On theCultivation of Autonomous Learning for Students in Middle School in Rural Area(2018-03-24 10-15-21)

1、畢 業(yè) 論 文農(nóng)村初中英語課堂教學(xué)中學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)興趣的培養(yǎng)The Cultivation of Students Autonomous Learning Interest in English Classroom Teaching in Rural Middle School專業(yè)名稱： 體育 作者姓名： 導(dǎo)師姓名： 2017年 12 月體育專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文誠信承諾書論文題目農(nóng)村初英語課堂教學(xué)中學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)興趣的培養(yǎng)英文題目The Cultivation of Students Autonomous Learning Interest in English Classroom Teaching in

2、 Rural Middle School作 者專 業(yè)體育班 級學(xué) 號指導(dǎo)教師職稱/學(xué)位承諾內(nèi)容：1本人鄭重地承諾所呈交的畢業(yè)論文, 是在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下嚴(yán)格按照學(xué)校和學(xué)院有關(guān)規(guī)定完成的；2本人在畢業(yè)論文中引用他人的觀點(diǎn)和參考資料均加以注釋和說明；3本人承諾在畢業(yè)論文選題和研究內(nèi)容過程中沒有抄襲他人研究成果、偽造相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)、或找他人代寫等行為；若發(fā)現(xiàn)本論文系抄襲或他人代寫，本人愿接受畢業(yè)論文成績作廢，不予畢業(yè)、取消學(xué)位等的處理；4在畢業(yè)論文中若有侵犯任何方面知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的行為, 由作者本人承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任。論文作者(簽名)： 年 月 日 農(nóng)村初中英語課堂教學(xué)中學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)興趣的培養(yǎng)指導(dǎo)老師： 摘要：

3、自主學(xué)習(xí)是一種高效率的學(xué)習(xí)方式，在當(dāng)今提倡素質(zhì)教育的環(huán)境下，自主學(xué)習(xí)得到了很大的重視，因?yàn)檫@不僅有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，更有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力。然而農(nóng)村初中生學(xué)習(xí)英語的自主性意識并不強(qiáng)，初中學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力也不高，英語學(xué)習(xí)的動力嚴(yán)重不足，他們很難在學(xué)習(xí)中發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、探究問題，解決問題。培養(yǎng)農(nóng)村初中生英語自主學(xué)習(xí)的興趣是提高農(nóng)村英語教學(xué)質(zhì)量的根本。為了提高農(nóng)村初中生學(xué)習(xí)英語的自主性，本文對農(nóng)村英語課堂教學(xué)和學(xué)習(xí)方法進(jìn)行了探究。關(guān)鍵詞：自主學(xué)習(xí)；課堂教學(xué)；學(xué)習(xí)方法；學(xué)習(xí)興趣; 學(xué)習(xí)策略 The Cultivation of Students Autonomous Learning Inter

4、est in English Classroom Teaching in Rural Middle SchoolAbstract：Autonomous learning is an efficient way of learning. In todays environment of promoting quality education, autonomous learning has received great attention because it not only helps to cultivate students innovative ability, but also he

5、lps to cultivate students interest in learning. However, rural Junior High School students autonomy consciousness is not strong enough in the study of English, and rural Junior High School students ability of autonomous learning is not high as well. English learning motivation is seriously inadequat

6、e. They are difficult to find problems, explore the problems, and solve the problems in learning. Cultivating English autonomous learning interest of rural middle school students is the essence for improving the quality of English teaching in rural region. In order to improve the autonomy of learnin

7、g English in rural middle school students, this paper explores its teaching and learning methods. Key Words: Autonomous Learning; Classroom Teaching; Learning Methods; Learning Strategies; Learning interestCONTENTSIntroduction11. Theoretical Framework 11.1 The Definition of Autonomous Learning 11.2

8、The Development of Autonomous Learning21.3 The Basic View of Autonomous Learning22. The Application of Autonomous Learning at Home and Abroad32.1 The Application Condition and Effect of Autonomous Learning Abroad32.2 The Application Condition and Effect of Autonomous Learning at Home4 2.3 The Shortc

9、omings of Chinese Rural Autonomous Learning Compared with Cities43. The Influential Factors of Students Autonomous Learning Ability in Rural English Classroom in China53.1 The Internal Factors Affecting Students Autonomous Learning in Classroom Teaching53.2 The External Factors Affecting Students Au

10、tonomous Learning in Classroom Teaching63.2.1 Schools factors53.2.2 Teachers factors63.2.3 Family factors64. Strategies to Promote Autonomous Learning74.1 Enhancing Motivation and Awareness74.2 Setting Practical and Meaningful Goals84.3 Selecting Suitable Learning Strategies84.4 Monitoring and Evalu

11、ating Learning Progress9Conclusion 10Notes11Bibliographies11Acknowledgments12ivIntroductionRecently, China has advocated the reform of English education and autonomous learning. We have made great achievements in improving interest of students in the cities, but it has not been well developed in the

12、 rural areas. Most teachers adopt traditional teaching way that is teacher-centered and whose objective is just passing knowledge to students. The traditional teaching ways cause many problems. To solve those problems, autonomous learning is a good choice, so it is vital to research on the good effe

13、ct of autonomous learning.Researches on autonomous learning in different contexts are in great need and a variety of cultural orientations should be taken in consideration by researchers. Humanism, social cognition, constructivism as well as the learner-centered Approach (Nunan, 1988) all emphasize

14、and support learners central place in class and their autonomy and independence after class. These researches not only focus on responsibility and involvement of learners but also on critical reflection of beliefs and attitudes to learning. (David Litt1e1991; 2010: 2) The success of a learning activ

15、ity is, to some extent, contingent upon learners stance towards the world and the learning activity in particular, their sense of self, and their desire to learn (Benson&voller, 1997: 134).Chenduo (2006) fosters high school students the ability of autonomous learning based on experiments by building

16、 an efficient teaching pattern which takes learning notes as a carrier. Liyu (2008) also carries out experiments and points out that autonomous learning can be achieved for the students of the key senior middle schools, with the aid of the improvement in strategy of autonomous learning and efficient

17、 teaching patterns. Song Yanli (2009) through questionnaire investigation finds out the problems in high school students English learning and gives some valuable methods on how to foster the abilities of autonomous learning, further more putting forward the problems that need to be solved in the stu

18、dy of autonomous learning. However, seldom scholars research on applying autonomous learning to rural English classroom teaching. Therefore, the author believes that it is very important to cultivate the English interests of junior middle school students since it can achieve the purpose of cultivati

19、on of English learning.1. Theoretical Framework1.1 The Definition of Autonomous LearningAutonomous learning is a modern method of learning and it takes students as the main body. That is to say, students should observe, explore and practice on their own to achieve their learning targets. First of al

20、l, students should develop independent learning habits. Secondly, students should change our attitude towards study. Students must take the initiative to learn. Thirdly, students must learn to ask questions and try our best to answer them without anyones help. In the end, students can learn by takin

21、g advantages of internet technology. With the help of E-learning students can learn anytime and anywhere and students can use all of the information on the internet to improve ourselves (余若琳, 2017)1.1.2 The Development of Autonomous LearningThe first and influential definition is made by Holec who d

22、efined autonomy as “the ability to take charge of ones own learning in the process of learning” and “an ability that needs to be acquired” (1981:3). That is, during the whole learning process, learner makes decisions related to learning all by himself or herself. He or she should independently set l

23、earning goals, choose learning materials and time and environments, select learning strategies and methods, monitor learning process or organize and carry out the learning tasks and evaluate learning outcomes. In 1988, Holec (1988) further developed his definition and stated there are two kinds of l

24、earner responsibility which is a necessary requirement for autonomous learning. The first one he describes as static responsibility or as a finished product, that is, the learner set a language learning program for learning (江婧, 2016) 2. The other one is what the learner takes during the learning pr

25、ocess or as the learning program develops. This one is more flexible and he describes it as dynamic responsibility. To Nunan (1995), autonomous learning ability is crucial and autonomous learners are able to set their learning goals and create their learning opportunities on their own. Huttunen defi

26、nes autonomy in terms of performance. According to him, if a learner can be responsible for his or her language learning and be able to plan, monitor and evaluate his or her learning, he or she becomes fully autonomous. From Gardner and Miller (1994), autonomous language learners can decide their le

27、arning goals and plan how to learn and carry out the learning program (沈亞麗, 2015) 3. And as to Daml (1995), fully autonomous learners are those who actively participate in the social processes of classroom learning and actively interpret the new information and who masters and uses the knowledge abo

28、ut learning in any conditions and at any time. Rathbone (1996) defines autonomous learner as a self-activated maker of meaning and an active agent during the learning process. To be specific, learners, instead of teachers, are the center of learning and they are responsible for their own learning, t

29、hey are self-initiated and interact with the world.1.3 The Features of Autonomous LearningThe features of autonomous learning can help us to judge whether the learner is autonomous or not and to judge the autonomous level of the learner.From the definition above, it can be concluded that autonomous

30、learning is: (1) Initiative. The learner studies spontaneously out of his own instinct needs and willingness. The autonomous learner should set appropriate goals that match his characteristics and that he can reach after the learning. He should independently decide the learning material, the place a

31、nd the time as well as monitor the learning process and adjust the learning. (2) Abundant. The learning materials that the learners can access to be abundant and the learning skills or strategies the learners can adopt are various. Besides, the places where the learners learn are not only the classr

32、ooms but also the places that are full of learning materials such as library. (3) Affective. Autonomous learning is affective because it takes affective factors into account. For example, the learners motivations are stimulated and they are confident of themselves. During the whole learning process,

33、 other affective factors are involved which can promote the learning results. (4) Democratic. Autonomous learning is not wholly student-independent but with the help of teachers who act as the guide, organizer and participant. Student-teacher relationship is democratic and the learning atmosphere is

34、 harmonious and pleasant. (5) Effective. Since the learning center are students who can coordinate all the factors including the learning strategies and the affective factors, the learning results can be the best which is the aim of autonomous learning-make learning result to be optimum(王月娟,2014) 4.

35、2 The Current Application Condition of Autonomous Learning at Home and AbroadThe application condition and effect of autonomous learning at home and abroad are discussed much, and the shortcomings of Chinese rural autonomous learning are represented.2.1 The Current Application Condition and Effect o

36、f Autonomous Learning AbroadThe application condition of autonomous learning abroad is as follows: In the last 30 years, the researches of autonomous learning have gained widespread popularity in educational fields in the west. Some of them pay close attention to social, political, psychological, id

37、eological, philosophical facets of autonomous learning (Holec 1979; Dickinson 1987; Weden and Rubin 1987; Graks and Grundy 1988; Brooks and Grundy 1988; Little and Singleton 1989; Littlewood and Nunan 1997; David Litt1e1991; 2010:2). Some are interested in learner training (McCafferty, 1982; Dickins

38、on, 1987; Holed 1987; Oxford 1987; Cotterai, 1995, 2000). Some are on the application of practice in autonomy and independence. (Boud 1988; Candy 1998; Dickinson 1988 and 1993; Lee 1998; Cotteral 1993; Marshall 1996; Nunan 1997). The researches in the west have something in common in concern with au

39、tonomy and independence, offering new understanding of the principles of autonomy and independence on educational structures and methods. At the same time, these researches have a great effect on some methodological and pedagogical creations, which generally are called as “self-directed learning, au

40、tonomous learning or independent learning” (施全榮,2013) 5. Humanism, social cognition, constructivism as well as the learner-centered Approach (Nunan, 1988) all emphasize and support learners central place in class and their autonomy and independence after class. Based on Piagets interactionism (Piage

41、t, 1977), “l(fā)earning takes place when learners actively construct their own understanding and knowledge through their interaction with the world around them”, more importance is put to learners cognition, personality and motivation. In addition, to foster autonomous learning, these researches not onl

42、y focus on responsibility and involvement of learners but also on critical reflection of beliefs and attitudes to learning (David Litt1e1991; 2010: 2). The success of a learning activity is, to some extent contingent upon learners stance towards the world and the learning activity in particular, the

43、ir sense of self, and their desire to learn (賴穎達(dá),2011) 6. That is, it is beliefs and attitudes that will affect learners to act in some ways in learning process.The application effect of autonomous learning is good as the United States has only 200 years of history, but it is a large melting pot of

44、different cultures. A variety of ideas and values collide with each other here, wiping out new sparks. Accepting new ideas is not a challenge for Americans, but an opportunity to change the status quo. Compared to the Chinese people, they can create new ideas of autonomous learning.2.2 The Applicati

45、on Condition and Effect of Autonomous Learning at HomeThe studies above are based on the western context, which is different from that of China. Different contexts are likely to produce different practices and outcomes (Chan, 2001). A persons beliefs, attitudes and actions are influenced by cultural

46、 orientation, so the researches on autonomous learning in different contexts are in great need and a variety of cultural orientations should be taken in consideration by researchers (蔡丹丹,2011) 7. Li Hong (1998) studied the applicability of autonomous learning in English teaching in China. As far as

47、she is concerned, students should not be made entirely independent without teachers guiding and instructions. Qi Hongbo (2002) according to the three major learning theories (Humanism, Constructivism, and Cognitive theory), made a conclusion that a learner must be regarded as a “complete whole perso

48、n”. Teachers should guide them to explore and discover all that they wonder and teachers should have a good knowledge of the dynamic interplays of the four factors in a teaching and learning process: the teacher, learners, task and context(s) (2002: 83). Peng finding makes a research (2002) on the p

49、ossibility of autonomous learning based on an English learning model, which is designed for Chinese college students by finishing autonomous learning tasks. According to the research, it is Chinese students that can accept the concept of autonomous learning. In some way, they can unite autonomous le

50、arning and the quality-oriented education. However, they cannot completely get rid of the influence of examination-oriented education. So Peng makes advice that educational authorities and teachers take responsibility for the cultivation of autonomous learning just as learners for their own independ

51、ent learning (Huttunen, 1986) 8.The application effect of autonomous learning in China is not so good as that in USA. Chinese people deem autonomous learning is to learn independently that is the essence of autonomous learning, compared with the traditional education method, but the Western people t

52、hink learners stance towards the world and the learning activity in particular, their sense of self, and their desire to learn. In general, what we lack is a new environment that accepts new ideas and changes bravely (Adamson, 2004, 1). In a long period, the feudal classes dominated China; the Gover

53、nment closed our door and carried out cultural tyranny policy. Scholars subjected to the authority and the national examinations has been the main form of personnel selection, exam-passing techniques are practiced thousand years, all these contributed to the Chinese modern education far behind Weste

54、rn countries. Whats more, after Mao established new China, the Chinese imitated the former Soviet Unions educational philosophy and educational system entirely. N.A. Kaiipobs education philosophy was very popular at that time, he believes that “intellectual is education, share the most important pla

55、ce”, his theory of education is still influence Chinese education in nowadays (Bianco, 2009, 10).2.3 The Shortcomings of Chinese Rural Autonomous Learning Compared with CitiesRural Junior High School students autonomy consciousness is not strong enough in the study of English, and rural Junior High

56、School students ability of autonomous learning is not high as well. English learning motivation is seriously inadequate. They are difficult to find problems，explore the problems, and solve the problems in learning.English teaching in China is dominated, to a large extent, by the teacher-centered, te

57、xt-oriented practices and little attention is paid to the training of the students interest. The traditional methods are mainly referred to as didactics. It is a kind of teaching method in which the main task of a teacher is to lecture and explain the linguistic knowledge, and the main task of stude

58、nts is to listen and take notes. They only accept the knowledge passively given by a teacher, instead of being active to use their brains to understand, remember and use the knowledge. Therefore, didactics is unbeneficial for the students to play their main role, and should not be frequently used in English teaching.During a lesson, most students just keep silent and act as audience. They seldom speak English or raise their hands to a