有關(guān)漢字知識(shí)在古代漢語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)中的重要意義的探析中英文對(duì)照

1、 有關(guān)漢字知識(shí)在古代漢語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)中的重要意義的探析中英文對(duì)照relevant knowledge of chinese characters in the ancient chinese vocabulary teaching significance analysis of chinese and english language compared 漢字是一種以象形為基礎(chǔ)而發(fā)展起來(lái)的表意兼標(biāo)音的文字，其字形與詞義之間的關(guān)系十分密切，二者間有著異常重要的關(guān)聯(lián)，所以常常可以通過(guò)分析字形來(lái)達(dá)到探求詞義的目的。由于漢字字形與詞義之間的密切關(guān)聯(lián)，就為我們透過(guò)字形探求詞義創(chuàng)造了方便的條件。我們?cè)噺囊韵聨?/p>

2、方面加以探析：chinese characters is a kind of developed on the basis of pictographic and ideographic and the sound of words, the font style and word meaning is in close relationship between the unusually important link between them, and so often can achieve the purpose of exploring the meaning by analysis

3、glyph. due to the close connection between chinese character font style and word meaning, through glyph to search for the meaning for us to create a convenient conditions. we try to analysis from the following several aspects: 一、可以利用漢字的表意特點(diǎn)，通過(guò)分析字形來(lái)探求詞義內(nèi)部的脈絡(luò)關(guān)系。a, can use ideographic characteristics o

4、f chinese characters, through the analysis glyph to explore meaning of internal thread of the relationship. 表意文字的最大特點(diǎn)是尚形，要求以形表義，形、義結(jié)合。由于漢字的字形與詞義之間的關(guān)系十分密切，二者間的結(jié)合有著異常密切的關(guān)聯(lián)，所以常?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)分析字形來(lái)探求詞義，并分析其詞義特點(diǎn)。ideogram is the biggest characteristic of form, requirements in table form, shape, righteousness. due t

5、o close relationship between chinese characters font style and word meaning, the combination has unusually close relation between them, and through the analysis glyph to explore the meaning, so you can often and analysis the features of meaning. 1.利用字形構(gòu)造講清詞的本義。刃（古字形為“刃”），刀上加一符號(hào)，表示刀鋒所在。說(shuō)文：“刀，堅(jiān)也。像刀有刃之

6、形?！辈桑ü抛中螢椤安伞保衷谀旧?，表示采摘。說(shuō)文：“捋取也。從木從爪?！敝耍ü抛中螢椤爸恕保没鹂救?。說(shuō)文：“炮肉也。從肉在火上?！鄙妫ü抛中螢椤吧妗保?，徒步過(guò)河。以上字形與詞義之間的關(guān)系異常形象、緊密，既可以生動(dòng)而又令人信服地說(shuō)明其形與義之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)，也可以通過(guò)分析字形探析出各詞的本義來(lái)，從而把各個(gè)詞內(nèi)部復(fù)雜的義脈關(guān)系梳理清楚。1. the use of the glyph structure explained to the original meaning of words. blade (ancient font for blade), knife on a sign, sai

7、d blade. shuo wen jie zi : knife, hard also. like a knife has a blade shape. mining (ancient font for mining), hand on the wood, said. shuo wen jie zi : le take. also from the wood from claw. main (ancient font for barbecue), roast with fire. shuo wen jie zi : cannon meat also. from meat on the fire

8、. (ancient font for stakeholders), on foot across the river. above font style and word meaning, close the relationship between the abnormal image, vivid and can convincingly explain the inner relation between form and meaning, can also through the analysis glyph analysis out of the original meaning

9、of the word, to comb the righteousness of each word within the complex relations of arteries and veins clear. 2.充分利用漢字的特點(diǎn)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)漢字形、音、義的綜合闡釋。過(guò)去我們對(duì)于古漢字的分析，往往只注意到字形與詞義之間的聯(lián)系，但事實(shí)上每個(gè)漢字都是形、音、義的有機(jī)結(jié)合體，形、音、義三者三位一體，不可或缺，只有充分利用漢字的特點(diǎn)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)其形、音、義的綜合闡釋，才能說(shuō)真正把這一漢字研究得比較深透了。這一點(diǎn)尤其在分析通假字時(shí)特別有用。分辨和識(shí)別通假字通常可以從音同音近的角度入手并結(jié)合漢字的字形

10、和意義特點(diǎn)綜合予以考量。所謂通假字是指本有其字而不用，卻臨時(shí)用一個(gè)音同或音近的借字來(lái)代替本字的現(xiàn)象。從字形上看，同聲符的字往往可以相互通假，它的根據(jù)仍然是音同或音近，因?yàn)榘粗C聲規(guī)律而言，聲符相同的字，其古音也必然相同或相近。所以考察是否構(gòu)成通假字首先要注意其聲符。例如，“詳”通“佯”，“逝”通“誓”，“錫”通“賜”，等等。有時(shí)候，也常常可以以簡(jiǎn)代繁，用一個(gè)筆畫比較少的字代替一個(gè)筆畫比較多的字。例如，“矢”通“誓”，“才”通“裁”，“矜”通“鰥”等等。2. take full advantage of the characteristics of chinese characters, to s

11、trengthen the comprehensive of han glyph, sound and meaning. we used for the analysis of the ancient chinese characters, often only pay attention to the connection between the font style and word meaning, but in fact every chinese character is the organic combination of form, sound and meaning, form

12、, sound and meaning of the trinity, indispensable, only take full advantage of the characteristics of chinese characters, to strengthen its comprehensive interpretation form, sound and meaning, to really bring the characters more deep research. this is especially is especially useful when analyzing

13、tongjia characters. distinguish and identify tongjia characters can often from the perspective of sound homophones nearly and combining with the characteristics of chinese characters font and meaning comprehensive considerations. tongjia characters refers to this there instead of the word, but tempo

14、rary with a note with or near the borrowed words to replace also. look from the glyph, and representation of the words often can mutual interchangeability, according to is still sounds with or close to it, because according to the law of symphony, representation of the same word, the dialect must be

15、 the same or similar. so inspection whether constitute tongjia characters should pay attention to its representation in the first place. detail, for example, close, gone shi, tin gift, and so on. sometimes, also can often with simple generation, with one stroke of words instead of a stroke more word

16、s. arrow, for example, shi, to pass cut, r. tong alone and so on. 3.利用“俗字源”的手段進(jìn)行形象化的詞匯教學(xué)。所謂“俗字源”就是一種利用漢字自身特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行形象生動(dòng)的曲意別解手段，它通俗、易懂，妙趣橫生，寓教于樂(lè)，能突出漢字構(gòu)成的特點(diǎn)，也可以糾正學(xué)生寫字時(shí)容易發(fā)生的錯(cuò)誤，在漢字教學(xué)實(shí)踐中特別是在幫助學(xué)生記憶方面有著獨(dú)特的魅力和作用。例如：眾人擠人、人挨人，人上還有人，人很多，自然成“眾”；好一個(gè)人又有妻子（女）、又有孩子（子），真是好極了；祭（古字形作“祭”）祭祀的時(shí)候要在供桌上擺放祭品，所以“祭”字像手持祭肉在供桌上祭祀的情形；

17、利用“俗字源”講解漢字，可以充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的想象力，培養(yǎng)他們學(xué)習(xí)漢字的興趣，增進(jìn)對(duì)漢字的了解，并活躍課堂氣氛，從而有效地彌補(bǔ)正規(guī)課堂教學(xué)的不足。3. the use of the arrangement source means for the visualization of vocabulary teaching. so-called the arrangement source is a kind of make use of the characteristics of chinese characters are vivid song idea dont solution method

18、, it plain, clear, interesting, entertaining, can highlight the characteristics of chinese characters form, also can correct students are prone to mistakes when writing, especially in helping students to memory in chinese teaching practice has a unique charm and function. for example: the - its so c

19、rowded, people to people, people and people, too many people, nature into the; well, a man and his wife (female), and have children (child), is really great. offerings (ancient font offering) - sacrifice on the altar when you need to put the offerings, so the word sacrifice like handheld flesh in ca

20、se of an altar sacrifice; use arrangement source interpretation of chinese characters, can fully mobilize the students imagination, to cultivate their interest to learn the chinese characters, to enhance understanding of the chinese characters, and active classroom atmosphere, and effectively make u

21、p for the inadequacy of formal classroom teaching. 二、通過(guò)字形分化和字義發(fā)展來(lái)探析古今字詞義間的差異及演化規(guī)律second, through glyph differentiation and development of character analysis of the differences between ancient and modern words of righteousness, and evolution rule 古今字歷來(lái)是古代漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，很不容易講解。比較行之有效的辦法是從字形的分化、字義的發(fā)展角度來(lái)

22、加以分辨和識(shí)別，由此考察古今字詞義之間的差異及其演化規(guī)律。古今字是指在表達(dá)某一共同意義上先后產(chǎn)生的形體不同的字。產(chǎn)生古今字的原因一是分化多義詞的義項(xiàng)，從形和義的結(jié)合上使之表達(dá)更加明確。當(dāng)一個(gè)多義詞的若干義項(xiàng)相距較遠(yuǎn)，在人們心目中認(rèn)為已發(fā)展成不同的詞時(shí)，人們便另造一個(gè)新字來(lái)表達(dá)多義詞中的某個(gè)意義，這樣既分化了多義詞的義項(xiàng)，又從形和義的結(jié)合上使文字的表達(dá)更加明確了。例如，“知”的本義是知道、了解，知道得多，人就變得智慧聰明起來(lái)?！爸钡谋玖x和引申義在古代用同一個(gè)“知”字來(lái)表達(dá)，后來(lái)另造了“智”，專門用來(lái)表示“知”的引申義，這樣，“聰明、智慧”的意義就從“知”中分化出來(lái)了，“知”與“智”就成了一對(duì)古

23、今字。還有一種情況是由于用字的假借，造成本字本義與在意義上不相干的假借義共存于一體，為使本字本義與假借義區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)而另造新字所出現(xiàn)的古今字。例如，“說(shuō)”字的本義是陳述、解說(shuō)，后借用為喜悅的“悅”，后來(lái)人們另造新字“悅”，專門用來(lái)表示“喜悅”義，“說(shuō)”與“悅”便有了明確的分工，成了古今字。ancient and modern words always is the important and difficult problem in ancient chinese teaching, is not easy to explain. more effective from differentiati

24、on, meaning the development of the angle of font to distinguish and identify, which review the differences between ancient and modern words meaning and its evolution regularity. refers to the ancient and modern words express a certain common sense has produced different word form. causes of ancient

25、and modern words of polysemous word meanings, one is differentiation from the combination of form and express more clearly. when several meanings of a polysemous word are far apart, in peoples minds think has developed into a different word, people also created a new word to express one of polysemou

26、s word meanings, this differentiation both of polysemous word meanings, and from the combination of form and makes the text on the expression of more clear. for example, the original meaning of knowing is to know and understand, know much, who became wisdom. know the original meaning and metaphorica

27、l meaning in ancient times with the same word to express know, then the other made the think tank, dedicated to say the word know, so that the meaning of smarter, wiser is separated from the knowledge, knowledge and wisdom is a pair of ancient and modern words. still have a kind of situation is due

28、to the fact that under the guise of words, also caused by original and coexist under the guise of justice sense irrelevant at an organic whole, in order to make also apart from the original meaning and under the guise of justice and other new words of ancient and modern words. for example, the origi

29、nal meaning of said the word is presentation, explanation, yue, to borrow for joy after people later made another new word please, joy is dedicated to the said, say and yue there is a clear division of labor, became the ancient and modern words. 三、通過(guò)字形的聯(lián)系講清同源詞之間的意義關(guān)系three, through the glyph contact

30、explained the meaning of the relationship between cognate words 漢語(yǔ)言詞匯的形成，是一個(gè)不斷發(fā)展、豐富的積累過(guò)程，新詞的產(chǎn)生有多種途徑，但一般總離不開(kāi)舊詞的基礎(chǔ)。孤立地看，某些詞猶如一盤散沙，似乎說(shuō)不清它們內(nèi)部之間有什么必然聯(lián)系，但事實(shí)上這些新詞和舊詞之間有著非常密切的源流關(guān)系，具有同源或同族關(guān)系，這便是同源詞。這些同源詞往往可以從它們的字符偏旁上體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，所以我們可以通過(guò)分析漢字字形的聯(lián)系來(lái)認(rèn)清同源詞之間的意義關(guān)系。例如，兼（古字形為“兼”）是一只手同時(shí)持有兩把禾麥之形，意思是“兼有”。由“兼”構(gòu)成的的字也都含有“雙”或“兩”的

31、意思?！翱V”為雙股絲，“鰜”為比目魚(yú)，“鶼”為比翼鳥(niǎo)。再如，“巠”在說(shuō)文解字中被解釋成：“水脈也。”是水脈直而長(zhǎng)的意思。以“巠”為語(yǔ)根構(gòu)成的同源詞古音相同或相近，意義相通，都有“直而長(zhǎng)”的意思?！扒o”是直而長(zhǎng)的草木枝；“徑”是直路；“涇”是直的波紋；“脛”是小腿，其形狀又直又細(xì)；“頸”是細(xì)長(zhǎng)的脖頸；“經(jīng)”是縱織的絲線。在具體的古代漢語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)中，適當(dāng)通過(guò)對(duì)某些漢字字形的聯(lián)系分析，除了可以幫助我們更加深入地了解詞語(yǔ)孳乳的知識(shí)及同源詞之間的意義關(guān)系外，還有以下兩個(gè)突出的積極作用：有助于加深對(duì)詞義的理解。例如，“耳”和“刵”同源，“頸”與“剄”同源，后者均由前者生發(fā)出來(lái)?！岸薄ⅰ邦i”是名詞，“刵”

32、、“剄”是以“耳”、“頸”為對(duì)象的動(dòng)詞，據(jù)此，它們用刀割耳朵、割脖子的詞義就很容易理解了。有助于擴(kuò)大詞語(yǔ)的積累。例如，一旦我們知道“戔”具有小而少的意思后，就可以由此及彼，順理成章地清楚明白“淺”指水少，“錢”指金少，價(jià)值低的貨幣，“箋”指古代一種內(nèi)容少的注釋，“賤”指價(jià)格低，“餞”是用少量的酒食為人送行。從而通過(guò)抓住這組同源詞的語(yǔ)根由此及彼地?cái)U(kuò)大詞語(yǔ)的積累。the formation of the chinese language vocabulary, is a continuous development and rich accumulation process, the genera

33、tion of neologisms has a variety of ways, but always cannot leave the foundation of the old words. certain words in isolation, fragmented, it seems that couldnt say for sure whats the connection between their internal, but in fact these new words and old words has a very close relationship between h

34、omologous or kin relationship, this is the cognates. the cognate word can often from their characters reflected on chinese character component, so we can through the analysis of the connection of chinese characters font to recognize the meaning of the relationship between cognate words. for example,

35、 and (the ancient font and) is a hand to hold both the shape of the grain of wheat, means both. composed of and the words also contain double or two means. 縑 as the twin wire, 鳒 for the flounder, jian for a pair of lovebirds. jing the out in the said wen jie zi has been interpreted to mean: water ve

36、in also. is the water straight and long. jing as root cognates in dialect consisting of the same or similar language, meaning, have the meaning of straight and long. stem is straight and long grass shoots; path is a straight road; hengjing is straight ripples; shin is crus, its shape up straight and

37、 thin; neck is a long thin neck; sutra is longitudinal woven of silk. in specific teaching of ancient chinese vocabulary, appropriate, through the analysis of the contact of some of the chinese character glyph ziru besides can help us more in-depth understanding of the words of the significance of t

38、he relationship between knowledge and cognate words, there are two prominent positive role: (1) helps to deepen the understanding of word meaning. for example, the ear and 刵 homologous, the neck and jing homologous, the latter by the former unripe hair out. ear, the neck is a noun, 刵, jing is the ea

39、rs, neck as the object of the verb, therefore, the meaning of their ears cut with a knife, cut the neck it is easy to understand. (2) help to expand the accumulation of words. , for example, once we know the meaning of jian with small and less, you can send a, naturally, clear shallow means less wat

40、er, less money means gold, low value of the currency, thinks refers to a kind of ancient content less annotation, base means the price is low, the one is to use a small amount of wine is off. and by grasping the language of cognate words send a root to expand the accumulation of words. 有關(guān)漢字知識(shí)在古代漢語(yǔ)詞匯

41、教學(xué)中的重要意義的探析中英文對(duì)照relevant knowledge of chinese characters in the ancient chinese vocabulary teaching significance analysis of chinese and english language compared 漢字是一種以象形為基礎(chǔ)而發(fā)展起來(lái)的表意兼標(biāo)音的文字，其字形與詞義之間的關(guān)系十分密切，二者間有著異常重要的關(guān)聯(lián)，所以常?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)分析字形來(lái)達(dá)到探求詞義的目的。由于漢字字形與詞義之間的密切關(guān)聯(lián)，就為我們透過(guò)字形探求詞義創(chuàng)造了方便的條件。我們?cè)噺囊韵聨追矫婕右蕴轿觯篶hinese

42、 characters is a kind of developed on the basis of pictographic and ideographic and the sound of words, the font style and word meaning is in close relationship between the unusually important link between them, and so often can achieve the purpose of exploring the meaning by analysis glyph. due to

43、the close connection between chinese character font style and word meaning, through glyph to search for the meaning for us to create a convenient conditions. we try to analysis from the following several aspects: 一、可以利用漢字的表意特點(diǎn)，通過(guò)分析字形來(lái)探求詞義內(nèi)部的脈絡(luò)關(guān)系。a, can use ideographic characteristics of chinese char

44、acters, through the analysis glyph to explore meaning of internal thread of the relationship. 表意文字的最大特點(diǎn)是尚形，要求以形表義，形、義結(jié)合。由于漢字的字形與詞義之間的關(guān)系十分密切，二者間的結(jié)合有著異常密切的關(guān)聯(lián)，所以常常可以通過(guò)分析字形來(lái)探求詞義，并分析其詞義特點(diǎn)。ideogram is the biggest characteristic of form, requirements in table form, shape, righteousness. due to close relati

45、onship between chinese characters font style and word meaning, the combination has unusually close relation between them, and through the analysis glyph to explore the meaning, so you can often and analysis the features of meaning. 1.利用字形構(gòu)造講清詞的本義。刃（古字形為“刃”），刀上加一符號(hào)，表示刀鋒所在。說(shuō)文：“刀，堅(jiān)也。像刀有刃之形?！辈桑ü抛中螢椤安伞保?/p>

46、手在木上，表示采摘。說(shuō)文：“捋取也。從木從爪。”炙（古字形為“炙”），用火烤肉。說(shuō)文：“炮肉也。從肉在火上。”涉（古字形為“涉”），徒步過(guò)河。以上字形與詞義之間的關(guān)系異常形象、緊密，既可以生動(dòng)而又令人信服地說(shuō)明其形與義之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)，也可以通過(guò)分析字形探析出各詞的本義來(lái)，從而把各個(gè)詞內(nèi)部復(fù)雜的義脈關(guān)系梳理清楚。1. the use of the glyph structure explained to the original meaning of words. blade (ancient font for blade), knife on a sign, said blade. shuo

47、wen jie zi : knife, hard also. like a knife has a blade shape. mining (ancient font for mining), hand on the wood, said. shuo wen jie zi : le take. also from the wood from claw. main (ancient font for barbecue), roast with fire. shuo wen jie zi : cannon meat also. from meat on the fire. (ancient fon

48、t for stakeholders), on foot across the river. above font style and word meaning, close the relationship between the abnormal image, vivid and can convincingly explain the inner relation between form and meaning, can also through the analysis glyph analysis out of the original meaning of the word, t

49、o comb the righteousness of each word within the complex relations of arteries and veins clear. 2.充分利用漢字的特點(diǎn)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)漢字形、音、義的綜合闡釋。過(guò)去我們對(duì)于古漢字的分析，往往只注意到字形與詞義之間的聯(lián)系，但事實(shí)上每個(gè)漢字都是形、音、義的有機(jī)結(jié)合體，形、音、義三者三位一體，不可或缺，只有充分利用漢字的特點(diǎn)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)其形、音、義的綜合闡釋，才能說(shuō)真正把這一漢字研究得比較深透了。這一點(diǎn)尤其在分析通假字時(shí)特別有用。分辨和識(shí)別通假字通?？梢詮囊敉艚慕嵌热胧植⒔Y(jié)合漢字的字形和意義特點(diǎn)綜合予以考量。所謂

50、通假字是指本有其字而不用，卻臨時(shí)用一個(gè)音同或音近的借字來(lái)代替本字的現(xiàn)象。從字形上看，同聲符的字往往可以相互通假，它的根據(jù)仍然是音同或音近，因?yàn)榘粗C聲規(guī)律而言，聲符相同的字，其古音也必然相同或相近。所以考察是否構(gòu)成通假字首先要注意其聲符。例如，“詳”通“佯”，“逝”通“誓”，“錫”通“賜”，等等。有時(shí)候，也常常可以以簡(jiǎn)代繁，用一個(gè)筆畫比較少的字代替一個(gè)筆畫比較多的字。例如，“矢”通“誓”，“才”通“裁”，“矜”通“鰥”等等。2. take full advantage of the characteristics of chinese characters, to strengthen the

51、comprehensive of han glyph, sound and meaning. we used for the analysis of the ancient chinese characters, often only pay attention to the connection between the font style and word meaning, but in fact every chinese character is the organic combination of form, sound and meaning, form, sound and me

52、aning of the trinity, indispensable, only take full advantage of the characteristics of chinese characters, to strengthen its comprehensive interpretation form, sound and meaning, to really bring the characters more deep research. this is especially is especially useful when analyzing tongjia charac

53、ters. distinguish and identify tongjia characters can often from the perspective of sound homophones nearly and combining with the characteristics of chinese characters font and meaning comprehensive considerations. tongjia characters refers to this there instead of the word, but temporary with a no

54、te with or near the borrowed words to replace also. look from the glyph, and representation of the words often can mutual interchangeability, according to is still sounds with or close to it, because according to the law of symphony, representation of the same word, the dialect must be the same or s

55、imilar. so inspection whether constitute tongjia characters should pay attention to its representation in the first place. detail, for example, close, gone shi, tin gift, and so on. sometimes, also can often with simple generation, with one stroke of words instead of a stroke more words. arrow, for

56、example, shi, to pass cut, r. tong alone and so on. 3.利用“俗字源”的手段進(jìn)行形象化的詞匯教學(xué)。所謂“俗字源”就是一種利用漢字自身特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行形象生動(dòng)的曲意別解手段，它通俗、易懂，妙趣橫生，寓教于樂(lè)，能突出漢字構(gòu)成的特點(diǎn)，也可以糾正學(xué)生寫字時(shí)容易發(fā)生的錯(cuò)誤，在漢字教學(xué)實(shí)踐中特別是在幫助學(xué)生記憶方面有著獨(dú)特的魅力和作用。例如：眾人擠人、人挨人，人上還有人，人很多，自然成“眾”；好一個(gè)人又有妻子（女）、又有孩子（子），真是好極了；祭（古字形作“祭”）祭祀的時(shí)候要在供桌上擺放祭品，所以“祭”字像手持祭肉在供桌上祭祀的情形；利用“俗字源”講解漢字，可以

57、充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的想象力，培養(yǎng)他們學(xué)習(xí)漢字的興趣，增進(jìn)對(duì)漢字的了解，并活躍課堂氣氛，從而有效地彌補(bǔ)正規(guī)課堂教學(xué)的不足。3. the use of the arrangement source means for the visualization of vocabulary teaching. so-called the arrangement source is a kind of make use of the characteristics of chinese characters are vivid song idea dont solution method, it plain, cl

58、ear, interesting, entertaining, can highlight the characteristics of chinese characters form, also can correct students are prone to mistakes when writing, especially in helping students to memory in chinese teaching practice has a unique charm and function. for example: the - its so crowded, people to people, people and people, too many people, nature into the; well, a man and his wife (female), and have children (child), is really great. offerings (ancient font offering) - sacrifice on the altar when you need to put the offerings, so the word sacrifi