病原生物學與免疫學課件

1、細菌學真菌學病毒學醫(yī)學微生物學人體寄生蟲學病原生物學medical microbiology（病原微生物病原微生物概念）概念）三大類三大類 八大類八大類青霉素作用點青霉素作用點溶菌酶溶菌酶作用點作用點n-乙酰乙酰葡糖胺葡糖胺n-乙酰乙酰胞壁酸胞壁酸細菌的致病因素細菌的致病因素腦膜炎奈瑟菌腦膜炎奈瑟菌肺炎鏈球菌肺炎鏈球菌不同桿菌的大小、長短、粗細很不一致。不同桿菌的大小、長短、粗細很不一致。中大腸埃希菌 2-3 m炭疽芽胞桿菌 3-10 m大小布魯菌 0.6-1.5 m兩端尖細兩端尖細白喉棒狀桿菌白喉棒狀桿菌鼓槌狀鼓槌狀破傷風桿菌破傷風桿菌桿菌的形態(tài)多樣桿菌的形態(tài)多樣分枝桿菌分枝桿菌雙歧桿菌雙歧

2、桿菌螺旋體螺旋體螺桿菌螺桿菌弧菌弧菌芽孢芽孢炭疽桿菌及其芽胞炭疽桿菌及其芽胞細菌細菌l型的培養(yǎng)特性和菌落形態(tài)型的培養(yǎng)特性和菌落形態(tài) 絲狀菌落絲狀菌落 顆粒型菌落顆粒型菌落 油煎蛋樣菌落油煎蛋樣菌落（典型（典型l型菌落）型菌落）單毛菌單毛菌雙毛菌雙毛菌叢毛菌叢毛菌周毛菌周毛菌菌膜菌膜菌沉淀菌沉淀均勻渾濁均勻渾濁對照對照1、3：有動力：有動力2：無動力：無動力13245吸附吸附吸附是噬菌體與菌體表面吸附是噬菌體與菌體表面受體發(fā)生特異性結(jié)合的過受體發(fā)生特異性結(jié)合的過程，其特異性取決于噬菌程，其特異性取決于噬菌體蛋白與宿主菌表面受體體蛋白與宿主菌表面受體分子結(jié)構(gòu)的互補性。分子結(jié)構(gòu)的互補性。毒性噬菌體的

3、復制周期毒性噬菌體的復制周期溶菌性周期溶菌性周期當噬菌體感染細菌當噬菌體感染細菌時，宿主菌染色體時，宿主菌染色體中獲得了噬菌體的中獲得了噬菌體的dna片段，使其成片段，使其成為溶原狀態(tài)時，而為溶原狀態(tài)時，而使細菌獲得新的性使細菌獲得新的性狀。狀。1. 轉(zhuǎn)化轉(zhuǎn)化(transformation)2. 接合接合(conjugation)接合接合：是細菌通過性菌是細菌通過性菌毛相互連接溝通，將遺毛相互連接溝通，將遺傳物質(zhì)（主要是質(zhì)粒傳物質(zhì)（主要是質(zhì)粒dna）從供體菌轉(zhuǎn)移給）從供體菌轉(zhuǎn)移給受體菌。能通過結(jié)合方受體菌。能通過結(jié)合方式轉(zhuǎn)移的質(zhì)粒稱為接合式轉(zhuǎn)移的質(zhì)粒稱為接合性質(zhì)粒，不能通過性菌性質(zhì)粒，不能通過

4、性菌毛在細菌間轉(zhuǎn)移的質(zhì)粒毛在細菌間轉(zhuǎn)移的質(zhì)粒為非接合性質(zhì)粒。為非接合性質(zhì)粒。普遍性轉(zhuǎn)導普遍性轉(zhuǎn)導( generalized transduction)細菌在內(nèi)切細菌在內(nèi)切酶作用下酶作用下4. 溶原性轉(zhuǎn)換溶原性轉(zhuǎn)換(lysogenic conversion)當噬菌體感染細菌當噬菌體感染細菌時，宿主菌染色體時，宿主菌染色體中獲得了噬菌體的中獲得了噬菌體的dna片段，使其成片段，使其成為溶原狀態(tài)時，而為溶原狀態(tài)時，而使細菌獲得新的性使細菌獲得新的性狀。狀。s型菌落型菌落r型菌落型菌落高高低低高高低低半透膜半透膜（低部）（低部）高滲高滲高滲高滲細胞膜細胞膜高滲高滲h2oh2oh2oh2o高滲高滲 h2

5、oh2oh2oh2oh h2 2o oh h2 2o o細胞壁細胞壁細胞膜細胞膜過濾除菌過濾除菌濾膜濾膜(1) 細菌細菌l型的形態(tài)和染色性型的形態(tài)和染色性蠟樣芽胞桿菌蠟樣芽胞桿菌l型的鏡下形態(tài)（多形性）型的鏡下形態(tài)（多形性）progression of smallpoxday 7day 3day 5天花病毒 pox virus1.非細胞型微生物非細胞型微生物2.原核細胞型微生物原核細胞型微生物3.真核細胞型微生物真核細胞型微生物病毒、（亞病毒）病毒、（亞病毒）真菌真菌病原微生物病原微生物 侵入人體（感染）侵入人體（感染）人體寄生蟲人體寄生蟲免免疫疫醫(yī)學免疫學醫(yī)學免疫學醫(yī)學微生物學醫(yī)學微生物學人

6、體寄生蟲學人體寄生蟲學plastic kitchen cutting board surface - rod bacteria in a smooth matrix; filamentous bacteria ( 絲狀菌 ) -smooth oval cells; fungal hyphae ( 真菌菌絲 ) with textured spores ( 結(jié)構(gòu)孢子 ) (x 2,270)rod-shaped bacterium, e. coli (sem x22,245) e. coli (0157:h7) - a rod prokaryote. hemorrhagic type 細菌（bac

7、teria）痢疾桿菌 shigella sonnei - rod prokaryote; causes shigellosis (bacterial dysentery) (x 22,400) 霍亂弧菌 vibrio cholerae - vibrio-shaped prokaryote that causes cholera (x 15,575) 傷寒桿菌 salmonella - rod prokaryote ; note the flagella. causes salmonellosis (food poisoning). (x 20,800) 化膿性鏈球菌streptococcus

8、pyogenes - coccoid prokaryote; causes pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media (middle ear infection), food poisoning, puerperal fever (childbed fever), skin and wound infections (scarlet fever, erysipelas, impetigo) . group a strep. sem x56,000 糞鏈球菌 streptococcus faecalis - coccoid prokaryote; a pathog

9、en causing skin and wound infections 螺旋桿菌 spirochete bacteria奈氏球菌 neisseria gonorrhoeae - coccoid prokaryote ; causes gonorrhea (sem x 40,000) 腦膜炎球菌 neisseria meningitidis - coccoid prokaryote ; causes meningitis and waterhouse-friderichson syndrome (a fulminating meningococcal infection occurring m

10、ainly in children under ten years old) 結(jié)核桿菌 mycobacterium tuberculosis. rod-shaped bacterium (sem x40,000)白喉桿菌 corynebacterium diphtheriae. rod,clubed-shaped bacterium (causes diphtheria) robert kochs original micrographs of anthrax bacillus （炭疽桿菌） 狂犬病病毒 rabies virus心臟病毒 cardiovirus: molecular surfa

11、ce of mengovirus, radially depth cued, as solved by x-ray crystallography 口蹄疫病毒 aphthovirus: molecular surface of foot and mouth disease virus, radially depth cued, as solved by x-ray crystallography病毒 （viruses）流感病毒 influenza virus乳頭瘤病毒 papilloma viruses are also found associated with human penile,

12、uterine and cervical carcinomas and are very likely to be their cause; moreover, genital warts can convert to carcinomas.dna腫瘤病毒 dna tumor viruses 腺病毒 adenovirus these viruses are highly oncogenic in animals and only a portion of the virus is integrated into the host genome.天花病毒 pox virus sv40 virus

13、, a polyoma virus mammalian reovirus virion脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病毒 polio virus人t-淋巴細胞病毒，攻擊一個t- 淋巴細胞human t-lymphocyte virus attacking a t-lymphocyte (tem x26,400) htlv-1 (human t-cell lymphotropic virus) : causes adult t-cell leukemia (sezary t-cell leukemia) which is found in some japanese islands, the caribbean,

14、latin america and africa. htlv-1 is sexually transmitted 真菌 fungi are eukaryotic organisms 念珠菌sputum smear from patient with pulmonary candidiasis. gram stain. 煙曲霉菌的瓶狀分生孢子conidia: phialoconidia of aspergillus fumigatus gram-stain of vaginal smear showing candida albicans （白色念珠菌） epithelial cells and many gram-negative rods. (1,000x oil) plasmodium falciparum: blood stage parasites