Unit8Christianity

1、Unit 8 Christianity The ReformationFour Main ReligionsuChristianity 1.5-2.2 billion adherentsFour Main ReligionsuIslam 7th century AD 1.3 billion uBuddhism around 600 BC 350million uJudaism around 2000BC 14 million Origin and History It is rooted in Judaism 1st century AD: founded by Jesus In 135: b

2、ecame independent religion In 313: “Edict of Milan” In 392: became the state religion of Roman Empire In 1054: split into the Roman Catholic and Orthodox. In 16th century: the second break, divided into three branches, resulted in establishment of Protestant.The Bible Official collection of books:Tw

3、o partsOld Testament: 39 written in HebrewNew Testament: 27 written in GreekJesus is the Son of God, that He is one with God, and that He was sent here for our salvation. God is the creator of all people, the world, the universe, and everything seen and unseen.Jesus was conceived of the Holy Spirit

4、of God and born through the Virgin Mary.GodJesusHolySpiritChristianityTrinityThe Influence Christianity had a very big impact on Western civilization. Humanist tradition, such as freedom, equality, and fraternity, became the heart of Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Human Rights, and a lo

5、ng-term spiritual driving force of the Western democratic.The Renaissance16th centuryWestern EuropeChristianityChristianityWestern Europe in the 16th CenturyThe Reformation圣巴瑟洛繆之夜圣巴瑟洛繆之夜 密萊斯密萊斯 1919世紀(jì)世紀(jì)在修道院幽暗的房間中，一位在修道院幽暗的房間中，一位手持利劍的貴族青年前來向過去的手持利劍的貴族青年前來向過去的情人告別。她已經(jīng)成為修女，因不情人告別。她已經(jīng)成為修女，因不忍看見即將到來的殺戮和死

6、亡而抓忍看見即將到來的殺戮和死亡而抓住他不放。天色將明，無情的黑衣住他不放。天色將明，無情的黑衣僧人正招手催他出發(fā)。他們將在巴僧人正招手催他出發(fā)。他們將在巴黎參加一場(chǎng)著名的血腥屠殺，青年黎參加一場(chǎng)著名的血腥屠殺，青年手臂上綁著的白布條表明他屬于屠手臂上綁著的白布條表明他屬于屠殺者天主教徒一派殺者天主教徒一派密萊斯在這密萊斯在這幅畫中以一個(gè)十分細(xì)微的角度，講幅畫中以一個(gè)十分細(xì)微的角度，講述了發(fā)生在述了發(fā)生在15721572年年8 8月月2424日的日的“圣圣巴瑟洛繆之夜巴瑟洛繆之夜”的浩劫。當(dāng)時(shí)的法的浩劫。當(dāng)時(shí)的法國國王查理九世表面上支持、籠絡(luò)國國王查理九世表面上支持、籠絡(luò)新教的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，暗中卻慫

7、恿舊教策新教的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，暗中卻慫恿舊教策劃陰謀，利用圣巴瑟洛纓節(jié)當(dāng)天新劃陰謀，利用圣巴瑟洛纓節(jié)當(dāng)天新教徒在巴黎集中的機(jī)會(huì)，發(fā)動(dòng)了一教徒在巴黎集中的機(jī)會(huì)，發(fā)動(dòng)了一場(chǎng)對(duì)新教徒的屠殺，當(dāng)晚至少有場(chǎng)對(duì)新教徒的屠殺，當(dāng)晚至少有30003000人被屠戮。人被屠戮。 Historical Background CulturePoliticsEconomy Religion IndependenceReformersRenaissanceIndulgenceChristianityChristianityWhat leads to the Reformation ?Selling the Indulgences

8、 In 1517, a preacher named Tetzel came to a nearby village , offering indulgences to those who would contribute to the building of new Cathedral of St.Peter, at Roma. He said: “So soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory (煉獄煉獄) springs.” Causes u Direct causeu Root causeReformation lead

9、ers Martin Luther(1483-1546) & 95 theses (Oct.31,1517) John Calvin (1509-1564) Henry Martin Luther (1483-1546)German leader of the Reformation. In 1507, being a priest, he began a career as a theological teacher，later a professor: attacked (1517) Tetzels sale of indulgence, by posting 95 theses on t

10、he church door at Wittenburgdeveloped (1512-13) the idea of justification by faithbegan his German translation of the Bible(1521-22) in Wartburg Castle Popularity weakened by his opposition to the Peasants War(1524-25). 95 Theses Wrote 95 Theses attacking Tetzel and others who used indulgences Luthe

11、r posted the statements on the door of the Wittenberg Chapel Oct 31, 1517 Typical practice during this time Invited people to debate the issues This officially began the Reformation His teachings were the following: People could win salvation only by faith in Gods gift of forgiveness All Church teac

12、hings should be clearly based on words of the Bible All people with faith were equal. Therefore people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for themMartin Luthers ThesesMartin LutherNatureof LifeCommunicationGrace and FaithBible ChristianityChristianityMartin LutherLutherans In 1522 Luther wo

13、uld return to Wittenberg He discovered that many of his ideas were already being used Eventually Luther and his followers formed the religious group known as the Lutherans70 million Lutherans worldwide (9 million in US)3rd largest Christian faith in world John Calvin (1509-1564) French lawyer and th

14、eologian. Institutes of the Christian Religion Fed to Swizerland New leader of protestantism established a church government in Geneva. Doctrines of Calvinism Justification by faith stressed the doctrine of predestination: “ He has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and

15、whom he would condemn to destruction.” -John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Hohn Allen (Philadelphia, 1936), vol.1, p.228; Vol.2, P181the religious doctrine that The fate of a human after death has been decided by God, and that this is unavoidable. Original sin & total depravit

16、y: emphasized the sinful nature of manDoctrines of Calvinism The absolute sovereignty of God biblical authority was to be set above Church tradition supported a plain style of worship. kept only two sacraments:baptism and the Lords supper(the real presence of Jesus in the sacrament of the Lords supp

17、er in a spiritual sense. Bible provided all the guidance a person needed to live a Christian life. Christians gained salvation through grace and faith Certain people were chosen by God for salvation ChristianityChristianityHenry VIII 1509 1547 Henry s Divorce & Roman Catholic Church The Split with R

18、ome - Act of Supremacy (1534) the Kings highness to be supreme head of the Church of England having the authority to redress all errors, heresies, and abuses, EnglandHenry VIII - King of England Devout Catholic Male heirMarried Catherine of Aragon Catherine gets pregnant! YEAH! Catherine has girl! BOOO! MaryBy 1527 Henry was convinced that Catherine would have no more children Wanted to divorceThe religious unity in Wester