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1、目 錄第一章 概述11.1傳統(tǒng)點(diǎn)火系的缺陷11.2發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)對(duì)電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的要求11.3電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的基本組成和類(lèi)型11.4.電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的工作原理31.5電子點(diǎn)火系的工作特性4第二章 電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的故障診斷52.1電子點(diǎn)火系的常見(jiàn)故障及檢查方法52.2電子點(diǎn)火系的故障診斷82.3點(diǎn)火正時(shí)的檢測(cè)與調(diào)整11第三章 電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)故障診斷與維修實(shí)例133.1豐田轎車(chē)(采用無(wú)觸點(diǎn)式點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng))點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)檢查133.2紅旗轎車(chē)點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈和點(diǎn)火器的檢測(cè)13總結(jié)15致謝16參考文獻(xiàn)17i摘要現(xiàn)代汽車(chē)電子控制技術(shù)是汽車(chē)技術(shù)和電子技術(shù)的相結(jié)合,是現(xiàn)代工業(yè)發(fā)展與高新技術(shù)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物,汽車(chē)電子化程度的高低從某種程度上反映了汽車(chē)

2、水平的高低。目前,電子技術(shù)的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)深入到汽車(chē)的所有系統(tǒng),使汽車(chē)的技術(shù)性能、經(jīng)濟(jì)性和舒適性都有了很大提高,而電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用能更好的提高汽車(chē)的動(dòng)力性、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性、降低廢氣排放。本文介紹了現(xiàn)代電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)、分類(lèi)、構(gòu)造,系統(tǒng)分析了電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的常見(jiàn)故障,并結(jié)合實(shí)際分析了典型故障產(chǎn)生的原因,并給出了具體的故障排除方法。關(guān)鍵詞:電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng); 故障分析; 排除第一章 概述第一章 緒論1.1傳統(tǒng)點(diǎn)火系的缺陷傳統(tǒng)點(diǎn)火系是靠斷電觸點(diǎn)來(lái)接通和切斷點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈初級(jí)電流而使點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈此級(jí)產(chǎn)生高壓電的,這種工作方式不可避免地存在以下的缺陷。(1)高速易斷火(2)斷電觸點(diǎn)易燒蝕(3)對(duì)火花塞積炭敏感(4)起動(dòng)性能差

3、(5)無(wú)線(xiàn)電干擾大1.2發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)對(duì)電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的要求為了保證發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在各種工況和使用條件下都可靠并適時(shí)點(diǎn)火,點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)必須滿(mǎn)足以下要求。(1)能產(chǎn)生足以擊穿火花塞間隙的電壓(2)點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)所具有的點(diǎn)火的能量要充足(3)點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)控制的點(diǎn)火時(shí)間應(yīng)適當(dāng)。1.3電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的基本組成和類(lèi)型電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)又稱(chēng)為半導(dǎo)體點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)或晶體管點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng),它主要由點(diǎn)火電子組件、分電器及位于分電器內(nèi)的點(diǎn)火信號(hào)發(fā)生器、點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈、火花塞等組成,如圖所示。1-火花塞;2-分電器;3-點(diǎn)火信號(hào)發(fā)生器;4-點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈;5-點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān);6-蓄電池;7-點(diǎn)火電子組件圖11電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)點(diǎn)火電子組件也稱(chēng)電子點(diǎn)火器(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)點(diǎn)火器),它是由半導(dǎo)體元器件

4、(如三極管、可控硅等)組成的電子開(kāi)關(guān)電路,其主要作用是根據(jù)點(diǎn)火信號(hào)發(fā)生器產(chǎn)生的點(diǎn)火脈沖信號(hào),接通和斷開(kāi)點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈初級(jí)電路,起著傳統(tǒng)點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)中斷電器觸點(diǎn)同樣的作用。點(diǎn)火信號(hào)發(fā)生器裝在分電器內(nèi),它可根據(jù)各缸的點(diǎn)火時(shí)刻產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的點(diǎn)火脈沖信號(hào),控制點(diǎn)火器接通和斷開(kāi)點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈初級(jí)電路的具體時(shí)刻。由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)點(diǎn)火時(shí)刻和初級(jí)線(xiàn)圈電流的不同控制方法,產(chǎn)生了不同的點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)。按點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的不同發(fā)展階段可分為:傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械觸點(diǎn)點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)、無(wú)觸點(diǎn)點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)、微機(jī)控制式電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)和微機(jī)控制式無(wú)分電器電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)。其中以無(wú)觸點(diǎn)電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)為例。為了避免機(jī)械觸點(diǎn)點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)觸點(diǎn)容易燒蝕損壞的缺點(diǎn),在晶體管技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用后產(chǎn)生了非接觸式傳感器作

5、為控制信號(hào),以大功率三極管為開(kāi)關(guān)代替機(jī)械觸點(diǎn)的無(wú)觸點(diǎn)電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)顯著優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于初級(jí)電路電流由晶體三極管進(jìn)行接通和切斷,因此電流值可以通過(guò)電路加以控制。不足之處在于這種系統(tǒng)中的點(diǎn)火時(shí)刻仍采用機(jī)械離心提前裝置和真空提前裝置,對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工況適應(yīng)性差。無(wú)觸點(diǎn)電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)中,按點(diǎn)火信號(hào)發(fā)生器產(chǎn)生點(diǎn)火借號(hào)的原理不同,可分為以下幾種型式: a. 磁感應(yīng)式(磁脈沖式);b. 霍爾效應(yīng)式;c. 光電式;d. 電磁振蕩式。 其中,磁感應(yīng)式無(wú)觸點(diǎn)電子點(diǎn)火裝置由于其結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,性能可靠穩(wěn)定,已在國(guó)外普遍使用;霍爾效應(yīng)式性能優(yōu)于磁感應(yīng)式,在西歐車(chē)(如大眾公司的奧迪、桑塔納等)和部分美國(guó)車(chē)上應(yīng)用較多;光電式和電磁振蕩

6、式則應(yīng)用相對(duì)較少。1.4電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的工作原理電子點(diǎn)火系與傳統(tǒng)點(diǎn)火系一樣均采用點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈儲(chǔ)能和升壓。它是利用互感原理,先由點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈將低壓電源轉(zhuǎn)化為高壓電源,然后再由配電器分配給各缸火花塞。其工作原理見(jiàn)下圖。 圖12電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)工作原理圖信號(hào)發(fā)生器的轉(zhuǎn)子在配氣凸輪的驅(qū)動(dòng)下旋轉(zhuǎn),信號(hào)發(fā)生器內(nèi)部就會(huì)產(chǎn)生信號(hào)電壓,并輸入點(diǎn)火控制器控制大功率三極管導(dǎo)通和截止。當(dāng)sw接通,vt導(dǎo)通時(shí),有初級(jí)電流流過(guò);當(dāng)三極管vt截止時(shí),初級(jí)電流突然被切斷,鐵心中的磁通量迅速變化,在初級(jí)繞組w1和次級(jí)繞組w2中都會(huì)感應(yīng)產(chǎn)生電動(dòng)勢(shì)。由于次級(jí)繞組扎數(shù)多,因此能夠感應(yīng)產(chǎn)生足夠擊穿火花塞間隙的高壓電,一般可達(dá)2000025000v。

7、圖中高壓電用虛線(xiàn)表示,注意方向與低壓電相反。但在使用中只將點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈到火花塞之間的電路稱(chēng)為高壓電。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí),信號(hào)發(fā)生器轉(zhuǎn)子在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)凸輪軸的驅(qū)動(dòng)下連續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn),并不斷產(chǎn)生點(diǎn)火信號(hào)控制三極管的導(dǎo)通與截止,點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈就不斷產(chǎn)生高壓電并由配電器按點(diǎn)火順序分配到各缸火花塞產(chǎn)生點(diǎn)火花點(diǎn)燃混合氣,保證發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)正常工作。 1.5電子點(diǎn)火系的工作特性為了避免機(jī)械觸點(diǎn)點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)觸點(diǎn)容易燒蝕損壞的缺點(diǎn),在晶體管技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用后產(chǎn)生了非接觸式傳感器作為控制信號(hào),以大功率三極管為開(kāi)關(guān)代替機(jī)械觸點(diǎn)的無(wú)觸點(diǎn)電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)顯著優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于初級(jí)電路電流由晶體三極管進(jìn)行接通和切斷,因此電流值可以通過(guò)電路加以控制。不足之處在于這種系統(tǒng)中

8、的點(diǎn)火時(shí)刻仍采用機(jī)械離心提前裝置和真空提前裝置,對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工況適應(yīng)性差。4第二章 電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的故障診斷第二章 電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的故障診斷2.1電子點(diǎn)火系的常見(jiàn)故障及檢查方法1、汽車(chē)點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)原理與故障檢修實(shí)例 點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈的常見(jiàn)故障及影響點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈常見(jiàn)的故障是:a.初級(jí)繞組、次級(jí)繞組斷路。匝間短路或繞組搭鐵。b.絕緣老化、漏電。c.內(nèi)部導(dǎo)線(xiàn)連接點(diǎn)接觸不良。點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈的這些故障會(huì)造成:a.無(wú)次級(jí)電壓產(chǎn)生,或次級(jí)電壓太低而不能點(diǎn)火。b.雖能跳火,但由于次級(jí)電壓降低,點(diǎn)火能量不足而出現(xiàn)高速斷火、缺火,使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不易起動(dòng)、怠速不穩(wěn)、功率下降、排氣污染及蠔油增加等。 故障檢查方法點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈的檢查,通常是用萬(wàn)能表電阻檔分別

9、測(cè)初、次級(jí)繞組的電阻,判斷是否有繞組短路和斷路的故障。測(cè)得電阻無(wú)窮大,則為繞組有斷路故障;若電阻過(guò)大或過(guò)小,則說(shuō)明繞組有接觸不良或短路之處。繞組是否搭鐵,則用萬(wàn)能表測(cè)點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈接線(xiàn)柱與點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈外殼之間的電阻來(lái)鑒別。電阻為零,說(shuō)明繞組搭鐵;電阻小于50m說(shuō)明絕緣性能差。點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈的有些故障僅用萬(wàn)能表測(cè)量電阻的方法并不一定能反映出來(lái)。比如,點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈內(nèi)部絕緣老化或有小的裂紋,這些只是在高壓下產(chǎn)生漏電而造成次級(jí)電壓下降,點(diǎn)火能量不足而使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作不正?;虿还ぷ?。這些故障需通過(guò)專(zhuān)用儀器才能準(zhǔn)確判別。2、點(diǎn)火系高壓配電部分常見(jiàn)故障及檢查 常見(jiàn)故障和影響:a.分電器蓋有裂紋、贓污等導(dǎo)致漏電、竄電。b.分火頭有裂

10、紋而漏電。c.高壓導(dǎo)線(xiàn)破損而漏電,導(dǎo)電性能下降。d.分電器蓋碳柱磨損太短或電刷彈簧失效。這些故障會(huì)使點(diǎn)火系火花減弱或無(wú)火、點(diǎn)火竄缸等,造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作不正常、功率下降、排氣污染和油耗增加或不能起動(dòng)等故障。 故障檢查如懷疑高壓配電部分有問(wèn)題,可先打開(kāi)分電器蓋,觀察分電器蓋有無(wú)明顯裂紋,碳柱是否太短及有無(wú)彈性。若有問(wèn)題,可用測(cè)量絕緣電阻的方法來(lái)鑒別其好壞,一般絕緣電阻應(yīng)在50m以上。也可以用高壓試火的方法來(lái)檢查其漏電與否。如果可以看到跳火,則說(shuō)明分火頭以漏電,需更換分火頭。對(duì)于高壓導(dǎo)線(xiàn)的檢查,一是看是否有破損,二是用歐姆表測(cè)導(dǎo)線(xiàn)的電阻值。3、火花塞常見(jiàn)故障及檢查 火花塞常見(jiàn)的故障火花塞常見(jiàn)故障有因電

11、極燒損、電極熔斷、積碳、積油、積灰而漏電、絕緣磁體破裂而漏電、電極間隙不當(dāng)?shù)?。這些故障會(huì)造成點(diǎn)火系斷火、缺火,使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不平穩(wěn)或不能工作。 故障檢查 拆下火花塞,可以用肉眼大致判斷出火花塞是否正常工作。火花塞的電極間絕緣性能也可以用歐姆表來(lái)檢測(cè)。一般其絕緣電阻值應(yīng)在10m以上。低于10m的,即使無(wú)積炭,積油等不良外觀狀態(tài),火花塞也應(yīng)更換?;鸹ㄈ碾姌O間隙要用圓形塞規(guī)檢測(cè)。電極間隙不正常,應(yīng)用專(zhuān)用工具將其調(diào)整到正常值。更換其他型號(hào)的火花塞時(shí),火花塞的熱特性一定要與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)想匹配,否則,會(huì)引起發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)早燃或火花塞嚴(yán)重積炭。4、點(diǎn)火信號(hào)發(fā)生器的常見(jiàn)故障及檢查 磁感應(yīng)式(1)常見(jiàn)故障及影響。這種點(diǎn)火信號(hào)

12、發(fā)生器的常見(jiàn)故障是:信號(hào)感應(yīng)線(xiàn)圈短路、斷路、轉(zhuǎn)子軸磨損偏擺或定子(感應(yīng)線(xiàn)圈與導(dǎo)磁鐵芯組件)移動(dòng),使轉(zhuǎn)子和定子之間的氣隙不當(dāng),造成信號(hào)減弱或無(wú)信號(hào)而不能觸發(fā)電子點(diǎn)或器(或ecu)工作,點(diǎn)或系不能產(chǎn)生火花。(2)故障檢查。磁感應(yīng)式點(diǎn)或信號(hào)發(fā)生器的檢查主要是兩項(xiàng):a.檢查導(dǎo)磁轉(zhuǎn)子與定子之間的氣隙,氣隙不合適,可用與觸點(diǎn)式分電器調(diào)整觸點(diǎn)間隙類(lèi)似的方法來(lái)調(diào)整。有些氣息是不可調(diào)的,若間隙不合適,只能更換信號(hào)發(fā)生器總成。b.檢查感應(yīng)線(xiàn)圈的電阻,電阻無(wú)窮大,則說(shuō)明線(xiàn)圈斷路,過(guò)大或過(guò)小都需信號(hào)發(fā)生器總成。 光電式(1)常見(jiàn)故障及影響。光電式信號(hào)發(fā)生器的常見(jiàn)故障是:光敏、發(fā)光元件沾污、損壞,內(nèi)部電路斷路或接觸不良

13、等,使之信號(hào)減弱或無(wú)信號(hào)產(chǎn)生,造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不能工作。(2)故障檢查。打開(kāi)分電器蓋,檢查光敏、發(fā)光元件表面是否臟污,線(xiàn)路連接是否良好。如果無(wú)問(wèn)題,從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上拆下分電器,拆開(kāi)分電器線(xiàn)路插接器,用導(dǎo)線(xiàn)將插接器倆端的電源插孔連接起來(lái),并將分電器外殼搭鐵,打開(kāi)點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān)(不起動(dòng)),然后慢慢轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)分電器軸,從插接器信號(hào)插孔測(cè)信號(hào)電壓。如果電壓表指示電壓在01v之間擺動(dòng),說(shuō)明信號(hào)發(fā)生器良好,否則,需更換分電器。 霍爾效應(yīng)式(?。┏R?jiàn)故障及影響。霍爾效應(yīng)式點(diǎn)火信號(hào)發(fā)生器的常見(jiàn)故障是:內(nèi)部集成塊燒壞,線(xiàn)路斷脫,因而不能產(chǎn)生點(diǎn)火電壓信號(hào)或信號(hào)太弱,不能使電子點(diǎn)火器觸發(fā)工作。(2)故障檢查。霍爾效應(yīng)式點(diǎn)火信號(hào)發(fā)生器檢查方

14、法與光電式的相同,也是將信號(hào)發(fā)生器接上電源后轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)分電器軸,測(cè)其信號(hào)輸出電壓,但電壓波動(dòng)的范圍不一樣。對(duì)于霍爾電壓來(lái)說(shuō),導(dǎo)磁轉(zhuǎn)子葉片插入縫隙時(shí),霍爾元件上磁通量減弱,霍爾電壓很微弱;而葉片離開(kāi)縫隙時(shí),則霍爾元件磁場(chǎng)加強(qiáng),霍爾電壓較高。由于霍爾電壓較弱,不足以觸發(fā)電子點(diǎn)火器工作,所以信號(hào)發(fā)生器內(nèi)部加了信號(hào)放大和相反器。信號(hào)發(fā)生器輸出的信號(hào)電壓在轉(zhuǎn)子葉片插入縫隙時(shí)是高電平,轉(zhuǎn)子葉片離開(kāi)時(shí)是低電平。5、電子點(diǎn)火器的常見(jiàn)故障及檢查 常見(jiàn)故障及影響電子點(diǎn)火系常見(jiàn)故障大多由內(nèi)部電子元件短路、斷路、漏電等原因而造成:a.功率三極管不能導(dǎo)通,點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈初級(jí)不能通路而點(diǎn)火。b. 功率三極管不能截止,點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈初級(jí)不能

15、斷路而點(diǎn)火。c. 功率三極管不能工作在開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài),即不能飽和導(dǎo)通或不能完全截止,使點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈初級(jí)電流減小或斷流不徹底,造成火花減弱或不能點(diǎn)火。 故障檢查(1)模擬點(diǎn)火信號(hào)檢查法??衫靡恢?.5 v的干電池或蓄電池的單格電池來(lái)模擬信號(hào)電壓。將正極的探針觸及點(diǎn)火器信號(hào)輸入接點(diǎn),然后用負(fù)極做間斷搭鐵。這時(shí)中央高壓頭應(yīng)跳火。如果點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān)和有關(guān)電路都已接通,但仍無(wú)高壓電跳火,則表明點(diǎn)火器有故障應(yīng)更換。(2)高壓試火法。如果已確定點(diǎn)火信號(hào)發(fā)生器良好,可直接用高壓試火的方法來(lái)檢查。將分電器中央高壓線(xiàn)拔出,使高壓線(xiàn)端距發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)缸體5 mm左右或?qū)⒏邏壕€(xiàn)端插入一備用火花塞并使其搭鐵,起動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),看是否跳火,如果火花

16、強(qiáng),說(shuō)明電子點(diǎn)火器良好,否則,電子點(diǎn)火器有故障。2.2電子點(diǎn)火系的故障診斷1、電子點(diǎn)火系的故障分析(1)常見(jiàn)故障:電子點(diǎn)火系的常見(jiàn)故障有不點(diǎn)火、火花弱、點(diǎn)火時(shí)間不當(dāng)和缺火等。(2)故障診斷:下面以發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不能起動(dòng)為例,闡述電子點(diǎn)火系故障診斷的一般程序不同車(chē)型的電子點(diǎn)火系線(xiàn)路結(jié)構(gòu)不盡相同,但都可以按上圖的檢查方法和故障診斷程序準(zhǔn)確、迅速地排除故障,關(guān)鍵是對(duì)具體的點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)路結(jié)構(gòu)要熟悉。圖2-1電子點(diǎn)火系故障分析圖2、磁感應(yīng)式電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)故障的診斷與排除方法 點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)低壓電路部分故障(1)故障原因:點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈、電子控制器、磁感應(yīng)傳感器及其連接線(xiàn)路有故障。(2)故障的診斷與排除方法:a.外部檢查:檢查點(diǎn)火系

17、統(tǒng)線(xiàn)路連接是否正確、可靠;檢查分電器等器件是否完好、安裝是否可靠。b. 拆線(xiàn)間隔斷搭鐵試火花:拆下點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈負(fù)端子上的連接線(xiàn),另接上一根導(dǎo)線(xiàn)。接通點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān),用外力帶動(dòng)曲軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),將點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈上的連接導(dǎo)線(xiàn)間斷搭鐵,用中央高壓線(xiàn)跳火,如果無(wú)火花,說(shuō)明火線(xiàn)圈及其接線(xiàn)路有故障,應(yīng)分別檢修;如果有火花,應(yīng)檢查電子控制器。c.拆線(xiàn)間斷加壓試火花:斷開(kāi)點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān),將點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈上的連接導(dǎo)線(xiàn)恢復(fù)到原來(lái)狀態(tài),取下傳感器插頭,接通點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān),分別在插頭的兩接線(xiàn)端子上間斷施加1.5v或者2v的直流電壓,用中央高壓線(xiàn)跳火故障在傳感器,應(yīng)檢修;如果無(wú)火花,故障在電子控制器及其連接線(xiàn)路,應(yīng)分別檢修;若電子控制器損壞,應(yīng)更換新品。 點(diǎn)火

18、系統(tǒng)高壓電路部分故障(1)故障原因:配電器、分缸線(xiàn)、火花塞有故障;傳感器信號(hào)電壓極性接反,點(diǎn)火不正時(shí)等。(2)故障的診斷與排除方法:a.外部檢查: 檢查高壓線(xiàn)是否脫落、插錯(cuò);接通點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān),用外力帶動(dòng)曲軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),檢查分電器蓋、火花塞是否漏電等。b. 間斷旁磁路試火花:拆開(kāi)分電器蓋,接通點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān),用螺絲刀間斷短接定子與轉(zhuǎn)子爪極,用中央高壓線(xiàn)在分火頭上跳火,如果有火花,故障在分火頭,應(yīng)檢查或更換;如果無(wú)火花,應(yīng)拆下火花塞上的分缸線(xiàn),檢查跳火情況。c. 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)曲軸試火花:斷開(kāi)點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān),將中央線(xiàn)和分電器蓋裝好,從火花塞上拆下分缸線(xiàn),接通點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān),用外力帶動(dòng)曲軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),將分缸線(xiàn)在缸體上跳火,如無(wú)火花,故障在分電

19、器蓋或分缸線(xiàn),應(yīng)分別檢修或更換;如果有火花,應(yīng)拆下火花塞檢查,有故障時(shí)應(yīng)檢修或更換,若各分線(xiàn)有火花,火花塞良好,應(yīng)檢查傳感器信號(hào)電壓極性。d. 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)定子底板試火花: 斷開(kāi)點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān),將分缸線(xiàn)和火花塞裝好,取下分電器,接通點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān)。轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)定子底板,當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)子和定子爪極大致對(duì)齊時(shí),中央高壓線(xiàn)與搭鐵處之間產(chǎn)生電火花,說(shuō)明接線(xiàn)正確,否則應(yīng)交換傳感器信號(hào)線(xiàn)位置。如果傳感器信號(hào)線(xiàn)接正確,則應(yīng)調(diào)整點(diǎn)火正時(shí)。若點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)多個(gè)故障,仍按上述方法重復(fù)檢查多次,直至所有故障均排除為止。2.3點(diǎn)火正時(shí)的檢測(cè)與調(diào)整1、點(diǎn)火正時(shí)檢查。一般檢查時(shí),啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),使冷卻液溫度上升到80,急加速,如轉(zhuǎn)速不能隨之立即增高,感到發(fā)悶,

20、或在排氣管中有“突突”聲,說(shuō)明點(diǎn)火過(guò)遲;如出現(xiàn)類(lèi)似金屬敲擊聲,說(shuō)明點(diǎn)火過(guò)早。使用點(diǎn)火正時(shí)燈(儀)檢查時(shí),查找并驗(yàn)證飛輪或曲軸前端皮帶盤(pán)上1缸壓縮終了上止點(diǎn)標(biāo)記和點(diǎn)火提前角標(biāo)記,擦拭使之清晰可見(jiàn),如標(biāo)記不清晰,最好用粉筆或油漆將標(biāo)記描白。將點(diǎn)火正時(shí)燈(儀)正確連接到汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上,將傳感器插接在1缸火花塞與高壓線(xiàn)之間。必要時(shí),接上轉(zhuǎn)速表和真空表。啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),至正常工作溫度狀態(tài),保持在怠速下穩(wěn)定運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。打開(kāi)正時(shí)燈并對(duì)準(zhǔn)正時(shí)標(biāo)記(正時(shí)刻度盤(pán)或正時(shí)指針),調(diào)整正時(shí)燈電位器,使正時(shí)標(biāo)記清晰可見(jiàn),就如同固定不動(dòng)一樣。此時(shí)表頭讀數(shù)即為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)的點(diǎn)火提前角。用同樣的方法可分別測(cè)出不同工況、轉(zhuǎn)速時(shí)的點(diǎn)火提前

21、角并記錄;在拆下真空管接頭并堵住(點(diǎn)火提前機(jī)構(gòu)不起作用)的情況下,怠速時(shí)測(cè)出的點(diǎn)火提前角為初始提前角(基本點(diǎn)火正時(shí))。實(shí)際上,在怠速時(shí)由于離心式和真空式調(diào)節(jié)器末起作用或作用很小,在上述怠速時(shí)測(cè)得的提前角基本就等于初始提前角。在拆下真空管的情況下。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在某一轉(zhuǎn)速下測(cè)得的提前角減去初始提前角,即可得到該轉(zhuǎn)速下的離心提前角;反之,在連接真空管的情況下,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在同樣轉(zhuǎn)速下測(cè)得的提前角減去離心提前角和初始提前角,則又可以得到真空提前角。用同樣的方法可分別測(cè)出初始提前角及不同工況、轉(zhuǎn)速、負(fù)荷時(shí)的離心提前角和真空提前角并記錄。測(cè)出的點(diǎn)火提前角應(yīng)與規(guī)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值進(jìn)行對(duì)照,判斷點(diǎn)火提前角的大小是否符合要求。不符合

22、要求,應(yīng)調(diào)整點(diǎn)火正時(shí)。2、點(diǎn)火正時(shí)調(diào)整。調(diào)整點(diǎn)火提前角的基本方法是轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)分電器殼體。點(diǎn)火過(guò)早時(shí)應(yīng)順著分電器軸旋轉(zhuǎn)方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)分電器殼體,點(diǎn)火過(guò)遲時(shí)則反向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)分電器殼體。點(diǎn)火正時(shí)的調(diào)整有靜態(tài)正時(shí)和動(dòng)態(tài)正時(shí)。靜態(tài)正時(shí)調(diào)整時(shí),查間隙(電子點(diǎn)火式的可略過(guò))。用厚薄規(guī)檢查斷電器觸點(diǎn)間隙,正常應(yīng)為0.35045mm。調(diào)整時(shí),用起子松開(kāi)鎖緊螺釘,轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)調(diào)整螺釘使之符合要求。找記號(hào)。轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)曲軸,將1缸活塞轉(zhuǎn)到壓縮沖程上止點(diǎn)附近(向火花塞孔塞棉絲或用手指感覺(jué)到有壓力以驗(yàn)證),對(duì)準(zhǔn)飛輪或皮帶輪上的初始點(diǎn)火正時(shí)標(biāo)記上。調(diào)0位。有辛烷值調(diào)節(jié)器的應(yīng)將其調(diào)整在0位。對(duì)分火頭。檢查分火頭是否正對(duì)著分電器蓋上的1缸高壓線(xiàn)插孔,否則予以

23、調(diào)整,松開(kāi)分電器固定螺栓并適當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),使分火頭對(duì)準(zhǔn)1缸分缸線(xiàn)插孔位置。對(duì)準(zhǔn)后初步固定。查跳火。檢查分電器是否正處于恰好高壓跳火位置(初級(jí)電流恰好切斷位置),否則轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)分電器外殼位置進(jìn)行調(diào)整,然后固定分電器。對(duì)分缸線(xiàn)次序。按點(diǎn)火次序,順?lè)只痤^轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向,插上各缸分缸線(xiàn)。3缸機(jī)是:1-2-3;4缸機(jī)1-3-4-2(桑塔納、奧迪、切諾基等)或1-2-4-3(bj2021);6缸機(jī)一般是153624。 路試檢查:進(jìn)行路試檢查使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)走熱后,在平坦、堅(jiān)硬路面上以最高擋最低穩(wěn)定車(chē)速行駛。急加速時(shí),若聽(tīng)到輕微的突爆聲且瞬間消失(裝有爆震限制器的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)就沒(méi)有突爆聲),車(chē)速迅速提高,則為點(diǎn)火正時(shí)正確;若突爆聲強(qiáng)烈明顯

24、且長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不消失,則為點(diǎn)火過(guò)早;若聽(tīng)不到突爆聲,且加速緩慢,排氣管有“突突”聲,則為點(diǎn)火過(guò)遲。12第三章 電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的故障診斷與維修實(shí)例第三章 電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)故障診斷與維修實(shí)例3.1豐田轎車(chē)(采用無(wú)觸點(diǎn)式點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng))點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)檢查1、點(diǎn)火信號(hào)發(fā)生器的檢查(1) 用厚薄規(guī)測(cè)量轉(zhuǎn)子凸齒與傳感線(xiàn)圈鐵芯間的間隙,應(yīng)在0.2mm0.4mm內(nèi)(2) 用萬(wàn)用表檢查點(diǎn)火信號(hào)發(fā)生器傳感器線(xiàn)圈的電阻,其電阻值應(yīng)在140180。2、點(diǎn)火電子組件的檢查(1) 松開(kāi)分電器上的線(xiàn)路插接器。(2) 接通點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān),用一個(gè)1.5v的干電池,將他的正負(fù)極分別接至點(diǎn)火電子組件的兩輸入線(xiàn)(粉紅線(xiàn)與白線(xiàn)),用萬(wàn)用表檢查點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈 “” 接線(xiàn)柱

25、與搭鐵之間的電壓。然后將干電池的極性顛倒過(guò)來(lái),再次測(cè)量點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈 “” 接柱與搭鐵之間的電壓。兩次測(cè)量結(jié)果分別為12v和12v,否則說(shuō)明點(diǎn)火組件有故障。加干電池測(cè)試的時(shí)間應(yīng)盡可能短,每次不得超過(guò)5秒。3、點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈的檢測(cè)用萬(wàn)用表檢查點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈的初級(jí)繞組和次極繞組的電阻值應(yīng)分別為1.31.7和1015k。4、高壓線(xiàn)的檢查將高壓線(xiàn)連同橡膠套一起拔出,注意不要把高壓線(xiàn)折斷。檢查高壓線(xiàn)的觸頭,如以燒蝕應(yīng)刮平整;如以斷裂或變形則應(yīng)予更換。測(cè)量每條導(dǎo)線(xiàn)的電阻值應(yīng)不得大于25k,如過(guò)大,應(yīng)于更換。3.2紅旗轎車(chē)點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈和點(diǎn)火器的檢測(cè)1、點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈及點(diǎn)火器故障檢測(cè)(1)點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈檢測(cè)。拔下點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈高壓線(xiàn),打開(kāi)線(xiàn)圈端子護(hù)

26、蓋,按圖所示用萬(wàn)用表測(cè)量:1#端子與15#端子之間(即點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈一次側(cè))的電阻值,應(yīng)為0.550.05;4#端子與15#端子之間(即點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈二次側(cè))的電阻值,應(yīng)為3.30.033。 (2)點(diǎn)火器檢測(cè)。在點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈工作正常的條件下,拔下點(diǎn)火器插座,將點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān)置于“on”位置,不起動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),用萬(wàn)用表測(cè)量插座1#端子與3#端子間的電壓值,應(yīng)大于11v。若電壓值不符或無(wú)電壓存在,再將點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)回“off”位置,此時(shí),插座1#端子與車(chē)身地線(xiàn)之間的電阻值應(yīng)小于1.5。若不符合該項(xiàng)要求,則按電路圖檢查線(xiàn)路,排除故障后,重新檢測(cè);若符合該項(xiàng)要求,則上述電壓值不符的原因?yàn)?#端子的供電線(xiàn)斷線(xiàn)或接觸不良,按電路圖查找

27、并排除故障。 (3)ecu點(diǎn)火輸出控制工作狀態(tài)檢測(cè)。將檢測(cè)燈接到點(diǎn)火器插座2#端子與3#端子上,起動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),若檢測(cè)燈閃爍,則表示ecu的點(diǎn)火輸出控制工作正常。將點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)回“off”位置,插上點(diǎn)火器插座,按4項(xiàng)進(jìn)行測(cè)試;若檢測(cè)燈不閃爍,則進(jìn)行線(xiàn)路檢測(cè)。線(xiàn)路檢測(cè)方法為:將點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān)置于“off”位置,標(biāo)下右前輪下護(hù)板,拉出ecu插接器的固定鎖架,拔下ecu插座。用萬(wàn)用表測(cè)量ecu插座7#端子與點(diǎn)火器插座2#端子間的電阻值應(yīng)小于1.5,點(diǎn)火器插座2#、1#、3#端子相互間的電阻值應(yīng)為。 (4)點(diǎn)火器輸出檢測(cè)。在ecu工作正常且線(xiàn)路無(wú)故障的情況下,將檢測(cè)燈連到點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈1#端子和15#端子上,起動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)

28、,若檢測(cè)燈閃爍,則點(diǎn)火器輸出正常;若不閃爍,即點(diǎn)火器損壞,應(yīng)更換。14結(jié) 論本文介紹了常見(jiàn)汽車(chē)電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)原理、工作特性及傳統(tǒng)點(diǎn)火系的缺陷;詳細(xì)介紹了電子點(diǎn)火系的常見(jiàn)故障及檢查方法,其中有點(diǎn)火線(xiàn)圈常見(jiàn)的故障及檢查,點(diǎn)火系高壓配電部分常見(jiàn)故障及檢查,火花塞常見(jiàn)故障及檢查,點(diǎn)火信號(hào)發(fā)生器的常見(jiàn)故障及檢查,電子點(diǎn)火器的常見(jiàn)故障及檢查等。還介紹了電子點(diǎn)火系的故障診斷,點(diǎn)火正時(shí)的檢測(cè)與調(diào)整,同時(shí)編寫(xiě)了一些故障檢修實(shí)例。 致 謝在本次論文設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,指導(dǎo)老師劉宏飛和劉東亞對(duì)該論文從選題,構(gòu)思到最后定稿的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)給予細(xì)心指引與教導(dǎo),使我得以最終完成畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計(jì)。在學(xué)習(xí)中,老師嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度、豐富淵博的

29、知識(shí)、敏銳的學(xué)術(shù)思維、精益求精的工作態(tài)度以及侮人不倦的師者風(fēng)范是我終生學(xué)習(xí)的楷模,導(dǎo)師們的高深精湛的造詣與嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)求實(shí)的治學(xué)精神,將永遠(yuǎn)激勵(lì)著我。這三年中還得到眾多老師的關(guān)心支持和幫助。在此,謹(jǐn)向老師們致以衷心的感謝和崇高的敬意!最后,衷心地感謝我的父母,我的親人,沒(méi)有你們對(duì)我的養(yǎng)育就沒(méi)有今天的我,正是你們對(duì)我的關(guān)心和愛(ài)護(hù)使我順利完成了學(xué)業(yè)。參考文獻(xiàn)1汽車(chē)點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)原理與故障檢修實(shí)例 麻友良 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 2010年版;2汽車(chē)電氣設(shè)備與檢修 林妙山 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 2009年版;3汽車(chē)電氣設(shè)備與維修 張果珊 高等教育出版社 1996年版;4新編汽車(chē)技術(shù) 孫于凱 中國(guó)電力出版社 2007年版 。英文

30、原文into the 21st century, and performance of the new century, to lead the development of future automotive trends, many international car companies one after another major auto show in the world to launch its own concept cars and new cars. however, there is a phenomenon we should be concerned about:

31、as a car big country, but few car makers to launch its own development and design concept cars. one main reason is that car design concepts and methods as well as the lack of sufficient attention to research and development concept. can be said that without a self-designed and self-development capac

32、ity of the automobile industry, is hardly a complete automotive industry. so we must increase research and investment vehicle designed to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of a broad launch vehicle design. a concept car is defined the so-called concept car is not yet on the

33、market for a unique design with some forward-thinking and new models. its main characteristic is: it must be give to think about, new ideas can guide the car. usually it just to design, peoples aesthetic concepts, the purchasing power and even the level of automotive manufacturing industry unbearabl

34、e. generally it will shape its avant-garde design, bold use of innovative materials, perfect performance, new car automobile interior design indicates the direction of development. some of the world every year a large car companies spend a lot of manpower and material to design their own concept car

35、, and in some large auto exposition on the show. it can be said that with the continuous concept car introduced in the near future there may be some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the car. but not necessarily every one will eventually become a concept car production car to en

36、ter the market, most of the concept car can only be a concept for people to discuss the matter. 2 concept car at the meaning of reality 2.1 the concept reflects the automotive product design and development trends 2.1.1 the performance of the highest scientific standards and the most mature technolo

37、gy concept car international automobile exhibition in successive among the major auto companies release many of the concepts and the introduction of car, these sleek concept car removed in addition to more integration of a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of a concept c

38、ar motors proud concept, concept cars often are accompanied by research and development of new technologies and new materials to use, with some forward-looking, signaling a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested c

39、onsiderable human and material resources, its shows the strong momentum the company car. high-tech applications, making cars slowly evolved into information, communication, entertainment bingke exchange information with the outside world, the computer and the internets quanfang wei gong neng jie ru,

40、 vehicle information, entertainment, 高級(jí) navigation equipment, real time traffic information function has become increasingly popular, an inevitable requirement for these high-tech car designers go beyond time and space and set up a new value system, the new jishus chuxian to qijusheji give a gengwei

41、 broad room for freedom. further expand the automotive functions, the development of the concept car, the car gradually from cold machines into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions, with happy, angry, sad, music and other expressions th

42、ese concept cars are so high to exceed the production car, as a symbol of a new era. the design concept car automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea, the level of automotive design and technological lev

43、el of the company symbol. 2.1.2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the greatest satisfaction - automotive engineering ergonomics ergonomics is the 20th century, developed rapidly in the early 50s a new discipline, its purpose is to study and solve engineering design and human relat

44、ions. the car body design human engineering, it is to the people (driver, passenger) for the center, from the human bodys physiological, psychological and body movement, studies the body design, layout and equipment in such areas as how to adapt peoples needs, create a simple operation, safe and rel

45、iable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is to design a best man - vehicle - environment system. human analysis of vehicle design first need to measure the size of the human body ministries, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a ba

46、sis to determine the cars available space, as well as parts, assembly (seats, instrument panel , steering wheel, etc.) location and size of the arrangement of relations. through the study of human physiological structure, designed to seat fully meet the requirements of human comfort. according to th

47、e scope of human manipulation and control power to determine the layout of the control unit location and force size, so that when the human manipulation of natural, rapid, accurate, light, to reduce the fatigue manipulation. on human visual properties, view results of research, testing, checking dri

48、ver information system, to ensure the driver can get the correct driver information. according to the characteristics of human movement, research car collision on the reasonable protection of the human body, the seat belt properly articulated point to determine the location and binding on the human

49、body to study the impact of vibration on the comfort, of ease of alighting passengers, to determine the location and size of door openings. according to the human bodys physiological requirements, reasonably determine and layout of air conditioning systems. study the psychological characteristics an

50、d requirements, design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxing ride environment. 2.1.3 the use of virtual product development technology currently, more and more automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual

51、reality 3d technology development concept. opel car that uses 3d virtual reality technology in development of concept cars. designers can experience the virtual image floating in the air vehicle design and manufacturing, saving significant development costs, and plans to expand its north american as

52、sembly plants to 14. britains rolls-royce, renault, audi, germany, and italy, sweden and other auto plants are actively carried out this virtual design and manufacturing. automotive research and development center in the past to develop a new car or remodeling, are first shaped body with the sludge

53、physical model, is extremely time-consuming changes. now the car r & d, especially in the development of more and more concept car to pursue the shortest development time. if now the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct models digi

54、tal model, in the lab, you will be presented an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers put the eyepiece, you can see crystal clear, just like a real car in front of you after the discussion of the revised design engineers, can quickly design a good new car. formed, it can use the computer da

55、ta, outsourcing trial and test equipment, car parts, assembled to achieve zero error, and the development of aging much faster than in the past. as the development of future automotive design with the rapid progress of automobile technology, the art style of many designers will be broader and more s

56、trongly reflected in the car designs, and give people a wider choice. high-tech, the distinctive, more human in the 21st century car will be the inevitable development of the automotive industry, because it is consistent with human culture and the pursuit of individuality and needs. therefore, the c

57、oncept car designed to increase attention and investment, the development of automobile industry in china will play a significant role in pushing forward. 中文翻譯進(jìn)入21世紀(jì),為了引領(lǐng)和表現(xiàn)新世紀(jì)未來(lái)汽車(chē)的發(fā)展走勢(shì),不少?lài)?guó)際汽車(chē)公司接二連三的在全球各大車(chē)展中推出自己的概念車(chē)和新型汽車(chē)。然而有一個(gè)現(xiàn)象必須引起我們關(guān)注:作為一個(gè)汽車(chē)大國(guó),中國(guó)卻少有汽車(chē)企業(yè)推出自己開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)的概念車(chē)。其中的主要原因是我國(guó)汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)理念和方法的缺乏以及對(duì)概念車(chē)研發(fā)的不夠重視。可以說(shuō),一個(gè)沒(méi)有自主設(shè)計(jì)和自主開(kāi)發(fā)能力的汽車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè),很難說(shuō)是一個(gè)完整的汽車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)。因而我們必須加大對(duì)汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)的研究與投入,確立一種積極正確的汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)的理念,廣泛開(kāi)展概念汽車(chē)的設(shè)計(jì)。1“概念車(chē)”的定義所謂“概念車(chē)”就是尚未開(kāi)始進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)的一種設(shè)計(jì)獨(dú)特且具有一定超前意識(shí)的新車(chē)型。其主要特點(diǎn)就是:它必須是能給人以思考、能引導(dǎo)新觀念的汽車(chē)。一般在它剛設(shè)計(jì)出時(shí),人們的審美觀念、消費(fèi)能力甚至于汽車(chē)制造工業(yè)的水平還難以承受。一般它會(huì)以它前衛(wèi)的外形設(shè)計(jì)、創(chuàng)新

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