初中英語(yǔ)八種時(shí)態(tài)歸納復(fù)習(xí)

1、 【動(dòng) 詞 】動(dòng)詞的分類： 根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動(dòng)詞可分為四類，分別是：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（行為動(dòng)詞）、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有完整的詞義，能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)根據(jù)用法，可分為及物動(dòng)詞（vt.后面直接跟名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)）和不及物動(dòng)詞（vi不能直接跟名詞或代詞，加賓語(yǔ)時(shí)必須加介詞）。同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。例如：She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞。）She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物動(dòng)詞。）但也有一些動(dòng)詞只能用做及物動(dòng)詞，如：visit, ask

2、, win, tell, answer, feel, serve, marry, discuss, beat, reach, kill, drop 等而下列一些動(dòng)詞通常情況下只能用做不及物動(dòng)詞：reply (to), return (to), point (to, at), knock (at, on, into), wait (for), listen (to), arrive (at, to), fall (down, off), look (at, after)2連系動(dòng)詞（Link Verb）它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ)，后邊必須跟表語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。

3、常見(jiàn)的連系動(dòng)詞有：be, feel,become, look, smell,seem, taste, sound, keep,其它一些可以和形容詞連用的動(dòng)詞也屬于連系動(dòng)詞：fall ill / asleep,grow worse,turn red, get lost,keep healthy等3.助動(dòng)詞：本身沒(méi)有詞義，不能單獨(dú)作句子的謂語(yǔ)，只能與主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)主要幫助句子構(gòu)成否定、疑問(wèn)以及動(dòng)詞的不同時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等語(yǔ)法特征。常見(jiàn)的助動(dòng)詞有：be, do (does, did), have / has, had, will, would 等。4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：本身有一定的詞義，單不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)，后

4、面必須跟其它動(dòng)詞的原形，表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和態(tài)度；常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can (could), may(might), must, need 等。（詳細(xì)用法見(jiàn)講義-情態(tài)動(dòng)詞專項(xiàng)）動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析：arrive,reach,get;borrow,lend,keep;dress,puton,wear;see,look,watch,read;bring,take,fetch;spend,pay,cost;speak,say,talk,tell;lose,fail,beat,win;lose,forget,leave;join,take part in,attend;listen to,hear;loo

5、k for,find;die,dead,death,dying;think of,think about,think over二、動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài)，分別是：原形（Original Form）、第三人稱單數(shù)形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、過(guò)去式（Past Form）、過(guò)去分詞（Past Participle）、現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle）。 單詞尾巴變化規(guī)則：動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則（動(dòng)詞-ing 的構(gòu)成）1.一般在詞尾加ing，如：read-reading look-looking 2.以不發(fā)音的結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先去掉e,再加-ing,如:

6、take-taking have-having make-making close-closing3.以“一個(gè)元音+一個(gè)輔音字母”結(jié)尾的重讀閉音動(dòng)詞，先雙寫(xiě)輔音字母，再加-ing。 如： sit-sitting run-running swim-swimming shop-shopping put-putting set-setting stop-stopping begin-beginning get -getting cut-cutting dig-digging4、特殊變化：變ie為y，加ing：lie-lying （躺, 撒謊） tietying （領(lǐng)帶、綁） die- dying (

7、死)動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)的變化規(guī)則一般動(dòng)詞尾加-s。 -s在清音后讀s，在濁音或元音后讀z.如work-works, write-writes.以s, x, ch, sh,結(jié)尾的,后加-es,-es讀/iz/ guesses,mixes,finishes,catches以輔音字母+o結(jié)尾，一般加-es， -es讀z。 go-goes,do-does輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞，變y為i，再加-es，-ies讀iz。study-studies特殊詞例外。如：be is，have has動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞變化規(guī)則一般直接加ed,work-worked以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變y為i,再加ed:carry

8、-carried,study-studied,hurry-hurried以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加d:live-lived,care-cared雙寫(xiě)尾字母，加ed:stop-stopped,plan-planned,shop-shopped三、動(dòng)詞的八大時(shí)態(tài)：時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞原形（第三人稱單數(shù)）一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am / is / are動(dòng)詞的ing過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was / were動(dòng)詞的ing一般將來(lái)時(shí)will 動(dòng)詞原形am/ is / are+going to動(dòng)詞原形過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would動(dòng)詞原形was / were going to動(dòng)詞原形現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have / has

9、 過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去完成時(shí)had過(guò)去分詞*go, come, arrive, leave, move, die等動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可以表示對(duì)應(yīng)的將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。【初中英語(yǔ)八種時(shí)態(tài)歸納復(fù)習(xí)】一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)標(biāo)志詞：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be動(dòng)詞；行為動(dòng)詞否定形式：am/is/are+not;此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞，則在其前加dont,如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用doesnt，同時(shí)還原

10、行為動(dòng)詞。一般疑問(wèn)句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do提問(wèn)，如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用does，同時(shí)，還原行為動(dòng)詞。二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)：過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過(guò)去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)標(biāo)志詞：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, this morning,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be動(dòng)詞；行為動(dòng)詞否定形式：was/wer

11、e+not;在行為動(dòng)詞前加didnt，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。一般疑問(wèn)句：was或were放于句首用助動(dòng)詞do的過(guò)去式did 提問(wèn)，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。三、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)標(biāo)志詞：now, right now,at this moment,at this time, these days,look,listen,Its 6 oclock, etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are+doing 否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑問(wèn)句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。四、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：概念：表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。時(shí)間狀

12、語(yǔ)標(biāo)志詞：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等。基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doing否定形式：was/were + not + doing. 一般疑問(wèn)句：把was或were放于句首。五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：概念：過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)標(biāo)志詞：already,yet,never,ever,recently, lately, since,for,in the past few years, all ones life,once,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)

13、：have/has + done 否定形式：have/has + not +done. 一般疑問(wèn)句：have或has。六、過(guò)去完成時(shí)：概念：以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為，或在過(guò)去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)標(biāo)志詞：before, by the end of last year(term, month),by last week,例句：He had lived in Shanghai for ten years before he came here.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had + done. 否定形式：had + not + done. 一般疑問(wèn)句：had放于句首。

14、七、一般將來(lái)時(shí)：概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)標(biāo)志詞：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, in the future,this weekend,this evening.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are+going to do；will + do.否定形式：am/is/are + not+going to do wont+do一般疑問(wèn)句：am/is/are放于句首；will提到句首。八、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：概念：立足于過(guò)去某一

15、時(shí)刻，從過(guò)去看將來(lái)，常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)標(biāo)志詞：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc.例句：He said he would buy some fruit for his sister.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.一般疑問(wèn)句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。【中考英語(yǔ)專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)-現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)】一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的

16、基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has（助動(dòng)詞）+過(guò)去分詞(done)二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的各種句式：1.陳述句：主語(yǔ) have/has+過(guò)去分詞其他成分。I have cleaned my bedroom.2.否定句：主語(yǔ)have/has+not+過(guò)去分詞其他成分。I havent cleaned my bedroom.3.一般疑問(wèn)句：Have/Has+主語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞其他成分？Have you cleaned your bedroom?4.特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞have/has其他成分？5.反意疑問(wèn)句：借助于助動(dòng)詞have/has來(lái)完成反意疑問(wèn)句。例如：They have lived that village

17、for ten years, havent they ?三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法：.“完成法”：表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。標(biāo)志性詞：already、 never、 ever、just、 yet 、before 、so far(=up to nowtill nowby now)、these days等。2.“未完成法”：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能延續(xù)到將來(lái)。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for一段時(shí)間；since過(guò)去點(diǎn)時(shí)間。Ive known Li Lei for three days .They have lived here since 1996.3.其他標(biāo)志詞

18、：recently,lately,once/twice/ three times ,all ones life,in the past +段時(shí)間during the last +段時(shí)間注意：(1)since一段時(shí)間agofor時(shí)間段; since two weeks ago=for two weeks;I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago. (2)since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)for時(shí)間段 since 2000=for 14 years(3) since+從句(常用

19、一般過(guò)去時(shí)) The Greens have lived in Beijing since they moved to Beijing from Paris.(4)It is /has been +一段時(shí)間 + since 從句。自從某事發(fā)生已有一段時(shí)間了.It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 四正確運(yùn)用have/has been to,have/has gone to,和have/has been in 三種結(jié)構(gòu)。6. have/has been to表示“過(guò)去曾去過(guò)某地”，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。7. have/h

20、as gone to表示“已去了某地”，現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有回來(lái)。8. have/has been in 表示“已在某地（呆了多久）”，如果是小地方用at代替in。五中考考點(diǎn)：考點(diǎn)一：考查基本概念 例如： Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him . . knew . have known . must know .will know簡(jiǎn)析：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響，或過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，重點(diǎn)在于對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。這種考查難度較大，往往無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，需要從上下文分析、推理才行。故上

21、兩側(cè)根據(jù)上下文分析、推理，正確答案。考點(diǎn)二：考查時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 例1. He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ? . already .never .ever . still 例2. Have you met Mr Li _？ . just . ago .before . a moment ago簡(jiǎn)析：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常有如下四類： 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與already（已經(jīng)），just（剛剛，正好），ever（曾經(jīng)），never（從來(lái)，也不；從不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等連用。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與recently，so far（到目前為止），in the p

22、ast/“l(fā)ast + 一段時(shí)間”等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。因?yàn)樯鲜龆陶Z(yǔ)表示的是從現(xiàn)在起往前推算的一段時(shí)間，句中的動(dòng)作是從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或時(shí)刻開(kāi)始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)常與“for +時(shí)間段或since +過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)”連用（含從句，從句過(guò)去時(shí)）。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還與once（一次），twice（兩次），three times（三次），several times（幾次）等表示重復(fù)次數(shù)的詞語(yǔ)連用?？键c(diǎn)三：考查與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別 例1.These farmers have been to the United States .Really ? When _ there ? . will they go . d

23、id they go . do they go . have they gone 例2._ you _ your homework yet ?Yes . I _ it a moment ago . . Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished. Have ; done ; have finished.will ; do ; finish 簡(jiǎn)析：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)容易混淆，就是因?yàn)樗鼈兯硎镜膭?dòng)作都發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但二者又有區(qū)別：一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于陳述一件過(guò)去的事情，與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有關(guān)系；現(xiàn)在

24、完成時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系的發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，它不與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等）連用。一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示純粹在過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作/狀態(tài),或者發(fā)生在過(guò)去卻對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響。故兩個(gè)例題的正確答案為B?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較兩者都可表示過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作，但前者表示的是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，而后者則只是表示過(guò)去有這一動(dòng)作的事實(shí)。Who turned on the light? 誰(shuí)開(kāi)的燈？ (著眼開(kāi)燈的動(dòng)作，不管現(xiàn)在燈是開(kāi)是關(guān)。)Who has turned on the light

25、? 誰(shuí)把燈打開(kāi)了？ (著眼開(kāi)燈的結(jié)果，即現(xiàn)在燈還亮著。)兩者都可表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始并延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù)，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則說(shuō)明該動(dòng)作現(xiàn)已終止。He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。 (現(xiàn)在仍住那兒。)He lived in Beijing for four years. 他曾在北京住了四年。 (現(xiàn)在不住那兒了。)考點(diǎn)四：考查非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法 例1. His father _ the Party since 1978 . . joined . has joined . was in . has been in 例

26、2.Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . . were . have been . have become . have made 例3.How long have you _ here ? About two months . . been . gone . come . arrived簡(jiǎn)析：英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)詞義可分為兩種，一種是延續(xù)性的，一種是終止性的，終止性動(dòng)詞(也可稱為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞、或點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞)，如begin, start, die, buy, leave, come等，表示動(dòng)作的發(fā)生與結(jié)束于

27、一瞬間完成，不能再延續(xù)，所以它的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，即不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，for+時(shí)間段, since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)/從句連用，也不能用在how long引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句中。例如: Ive left Shanghai for three days.() Ive been away from Shanghai for three days.().I left Shanghai three days ago. () It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.()現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與for和since引導(dǎo)的表示一

28、段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，通常是用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)代替。常用的非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及替代形式如下：22個(gè)11closebe closed, put onwear,openbe open,get upbe up, finish/endbe over,losebe lost , marrybe married(to), get to know know; fall asleep/ go to sleep be asleep(sleep),wake up-be awake,come/arrivebe here/in,come/get backbe back,go/leave-be away,becomebe,bo

29、rrow keep,buyhave,begin/startbe on,diebe dead , joinbe in/be a member of, catch a cold have a cold,lose-not have延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間性動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化,舉例說(shuō)明：1.He died 10 years ago. - He has been dead for 10 years / since 10 years ago.2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. - He has kept the book for 2 weeks.3. He bought the

30、motorbike a month ago. -He has had the motorbike for a month.4. He arrived here three days ago. - He has been here since three days ago.5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. - The light has been on for 2 hours.6. He left here 2 years ago. - He has been away from here for 2 years.7. The film bega

31、n 30 minutes ago. - The film has been on for 30 minutes.8. They opened the door an hour ago. - The door has been open for an hour.9. They closed the door an hour ago. - The door has been closed for an hour.10. He joined the army last year. - He has been a soldier for a year. - He has been in the arm

32、y for a year. - It is a year since he joined the army. 【中考英語(yǔ)專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)】（一）語(yǔ)態(tài)：英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例如：Many people speak Chinese. 謂語(yǔ)：speak的動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)many people來(lái)執(zhí)行的。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people. 主語(yǔ)English是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。（二）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是

33、通過(guò)be的變化表現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are done一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being done過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being done一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall/will/be going to be done過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would be done現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been done過(guò)去完成時(shí)had been done（三）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法（1）不知道或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)。例如：This bridge was founded in 1981.這座橋竣工于1981年。（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例

34、如：Your homework must be finished on time.你們的家庭作業(yè)必須及時(shí)完成。（四）主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法（1）把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。（2）把謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（be過(guò)去分詞） （根據(jù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子里的主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來(lái)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)決定be的形式）。（3）把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ)，將主格改為賓格。例如：They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory.He cut down a tree. A tree was

35、 cut down by him.（五） 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be過(guò)去分詞。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2）在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, let以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為A stranger was seen t

36、o walk into the building.（六）常見(jiàn)的句型結(jié)構(gòu)：It is(was)agreed(believed/decided/hoped/thought.）that.大家同意（相信、決定、希望、認(rèn)為）.It is(was)well known that.眾所周知It is(was)taken for granted that.被視為當(dāng)然It must be remembered that.務(wù)必記住.It mustnt be forgotten that.千萬(wàn)別忘記.It is(was)said(reported，heard，told，suggested)that.據(jù)說(shuō)(報(bào)道、聽(tīng)說(shuō)

37、、告知、建議.)【中考英語(yǔ)專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)-情態(tài)動(dòng)詞】情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為“可能”、“應(yīng)當(dāng)”、“必要”等等。但本身詞義不完全，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，必須和不帶to的不定式（即動(dòng)詞原形）連用。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有過(guò)去式，如must；有些有過(guò)去式，如：can-could,may-might,shall-should,will-would,have to-had to情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定一般在它們的后面加否定詞not構(gòu)成。一.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法1. can 用法1)表示能力，與be able to同義，但can只用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)，be able to可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。注

38、：Can you ? Yes, I can / No,I cant.2).表示允許、請(qǐng)求用could比can 語(yǔ)氣更加委婉客氣，常用于could I /you .?句型中，若表示同意時(shí)，用can回答而不用could .Could I borrow the book ? No, you cant .3) .表示推測(cè) “可能”常用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。(cant表示一定不是)2. may 用法1)表允許，請(qǐng)求= can(兩者可互換)表示許可或征求對(duì)方的許可，常于第一人稱連用。注：May I .? Yes ,you may No, you cant / mustnt .在回答以may引起的問(wèn)句時(shí)，多避

39、免用這個(gè)詞，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly.2)表推測(cè)，可能、也許。常用于肯定句中。Maybe he knows the news .= He _ _ the news.3) 表祝愿May you succeed!3. must1)表示義務(wù)，意為“必須”(主觀意志)。We must do everything step by step.注：Must I .? Yes, you must / No,you neednt(=dont have to ).“不必”-Must we hand in our exercisebooks now?-No, you need

40、nt. / No, you dont have to.2)mustnt 表禁止、不允許。You mustnt talk to her like that.3)表示揣測(cè)。意為“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。否定、疑問(wèn)句中must改為can .He must be ill. He looks so pale.Shes wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money.注：must表推測(cè)時(shí)，其反義疑問(wèn)句與must后面的動(dòng)詞一致。There must be something wrong ,_ _?4.need的用法need既可用作

41、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可用于各種句式。1).用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。a).Need I .? Yes , you must / No, you neednt .Need we finish the work today ?Yes you _?A.need B.can C. may D.mustb).need + do sth . 變否定句：neednt do sth變疑問(wèn)句：Need sb do sth ?2).用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞a).need + to do sth . We need _(buy) some school t

42、hings .變否定句：dont /doesnt /didnt +need to do sth .變疑問(wèn)句：Do / Does /Did sb + need to sth ?Yes , do/ does / did No, sb dont / doesnt /didnt .You dont need to do it yourself.b).當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)。Sth + need + doing sth = Sth +need to be done .The table needs painting . =The table needs _ _ _ .5.had better 的用法1). had

43、 better + 動(dòng)詞原形 = Its best to do sth .You had better _ (stay )at home . = _ _ _ stay at home .2). Had better not +動(dòng)詞原形We had better _(not play ) the computer games .6. shall(should),will(would)的用法1) .shall用于第一人稱表示征求意見(jiàn)、詢問(wèn)。例如：Shall I open the window?2) should常用于表示義務(wù)、責(zé)任。如：We should obey traffic laws.3)

44、will用于第二人稱表示詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求，也可以表達(dá)現(xiàn)在的“意愿”。如：Will you pass me the book?4) would用來(lái)表示過(guò)去的意愿或委婉詢問(wèn)。如：Would you tell me the way to the station?7.must 與have to1).一般情況下，兩者可互換。 must = have to2).must “必須，應(yīng)該”表示說(shuō)話人的主觀看法，即說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為必須干某事。(內(nèi)在原因)have to “必須，不得不”強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要，即外界因素迫使某人不得不干某事。(外界原因)I cant stop playing the computer games .

45、For your health ,Im afraid you _.A.can B.may C.must D.had to三.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的同義轉(zhuǎn)換.1.can = be able to2.must = have to3.neednt = dont have to4.need do sth = need to do sth .4、 總結(jié)三個(gè)推測(cè)：must,cant,may三個(gè)否定：shouldnt,neednt,mustnt【中考英語(yǔ)專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)-非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞】在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分為三種形式:不定式，動(dòng)名詞和分詞(分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞)。中考非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

46、詞總結(jié)：一后面可跟動(dòng)詞的ing形式的情況1.動(dòng)詞： finish doing sth.完成做某事；enjoy doing sth. 喜歡做某事；practice doing sth. 練習(xí)做某事；imagine doing,想象做某事；avoid doing sth.避免做某事；consider doing sth.考慮做某事；suggest doing sth.建議做某事；mind doing sth.介意做某事；keep doing sth.持續(xù)做某事 devote to doing獻(xiàn)身于某事，置身于某事2.固定短語(yǔ)： feel like doing sth.喜歡做某事；be busy d

47、oing sth.忙于做某事；be worth doing 值得做某事；spend time (in) doing sth.花費(fèi)時(shí)間（金錢(qián)）做某事； have difficulty/trouble in doing sth做某事有困難；have fun doing3.介詞后(on, in, of, about, at, with, without, for, from, up, by等)如：be good at doing sth.；thank you for doing sth.；give up doing sth.；stop sb. from doing sth.；do well in d

48、oing sth.；be afraid of doing sth.；be interested in doing sth.；be proud of；instead of；be fond of4.to作介詞的情況look forward to doing sth期望做某事； prefer doing sth. to doing sth與相比較更喜歡； pay attention to doing注意做某事； be/get used to doing sth.習(xí)慣于做某事；make a contribution to為做貢獻(xiàn)二后面可跟動(dòng)詞的不定式形式的情況1.動(dòng)詞：agree to do同意去做；

49、afford to do買(mǎi)得起；decide to do決定去做某事；expect to do期望去做；manage to do 設(shè)法處理去做hope to do希望去做；wish to do希望去做；fail to do做某事失敗去；plan to do打算去做；pretend to do假裝去做； refuse to do拒絕去做；would like to do想要去做；want to do想要去做某事；learn to do 學(xué)做；prefer to do sth. 喜歡做某事；sb. seem to do sth好像做某事；want/would like to do sth. 想做；

50、used to do sth. 過(guò)去常做某事;encourage sb to do鼓勵(lì)某人去做某事2.句型：allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人去做某事asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做事某事（叫某人不要去做某事）tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去（不要）做某事follow sb. to do sth. 跟隨某人去做某事get sb. to do sth. 讓某人做某事warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人做某事（或不要做某事）be amazed to do sth. 對(duì)做某事感到驚訝be afraid

51、to do sth. 害怕做某事be excited to do sth. 對(duì)做感到興奮 be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事be glad/happy to do sth. 高興去做某事be/get ready to do sth.準(zhǔn)備做某事be sorry to do sth. 對(duì)做某事感到抱歉 be surprised to do sth. 對(duì)做某事感到驚奇cant wait to do sth. 迫不急待地去做某事get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一個(gè)做某事的機(jī)會(huì)Its + adj.+(for sb.) to do sth. 做某事（對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)）怎么樣Its +adj. +(of sb.) to do sth.It takes sb. some time/money