專(zhuān)題 元素、離子講義

1、第二部分 主要考點(diǎn)梳理第三部分 金題精講題一找一找下列哪些物質(zhì)里含有相同的元素？ 氧氣（o2）、水（h2o）硫粉（s）、過(guò)氧化氫（h2o2）、二氧化硫（so2）、氫氣（h2）雙氧水是隱形眼鏡洗液的主要成分，在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里可用于制氧氣，過(guò)氧化氫是由 和 組成的，在每個(gè)過(guò)氧化氫分子中有2個(gè) 和2個(gè) 。由于過(guò)氧化氫和水在組成上雖然 種類(lèi)相同，但是 構(gòu)成不同，所以二者性質(zhì)上有很大的區(qū)別。題二元素是具有_的一類(lèi)_的總稱(chēng)。氧化鎂和氧氣中都存在著_元素。一種元素與另一種元素的本區(qū)別是（ ）a原子量 b中子數(shù) c質(zhì)子數(shù) d電子數(shù)二氧化硫、氧化汞、氧氣中都含有（ ）a氧氣 b氧原子 c氧分子 d氧元素二氧化硫是由硫

2、_和氧_組成的。 題三氯酸鉀中含有 （ ）a三個(gè)氧元素 b三個(gè)氧分子 c氧元素 d三個(gè)氧原子下列元素符號(hào)書(shū)寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤的是 （ ）amn（錳） bcu（銅） cna（鈉） dag（銀）下列元素名稱(chēng)書(shū)寫(xiě)正確的是 （ ）a炭 b綠 c 汞 d鈣下列物質(zhì)屬于化合物的是（ ）a水蒸氣 b氮?dú)?c液態(tài)氧 d水銀題四符號(hào)“s”表示（ ） a硫元素 b硫的原子核 c一個(gè)硫元素 d原子量請(qǐng)你寫(xiě)出你所知道的，分別以a、c、m為字頭的元素符號(hào)：a_；c_；m_。在五氧化二磷、氯酸鉀、氧氣、碳、空氣、汞等六種物質(zhì)中：_是純凈物；_是混合物。在這些純凈物中，_由同一種元素組成的，_是由二種元素組成的，_是氧化物。題五下列物

3、質(zhì)中：a.空氣b.氧氣c.二氧化碳d.氯酸鉀e.五氧化二磷f.紅磷g.高錳酸鉀，其中屬于單質(zhì)的是_；屬于化合物的是_；屬于氧化物的是_。某藥品說(shuō)明書(shū)中標(biāo)明：本品每克含碘150mg、鎂65mg、鋅1.5mg、銅2mg、錳1mg，這里所標(biāo)的各成分是指 ( )a分子 b原子 c元素 d無(wú)法確定用線把下面元素名稱(chēng)及代表它的元素符號(hào)連起來(lái) 鈉 氧 硫 鐵 鋇 碳 氮 氯 氖 n fe ba o s cl c ne na題六微粒符號(hào)（1）“h”表示 （2）“2h”表示 。 一瓶氣體經(jīng)化驗(yàn)知其中只有一種元素，則該氣體是（ ）a.一種單質(zhì)b.一種化合物c.單質(zhì)與化合物的混合物d.既可能是一種單質(zhì)，也可能是幾種

4、單質(zhì)的混合物題七原子失去最外層電子或在最外層得到電子后，不發(fā)生變化的是（ ）元素種類(lèi) 化學(xué)性質(zhì) 相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量 粒子的電性 原子核 電子層數(shù) 最外層電子數(shù) 核外電子數(shù)題八下列五種微粒中最易失去電子的是 ，最易得到電子的是 ,原子化學(xué)性質(zhì)比較相似的是 。題九某粒子結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖為該粒子可能是_。題十某粒子的結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖如下，下列說(shuō)法中不正確的是（ ）a該元素原子的核外有兩個(gè)電子層b該元素是一種金屬元素c該粒子是陽(yáng)離子d該粒子的最外電子層具有穩(wěn)定結(jié)構(gòu)課后自測(cè)題一下圖是118號(hào)元素原子最外層電子數(shù)與原子核電荷數(shù)的關(guān)系圖。試回答：（1）一個(gè)水分子共有個(gè)原子核，個(gè)質(zhì)子。（2）一個(gè)mg2+共有個(gè)電子。cl-的最外

5、層電子數(shù)和原子的最外層電子數(shù)相同。（3）通過(guò)上圖你能發(fā)現(xiàn)哪些規(guī)律？請(qǐng)寫(xiě)出其中一個(gè)： 。 題二判斷：1、二氧化硫（so2）由一個(gè)硫元素和兩個(gè)氧元素組成。2、水分子由氧元素和氫元素組成。3、一個(gè)水分子由兩個(gè)氫原子和一個(gè)氧原子組成。4、二氧化碳是由碳原子和氧原子構(gòu)成的。5、一個(gè)二氧化碳分子由一個(gè)碳原子和兩個(gè)氧原子構(gòu)成。題三植物的光合作用可以用下式表示： 水 + 二氧化碳 葡萄糖+氧氣。(h2o) (co2) (o2)由此推斷：淀粉中一定含有的元素是 ，可能還有的元素是 。以上習(xí)題答案：金題精講題一答案：氧氣（o2）、水（h2o）、過(guò)氧化氫（h2o2）、二氧化硫（so2）中均含有氧元素。水（h2o）、

6、過(guò)氧化氫（h2o2）、氫氣（h2）中均含有氫元素。硫粉（s）、二氧化硫（so2）中均含有硫元素。氫元素和氧元素，氧原子和氫原子，元素，分子題二答案：相同的核電荷數(shù)（質(zhì)子數(shù)），原子；氧；c；c；元素，元素題三答案：c；a；cd；a題四答案：a；al或ag，ca或c或cl，mn或mg或；五氧化二磷、氯酸鉀、氧氣、碳、汞是純凈物，空氣是混合物，氧氣、碳、汞由同一種元素組成，五氧化二磷由二種元素組成，五氧化二磷是氧化物。題五答案：屬于單質(zhì)的是bf，屬于化合物的是cdeg，屬于氧化物的是ce；c鈉 氧 硫 鐵 鋇 碳 氮 氯 氖 n fe ba o s cl c ne na題六答案：（1）氫元素或一個(gè)氫

7、原子（2）2個(gè)氫原子；d題七答案：題八答案：a，e，b和c題九答案：原子、陽(yáng)離子和陰離子都有可能。題十答案：a課后自測(cè)題一答案：3，10，10，ne或ar，最外層電子數(shù)最多不超過(guò)8個(gè)題二答案：1 2 3 4 5題三答案：一定含有碳元素和氫元素，可能含有氧元素winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at ful

8、l-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competiti

9、ons top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance

10、 of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head o

11、f fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i wo

12、uld like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the refer

13、ees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an importan

14、t role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather l

15、ives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulen

16、ce.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchest

17、er.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroo

18、s focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by y