高一英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)句子成分及基本結(jié)構(gòu)PPT課件

1、英語(yǔ)句子成分英語(yǔ)句子成分及基本結(jié)構(gòu)及基本結(jié)構(gòu) （一）句子成分的定義（一）句子成分的定義 構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)； 次要成分有次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。（二）（二）句子的具體成分句子的具體成分 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)（subject)：主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的：主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主

2、語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。等表示。 1 during the 1990s, american country music has become more and more popular.（名詞） 2 we often speak english in class.（代詞） 3 one-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）

3、 4 to swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） 5 smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞） 6 the rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞） 7 when we are going to have an english test has not been decided.（主語(yǔ)從句） 8 it is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)(predicate) 謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的謂語(yǔ)

4、說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作動(dòng)作或具有的或具有的特征和狀態(tài)特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：構(gòu)成如下： 1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：he practices running every morning. 2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：原形構(gòu)成。如：you may keep the book for two weeks. he has caught a bad cold. 表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)(predicative) 表語(yǔ)

5、用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。從句表示。 our teacher of english is an american. （名詞） is it yours?（代詞） the weather has turned cold. （形容詞） the speech i

6、s exciting. （分詞） three times seven is twenty one? （數(shù)詞） his job is to teach english.（不定式） his hobby（愛(ài)好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞） the machine must be out of order.（介詞短語(yǔ)） time is up. the class is over.（副詞） the truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)從句）賓語(yǔ)(object) 賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后 面。例

7、如： they went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名詞） the heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞） how many dictionaries do you have? i have five.（數(shù)詞） they helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞） he pretended not to see me.（不定式短語(yǔ)） i enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)

8、） i think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語(yǔ)從句）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(complement of object) 英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等等+賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)+賓賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。 his father named

9、 him dongming.（名詞）they painted their boat white.（形容詞）let the fresh air in.（副詞）you mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語(yǔ)）we saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）we found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）we will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)(attributive) 修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)

10、或從句稱為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：分表示： guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） china is a developing country; america is a developed country.（分詞） there are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞） his rapid progress in english made us surprised.（代詞） our monitor is always the first to enter th

11、e classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)） the teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞） he is reading an article about how to learn english.（介詞短語(yǔ)）狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)(adverbial) 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） he has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語(yǔ)） he is proud to ha

12、ve passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語(yǔ)） he is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語(yǔ)） wait a minute.（名詞） once you begin, you must continue.（狀語(yǔ)從句）狀語(yǔ)種類如下 how about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)） last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語(yǔ)） i shall go there if

13、it doesnt rain.（條件狀語(yǔ)） mr smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)） she put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語(yǔ)） she came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)） in order to catch up with the others, i must work harder.（目的狀語(yǔ)） he was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)） she works ver

14、y hard though she is old.（讓步狀語(yǔ)） i am taller than he is.（比較狀語(yǔ)）同位語(yǔ) 同位語(yǔ)是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞或名詞短語(yǔ)對(duì)前者加以說(shuō)明的成分，近乎于后置定語(yǔ)。如： we students should study hard. we all are students. carol , an american teacher, will come to our school.獨(dú)立成分 有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有一些與句子沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨(dú)立成分感嘆詞感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定詞肯定詞yes 否定詞否定詞no 稱呼語(yǔ)稱

15、呼語(yǔ)：mum, dad。 插入語(yǔ)插入語(yǔ)：一些句中插入的 i think , i believe,等。 如: the story, i think, has never come to the end情態(tài)詞情態(tài)詞,表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語(yǔ)）:perhaps也許,maybe大概,actually實(shí)際上,certainly當(dāng)然，等。 簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法 1、按句子的用途可分四種： 1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：he is six years old; she didnt hear of you before.2）疑問(wèn)句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：do they

16、like skating? how old is he? is he six or seven years old? mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：be careful, boys; dont talk in class4）感嘆句：how clever the boy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種： 1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）。e.g. he often reads english in the morning. tom and mike are american boys. she likes drawing and of

17、ten draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g. you help him and he helps you. he wants to go there but i dont hurry up, or you will be late. this house belongs to mr.smith；it costs millions of dollars. 3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句名詞性

18、從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。e.g. the foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the great wall this is the book that i want. i think that he is right. 簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型 1主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞：( s v) we work. she came my head aches. the bell rang.2主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)(svc) 系動(dòng)詞 一 be動(dòng)詞類： am、 is 、are 、was 、were 二 表示變化類：become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、go 三 感官動(dòng)詞類: look sound smell taste feel appear, seem四 表示延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞 ：remain 、stay 、keep he is a student his face turned red the apple tastes sweet the soldier keeps still.3主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)(svo） e.g. henry bought a dictionary. mike ate three cakes she drew a beautiful p