical, biological, human and cultural resources described in the standard. the results should therefore conform both to the standard and to internationally agreed pan-eur

17、opean criteria (pec) for sustainable forest management with which it is compatible. 英國(guó)政府已經(jīng)通過了若干個(gè)準(zhǔn)則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以保護(hù)森林、有林地和受英國(guó)林業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)保護(hù)的對(duì)象。確保林業(yè)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的整個(gè)過程都符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求，包括計(jì)劃中改變現(xiàn)有的或建造新的森林結(jié)構(gòu)。過程中要考慮到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中提及的物理、生物、人和文化等各方面因素。結(jié)果應(yīng)該既要符合該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也要符合國(guó)際商定的泛歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（pec）的關(guān)于森林可持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)的要求。relationship of basic resources to the pan-european criter

18、ia泛歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的基礎(chǔ)資源間的關(guān)系physical resources物理資源soils, water, air土壤，水，空氣without proper care of these resources none of the biological or human activity associated with forests are likely to meet the pec.如果這些資源沒有得到合理保護(hù)，就沒有依附在符合pec標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的森林的生物（包括人類）活動(dòng)。biological resources生物資源trees, biological diversity樹木，生物多樣性fores

19、t ecosystems are complex and involve interactions between trees and other living things in and around them. again, proper care and management of these living resources is required to meet the pec.森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是復(fù)雜的，涉及到樹木及其與周邊其他生物之間的相互作用，再次說明，適當(dāng)?shù)谋Ｗo(hù)和這些生物資源的管理必須符合pec的要求。human resources人力資源workforce, communitie

20、s勞動(dòng)力，社區(qū)all the pec depend on work being carried out competently and safely. the maintenance of other socio-economic functions and conditions acknowledges the need to take account of social interactions among all the pec.pec是建立在稱職和安全的工作上。維持其他社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)功能和條件，需要考慮到建立在pec上的社會(huì)互動(dòng)。cultural resources文化資源heritage

21、and landscapes 遺產(chǎn)和景觀people recognize the value of artefacts and amenities found in forests. there is also a fundamental association between our culture (past and present socio-economic activity) and the landscape, where woods often play a significant role.人們認(rèn)識(shí)到在森林發(fā)現(xiàn)的藝術(shù)品和設(shè)施的價(jià)值，還有與我們文化（包括過去和目前的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)）

22、和景觀有根本關(guān)聯(lián)的地方，而森林通常都會(huì)在其中發(fā)揮重要的作用。the audience告讀者this guide is intended for those people, such as forest owners and their managers or agents, who are managing existing forests or woods of mainly plantation origin and of a size which may necessitate felling and regeneration over more than one phase using

23、 more than one felling coupe. it is particularly relevant for owners who intend to draw up a long term forest plan covering phased harvesting and replanting for large forest areas or whole estates, over a period of 20 years or more. 本指南是為以下這些人所編寫的，如森林所有者及森林經(jīng)理或其代理，他們?cè)诠芾碇F(xiàn)有森林或林木，那些森林或林木可能是人工林的來源和需要采伐和

24、更新，超過一個(gè)以上的伐倒期。這是很重要的，特別是對(duì)于那些打算制定一個(gè)超過20年甚至更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的的森林經(jīng)營(yíng)計(jì)劃（包括林木分期收獲和大面積林地或者整個(gè)林地補(bǔ)植）的林場(chǎng)主。it is also expected to be used by forestry authority staff whose job is to evaluate and approve plans. they will be able to help and guide owners, their managers and agents as to what level of sophistication or simplic

25、ity is expected in the forest design plan for a particular forest. they will also be able to direct people to extra help by way of design assistance or training. 同時(shí)希望本書可以為林業(yè)管理局的工作人員在評(píng)估和批準(zhǔn)森林規(guī)劃的中有所幫助。一方面，他們可以幫助和指導(dǎo)森林所有者及其經(jīng)理或代理人，以成熟或簡(jiǎn)單的方法為森林制定一個(gè)特定的規(guī)劃方案；另一方面，他們還可以直接以設(shè)計(jì)援助或培訓(xùn)的方式得到額外的幫助。this guide will also

26、 be helpful to other people who are looking at proposals under the woodland grant scheme and for felling licences, for example staff in local authorities and other agencies who have a statutory role in the consultation process. they will know what to expect in the plans presented to them and be bett

27、er able to direct their comments on the content and standard. 本指南也將有助于那些正在考慮申請(qǐng)林地津貼計(jì)劃和獲得采伐許可證的人。如地方當(dāng)局和其他機(jī)構(gòu)的工作人員，他們擁有在協(xié)商過程中其法定作業(yè)，能預(yù)料規(guī)劃將呈現(xiàn)的結(jié)果，可以更好的指導(dǎo)其規(guī)劃內(nèi)容，使之符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。forest planning: the wider context and goals森林規(guī)劃：更廣泛的背景和目標(biāo) in britain forest planning takes place at three levels: regional level, forest lev

28、el and site level.在英國(guó)森林規(guī)劃共有3個(gè)層次：區(qū)域級(jí)別，林區(qū)級(jí)別和站點(diǎn)級(jí)別。regional level plans 區(qū)域計(jì)劃the main regional level plans are indicative forestry strategies intended to guide the type and amount of new planting. they do not cover felling and replanting or management of existing woods and forests. 主要的區(qū)域計(jì)劃是指示林業(yè)占戰(zhàn)略，旨在指導(dǎo)新的

29、種植類型和數(shù)量。這并不包括現(xiàn)有森林和林木的砍伐、補(bǔ)種或管理。it can sometimes be helpful to consider a broad scale assessment of an individual forest, wood or ownership unit in its wider context before preparing a forest/woodland level plan. large owners or companies who manage aggregations of woods, will recognize that the preci

30、se balance of objectives, for example timber production and recreation provision, will vary from place to place. this depends on a number of factors such as the sensitivity of the forest or wood its location, access and site potential to deliver various benefits.在準(zhǔn)備制定一份森林/林地計(jì)劃前，對(duì)于在一個(gè)更大范圍內(nèi)，考慮評(píng)估個(gè)人森林、林

31、木或林場(chǎng)主單元，會(huì)大有裨益。管理混交林的大的林場(chǎng)主或公司會(huì)意識(shí)到精準(zhǔn)平衡各要素的重要性，例如木材產(chǎn)品和空地的規(guī)定會(huì)因地而異。這取決于多種因素，例如森林或林木自身的位置、可進(jìn)入性和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)條件等。forest/woodland level plans森林/林地層次的計(jì)劃these apply to a whole forest or wood, a whole estate comprising several woods, or to a distinct part a landscape unit of a large forest.這些適用于整片森林及其木材，包括一些林木，或者一個(gè)獨(dú)立的部分-

32、一個(gè)景觀單元-一片大森林。the forest plan concerns the larger scale spatial layout of the forest, while smaller scale details are built in at the site management level. it is primarily concerned with the location and timing of tree felling, and the distribution of tree species and open apace at regeneration. the

33、se are the principal tools available to the forest manager for controlling forest structure, and hence the current and future flow of forest products, both tangible and intangible. 森林層次計(jì)劃關(guān)注較大規(guī)模的森林空間布局，而較小規(guī)模的細(xì)節(jié)則在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)管理水平上規(guī)劃。它主要關(guān)注的是砍伐林木的位置和時(shí)機(jī)，以及在林木種類和空地的再生上面做出貢獻(xiàn)。這些都是森林經(jīng)營(yíng)的主要工具，可用來控制森林結(jié)構(gòu)，包括有形和無形的當(dāng)前的和未來的森林

34、產(chǎn)品的流動(dòng)。the aim of forest design planning is to move the forest towards a condition in which it can continue indefinitely to meet its management objectives, at the same time retaining a degree of versatility and flexibility to help meet unknown future demands. forest design planning is a particularly

35、appropriate process for the larger, more complex and more sensitive forests or woods. some of the steps of analysis and level of detail will be unnecessary for smaller, simpler or less sensitive areas.森林規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)就是讓森林走上可持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)道路，在持續(xù)實(shí)現(xiàn)其經(jīng)營(yíng)目標(biāo)的同時(shí)保留森林的通用性和靈活性，以滿足未來對(duì)森林不明的需求。森林規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)是更大、更復(fù)雜和更敏感的森林及其林木的一個(gè)特別適宜的進(jìn)程，而一些分析的步驟和詳細(xì)程度，將會(huì)是一些更小、更簡(jiǎn)單和敏感度小的地區(qū)所不必要的。site level plans現(xiàn)場(chǎng)操作計(jì)劃the third level of planning is the site management plan. this has normally been the main level for operational planning and for timber sales, felling licences and restocking plans at the compartment, coupe or stand level. this