年產(chǎn)5萬噸氯化法鈦白粉工程項(xiàng)目建議書

1、and solve this problem. he knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found. he became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. the first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. a cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it foun

2、d its victims. the second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. from the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died. john snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. so when another outb

3、reak hit london in 1845, he was ready to begin his enquiry. as the disease spread quickly through poor neighborhoods, he began to gather information. in two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. he was determined to find out why.  fir

4、st he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. this gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. many of the deaths were near the water pump in broad street (especially numbers 16,37, 38 and 40) . he also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 broad stre

5、et and 8 and 9 cambridge street) had had no deaths. he had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. he discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 cambridge street. they had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. it seemed that the water was to blame.

6、 next, john snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. he found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from london. he immediately told the astonished people in broad street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. soon afterwards th

7、e disease slowed down. he had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas. in another part of london, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the broad street outbreak. a woman, who had moved away from broad street, liked the water from the pu

8、mp so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. with this extra evidence john snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus. to prevent this from happening again, john snow suggeste

9、d that the source of all the water supplies be examined. the water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. finally “king cholera” was defeated.   copernicus revolutionary theory nicolaus copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. although h

10、e had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful c

11、hristian church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. they believed god had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system. the problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, mov

12、e backward and then go forward in the loop. others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. this was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it. copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. he

13、 had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. but only his new theory could do that. so between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete. in 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. the cha

14、nges he made to the old theory were revolutionary. he placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. he also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement

15、of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. his friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but copernicus was cautious. he did not want to be attacked by the christian church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543. certainly he was right to be careful. t

16、he christian church rejected his theory, saying it was against gods idea and people who supported it would be attacked. yet copernicus theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. his theory replaced the christian idea of gravity, which said things tell to earth because

17、god created the earth as the centre of the universe. copernicus showed this was obviously wrong. now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of isaac newton, albert einstein and stephen hawking.  unit 2  puzzles in geography people many wonder w

18、hy different words are used to describe these four countries: england, wales, scotland and northern ireland. you can clarify this question if you study british history. first there was england. wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. now when people refer to england you find wales inc

19、luded as well. next england and wales were joined to scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to “great britain”. happily this was accomplished without conflict when king james of scotland became king of england and wales as well. finally the english government tried in the early

20、 twentieth century to form the united kingdom by getting ireland connected in the same peaceful way. however, the southern part of ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. so only northern ireland joined with england, wales and scotland to become the united kingdom and this w

21、as shown to the world in a new flag called the union jack. to their credit the four countries do work together in some areas(eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions. for example, northern ireland, england and scotland have different educati

22、onal and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the world cup! england is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones. the zone nearest france is called the south of england, the middle zone is called the midland

23、s and the one nearest to scotland is known as the north. you find most of the population settled in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the midlands and the north of england. although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in china, they have world-famous football teams and

24、some of them even have two! it is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors. for historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the romans. there you will find out more about british history and culture. the greatest hi

25、storical treasure of all is london with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings. it is the centre of national government and its administration. it has the oldest port built by the romans in the first century ad, the oldest building begun by the anglo-saxons in the 106os and the

26、oldest castle constructed by later norman rulers in 1066. there have been four sets of invaders of england. the first invaders, the romans, left their towns and roads. the second, the anglo-saxon, left their language and their government. the third, the vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-n

27、ames年產(chǎn)5萬噸氯化法鈦白粉工程項(xiàng)目建議書二六年十二月第一章 總 論1.1項(xiàng)目名稱、建設(shè)單位、企業(yè)法人及項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人1.1.1項(xiàng)目名稱：年產(chǎn)5萬噸氯化法鈦白粉工程1.1.2建設(shè)單位：*總公司1.1.3企業(yè)法人：*1.1.4項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人：*1.2企業(yè)概況*總公司公司采用國(guó)內(nèi)外先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，建成了年產(chǎn)1.5萬噸硫酸法鈦白粉裝置，成為國(guó)內(nèi)目前最大的鈦白生產(chǎn)裝置之一。該裝置生產(chǎn)的銳鈦型 ba0101 鈦白粉，是一種優(yōu)質(zhì)白色原料，化學(xué)性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定，粒子細(xì)小均勻，光學(xué)性能佳，著色力高，廣泛應(yīng)用于涂料、橡膠、造紙、塑料、油墨等行業(yè)，產(chǎn)品暢銷全國(guó) 20 多個(gè)省市。1.3項(xiàng)目提出的背景、投資必要性和意義鈦白粉化學(xué)名

28、稱為二氧化鈦，它具有較高的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性、耐熱性、耐候性，良好的白度、著色力和遮蓋力，是最重要的無機(jī)顏料和化工原料。顏料級(jí)鈦白粉主要應(yīng)用于涂料、造紙、塑料、橡膠、印刷油墨、化學(xué)纖維等行業(yè)，非顏料級(jí)鈦白粉主要應(yīng)用于搪瓷、電容器、電焊條等。 顏料級(jí)鈦白粉分銳鈦型和金紅石型兩類，金紅石型產(chǎn)品在性能上優(yōu)于銳鈦型，因而得到更為廣泛的應(yīng)用。由于鈦白粉的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域不斷擴(kuò)展，對(duì)產(chǎn)品性能不斷提出新的要求，眾多的品種應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。據(jù)前幾年不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，全球市場(chǎng)上先后出現(xiàn)的鈦白粉牌號(hào)多達(dá)600個(gè)，其中用于涂料的為375個(gè)，占總數(shù)的62.5。在375個(gè)涂料用牌號(hào)中，金紅石占77，銳鈦型占23。但在國(guó)外涂料工業(yè)實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，銳鈦型鈦

29、白粉數(shù)量很少，不足，而經(jīng)過表面處理的金紅石型鈦白粉占99。 鈦白粉工業(yè)生產(chǎn)方法有硫酸法和氯化法。硫酸法可生產(chǎn)銳鈦型和金紅石型兩種產(chǎn)品，氯化法只能生產(chǎn)高檔的金紅石型產(chǎn)品。與國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平相比，我國(guó)鈦白粉工業(yè)存在生產(chǎn)技術(shù)落后、生產(chǎn)規(guī)模小、原料品位低和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)定等差距。在生產(chǎn)技術(shù)上，國(guó)外以氯化法為主，而我國(guó)基本上都是硫酸法生產(chǎn)。即使是硫酸法，我國(guó)大部分廠家在工藝技術(shù)、生產(chǎn)裝備、自控監(jiān)測(cè)、 “三廢”治理等方面與國(guó)外也有很大差距。在生產(chǎn)規(guī)模上，國(guó)外鈦白粉裝置平均規(guī)模為年產(chǎn)6萬噸，其中氯化法最大為30.5萬噸，硫酸法為13.1萬噸。而我國(guó)鈦白粉生產(chǎn)裝置平均規(guī)模僅為4000噸，最大的也僅為1.5萬噸。生產(chǎn)

30、規(guī)模小，造成了能耗高和生產(chǎn)成本高，也導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)定。在原料方面，國(guó)外硫酸法大都采用高品位酸溶性鈦渣，而國(guó)內(nèi)基本上直接使用鈦鐵礦。資源的品位低也影響了鈦白粉產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。在產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上，國(guó)外以光學(xué)性能好和遮蓋力、消色力、耐候性優(yōu)異的金紅石型鈦白粉為主，其中又以經(jīng)過表面處理的金紅石型鈦白粉居多，并有各種專用鈦白粉產(chǎn)品。國(guó)內(nèi)硫酸法鈦白粉以銳鈦型產(chǎn)品為主，大部分未經(jīng)過表面處理，專用產(chǎn)品極少。國(guó)產(chǎn)鈦白粉白度差、消色力低、研磨分散性差，難以滿足涂料、油墨、塑料、橡膠等行業(yè)的要求，大多只適用于造紙、化纖、搪瓷等生產(chǎn)。我國(guó)鈦資源十分豐富，但鈦白工業(yè)卻相對(duì)落后。目前全國(guó)鈦白粉人均消費(fèi)量不足0.3千克，僅相當(dāng)于北美

31、地區(qū)的二十分之一，西歐的十分之一。隨著國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，人民生活水平的不斷提高，尤其是人們環(huán)保意識(shí)的覺醒和對(duì)提高生活檔次的追求，鈦白粉的消費(fèi)量將快速遞增，國(guó)內(nèi)鈦白粉行業(yè)在產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量檔次方面距市場(chǎng)差距十分突出。2000年全國(guó)鈦白總產(chǎn)量約29萬噸，其中金紅石型產(chǎn)品僅5萬噸左右，2001年全國(guó)鈦白總產(chǎn)量達(dá)33萬噸，其中金紅石型產(chǎn)品僅5.7萬噸。為滿足國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)對(duì)高檔金紅石型鈦白的需求，2000年進(jìn)口了14.6萬噸，2001年進(jìn)口15.5萬噸，花費(fèi)了大量外匯。以2000年為例，鈦白粉57%用于涂料，22%用于塑料，12%用于造紙，其它行業(yè)占9%。塑料行業(yè)已取代造紙行業(yè)，成為鈦白粉第二大用戶，并且是未來增長(zhǎng)最

32、快，最有活力的行業(yè)。市場(chǎng)對(duì)鈦白粉的需求結(jié)構(gòu)，因此而產(chǎn)生重大影響。這些行業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)主要集中在華東和華北地區(qū)，因此我國(guó)鈦白粉消費(fèi)的主體市場(chǎng)為華東和華北地區(qū)。我公司地處魯北，位于華東和華北地區(qū)腹地，地理位置優(yōu)越，市場(chǎng)前景廣闊。我國(guó)唯一的氯化法鈦白粉生產(chǎn)線（即攀鋼集團(tuán)錦州鈦業(yè)有限公司年產(chǎn)1.5萬噸cr501金紅石型氯化法鈦白粉）已達(dá)產(chǎn)至設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)能力，并通過國(guó)家投產(chǎn)鑒定，宣告了我國(guó)已經(jīng)全部掌握了氯化法生產(chǎn)鈦白粉的復(fù)雜工藝。因此，我公司開發(fā)建設(shè)年產(chǎn)5萬噸氯化法鈦白粉工程可依托國(guó)內(nèi)技術(shù)。綜上所述，*總公司依托自身的資源、技術(shù)、人才、市場(chǎng)等優(yōu)勢(shì)，建設(shè)年產(chǎn)5萬噸氯化法鈦白粉裝置，對(duì)提高我國(guó)鈦白粉行業(yè)規(guī)模、技術(shù)裝備

33、水平，擴(kuò)大高檔金紅石型鈦白生產(chǎn)能力，緩解國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)高檔鈦白供應(yīng)的緊張狀況、替代進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品、節(jié)省國(guó)家外匯，將具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。第二章 市場(chǎng)分析2.1國(guó)際市場(chǎng)分析二氧化鈦消費(fèi)需求量與全球經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展息息相關(guān)。50年代的二戰(zhàn)后重建，使鈦白粉的需求量劇增，每年以約7%的速度增長(zhǎng)，50年代末消費(fèi)量達(dá)90多萬噸。60年代發(fā)展較平緩，以約6%的速度增長(zhǎng)。進(jìn)入70年代，受兩次石油危機(jī)的影響，其需求量大大下降，到70年代末，還不到200萬噸。80年代，二氧化鈦工業(yè)第一個(gè)發(fā)展期到來。1982-1989年，由于幾家大二氧化鈦生產(chǎn)廠的關(guān)閉及全球需求量的急劇增長(zhǎng)（最高年增長(zhǎng)率為8%），到1989年需求量達(dá)300多萬噸。鈦白粉

34、市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)供不應(yīng)求的局面，每噸價(jià)格高漲到2900美元。1990年市場(chǎng)需求量突然下降5%，跌到290萬噸。1991年、1992年繼續(xù)走低，1993年才有所上升。與此同時(shí)，有6家二氧化鈦廠（總產(chǎn)能約35萬噸）陸續(xù)投產(chǎn)，產(chǎn)量的增長(zhǎng)進(jìn)一步加劇了供大于求的趨勢(shì)。1994年，需求量回升到340萬噸。1995-1996年消費(fèi)需求量仍保持在這一水平，但價(jià)格下跌嚴(yán)重，最低時(shí)只有1500美元/噸。從1997年初開始，全球二氧化鈦工業(yè)緩慢復(fù)蘇，市場(chǎng)需求量恢復(fù)到360多萬噸，進(jìn)入第二個(gè)發(fā)展期。1998-1999年末上升勢(shì)頭很明顯。每噸價(jià)格也漲到2100美元。2000年更一躍到2300美元左右，且出現(xiàn)供不應(yīng)求局面。因全球

35、經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇和涂料、塑料、油墨等相關(guān)行業(yè)需求的激增，估計(jì)這一輪增長(zhǎng)還將持續(xù)一段時(shí)間。2.2國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)現(xiàn)狀隨著我國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，國(guó)家增加投資、實(shí)施擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需的政策，促使了以城鎮(zhèn)居民為對(duì)象的房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)升溫，推動(dòng)了涂料工業(yè)的發(fā)展，加上塑料、造紙等行業(yè)用量增加，2002年國(guó)內(nèi)總消耗量50萬噸，其中進(jìn)口高檔鈦白粉16萬噸，出口銳鈦型鈦白粉6萬噸，國(guó)內(nèi)實(shí)際產(chǎn)量40萬噸。我國(guó)鈦白粉生產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)情況如下：(1) 國(guó)內(nèi)鈦白粉產(chǎn)量與需求量實(shí)現(xiàn)迅速增長(zhǎng)（見表2-1）表2-1 鈦白粉的國(guó)內(nèi)表觀消費(fèi)量與產(chǎn)量變化情況年 份1985年1990年1994年2000年2002年產(chǎn)量（萬噸）3.226.377.8128.9240.0

36、0表觀消費(fèi)量（萬噸）5.016.7811.2737.5650.00(2) 產(chǎn)能極度分散，規(guī)模極不經(jīng)濟(jì)雖然國(guó)內(nèi)年產(chǎn)鈦白粉量達(dá)40萬噸，但由56家企業(yè)生產(chǎn)，最大產(chǎn)能不超過2.5萬噸（最大產(chǎn)量不超過1.8萬噸），最小的近1000余噸，即沒有達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模的企業(yè)，也沒有達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)線。(3)鈦白粉檔次低，品種結(jié)構(gòu)不合理與進(jìn)口的同類鈦白粉相比，國(guó)產(chǎn)鈦白粉的質(zhì)量均屬于中檔水平，國(guó)產(chǎn)鈦白粉中又以銳鈦型鈦白粉產(chǎn)量占絕對(duì)主導(dǎo)，而國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)量大、盈利能力強(qiáng)的卻是金紅石產(chǎn)品。表2-2 國(guó)產(chǎn)鈦白粉品種結(jié)構(gòu)情況表項(xiàng) 目金紅石涂料級(jí)銳鈦型搪瓷級(jí)銳鈦型合 計(jì)30個(gè)主要鈦白企業(yè)產(chǎn)量(萬噸)7.519.03.029.5其余2

37、6個(gè)鈦白企業(yè)產(chǎn)量(萬噸)0.09.02.011.0合計(jì)（萬噸）7.528.05.040.5各品種所占比例（%）17.570.012.5注：以2002年上半年生產(chǎn)數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)分析。(4) 國(guó)內(nèi)鈦白粉行業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)構(gòu)國(guó)產(chǎn)鈦白粉因質(zhì)量原因難以進(jìn)入國(guó)內(nèi)高檔次鈦白粉市場(chǎng)，高檔市場(chǎng)基本被世界前七位生產(chǎn)商壟斷。國(guó)內(nèi)中檔市場(chǎng)由國(guó)內(nèi)部分鈦白粉企業(yè)與國(guó)外中型鈦白粉企業(yè)展開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，以國(guó)內(nèi)為主；國(guó)內(nèi)低檔市場(chǎng)由國(guó)內(nèi)鈦白企業(yè)供應(yīng)。表2-3 國(guó)內(nèi)鈦白粉市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)構(gòu)表鈦白粉種類檔次主要供應(yīng)商金紅石鈦白粉高檔杜邦公司、美禮聯(lián)公司、科美基公司、克朗諾斯公司、日本石原、亨茲曼、凱米拉公司中檔攀鋼、錦州、渝鈦白、四零四等國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)與國(guó)外部分鈦

38、白企業(yè)銳鈦型鈦白粉高檔日本石原、薩奇賓中檔國(guó)外中型鈦白粉企業(yè)與國(guó)內(nèi)攀鋼鈦業(yè)、濟(jì)南裕興、鎮(zhèn)鈦等企業(yè)(4) 進(jìn)出口情況進(jìn)口絕對(duì)量保持快速增長(zhǎng)，進(jìn)口總量占國(guó)內(nèi)表觀消費(fèi)的35%以上；出口以低擋鈦白粉為主，出口絕對(duì)量增長(zhǎng)緩慢并占國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)量的比例呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì)。表2-4 國(guó)內(nèi)進(jìn)出口鈦白粉情況項(xiàng) 目1990年1994年2000年2002年進(jìn)口情況分析進(jìn)口鈦白粉量（萬噸）2.355.4114.1916.00占國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)量的比例（%）46.9136.6737.7736.22出口情況分析出口鈦白粉量（萬噸）1.41.95.66.0占國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)量的比例（%）21.924.419.415.0出口鈦白粉的品種結(jié)構(gòu)（以2002年上

39、半年數(shù)據(jù)為依據(jù)分析）國(guó)產(chǎn)金紅石涂料級(jí)銳鈦型搪瓷級(jí)銳鈦型合計(jì)出口鈦白粉數(shù)量（噸）20.5415158361120823比例（%）10.072.717.3100.0第三章 建設(shè)規(guī)模及內(nèi)容3.1 建設(shè)規(guī)模年產(chǎn)5萬噸氯化法鈦白粉工程3.2 建設(shè)內(nèi)容本項(xiàng)目建設(shè)內(nèi)容主要包括四氯化鈦的制備及精制（氯化）、四氯化鈦的氧化（氧化）、二氧化鈦的表面處理（后處理）三大工段。(1)四氯化鈦的制備及精制工段包括：原料粉磨、氯化、分離、冷凝、除釩、蒸餾、蒸發(fā)、尾氣的分離與凈化等主要工序。(2)四氯化鈦的氧化工段包括：預(yù)熱、氧化、驟冷、分離、氯氣回收等主要工序。(3)二氧化鈦的表面處理工段包括：打漿、研磨、化學(xué)品制備、表面

40、處理、過濾洗滌、噴霧干燥、微粉碎及成品包裝等主要工序。3.3產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)為通用型金紅石型顏料級(jí)二氧化鈦，質(zhì)量指標(biāo)可按中國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)gb1706-93或國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)iso591-1995生產(chǎn)，并可達(dá)到杜邦r902的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，具體可按用戶要求生產(chǎn)。中國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)gb1706-93、國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)iso591-1995、杜邦r902的金紅石型鈦白粉技術(shù)指標(biāo)分列如下： 表3-1 金紅石鈦白粉中國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)gb/t1706-93、國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)iso591-1977、杜邦r-902的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)照表標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)gb/t1706-93iso591-1977r-902ba01-03b類優(yōu)等品一等品合格品r1r2r3tio

41、2含量/% 98929097908091顏色（與標(biāo)樣比）近似不低于微差接近商定樣品98.5消色力（與標(biāo)樣比）/%10010090與商定樣品相同105揮發(fā)分/% 1.01.01.00.5商定經(jīng)23±2及相對(duì)濕度(50±5)預(yù)處理24h后105揮發(fā)物/% 1.51.51.00.51.52.5水溶物/% 0.30.30.50.60.50.7水懸浮液 ph值6.56.66.6與商定樣品相同8.7吸油量/（g/100g）8.08.08.5與商定樣品相同17.0篩余物（45µm篩余）/%2023260.100.10水萃取液電導(dǎo)率1005050與商定樣品相同al2o3典型含量/

42、%sio2典型含量/%相對(duì)密度4.0中位數(shù)粒徑/µm0.32最低電阻/k4.0炭黑底色11.5有機(jī)處理劑（以碳計(jì)）根據(jù)用戶需要第四章 工藝技術(shù)方案4.1 工藝技術(shù)方案的選擇目前，世界上二氧化鈦的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)方法主要有硫酸法和氯化法兩種。硫酸法是以鈦鐵礦為原料，通過硫酸使鈦鐵礦分解，鈦鐵礦中的tio2分解成tioso4，過濾除去鈦液中的不溶礦物質(zhì)，然后通過真空結(jié)晶除去鈦液中的七水硫酸亞鐵。鈦液經(jīng)水解變成tio2·h2o，洗滌除去其它礦物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的鹽類，經(jīng)煅燒除去水分并使其晶型轉(zhuǎn)化制得。該法對(duì)原料品位要求不高，礦源豐富，價(jià)廉易得，但工藝流程長(zhǎng)，“三廢”排放較多。氯化法對(duì)于硫酸法而言是

43、一個(gè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步，是以金紅石或高鈦渣為原料，經(jīng)氯化生產(chǎn)四氯化鈦，然后在高溫下氧化而制得。該方法生產(chǎn)流程短、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量好、可實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的連續(xù)化和自動(dòng)化、氯氣可循環(huán)利用、“三廢”排放少，但對(duì)原料的品位要求高、技術(shù)復(fù)雜、對(duì)設(shè)備材質(zhì)的要求高。國(guó)內(nèi)目前幾乎全都是采用硫酸法生產(chǎn)，氯化法工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)僅有攀鋼集團(tuán)錦州鈦業(yè)有限公司一家；國(guó)際上氯化法生產(chǎn)工藝已占主導(dǎo)地位，占世界總產(chǎn)能的58%；硫酸法生產(chǎn)工藝僅占世界總產(chǎn)能的42%，并有減少趨勢(shì)。綜上所述，本項(xiàng)目擬采用先進(jìn)的氯化法生產(chǎn)工藝生產(chǎn)高檔金紅石型鈦白粉。4.2 工藝流程簡(jiǎn)述*總公司年產(chǎn)5萬噸氯化法鈦白粉工程的流程示意圖見圖4-1，流程大致分三部分：氯化工段、氧化工段和

44、后處理工段。4.2.1氯化工段主要設(shè)備是沸騰氯化爐，通常用鋼制成，襯有耐火材料并罩有外部水冷套。金紅石礦或高鈦渣等富鈦料經(jīng)粉磨后，與一定比例的石油焦從沸騰層上方加入沸騰爐，從氧化工序返回的循環(huán)氯氣從爐底加入，氯化反應(yīng)在925-1010溫度下連續(xù)進(jìn)行，tio2及鐵、硅、礬、鈣、鎂及其他金屬的氧化物被轉(zhuǎn)化成相應(yīng)的氯化物，隨氣體離開氯化爐。反應(yīng)氣體先經(jīng)旋風(fēng)分離器將沒反應(yīng)的固體粉塵和不揮發(fā)的氯化物從反應(yīng)氣體中分離出來，隨后進(jìn)行逐級(jí)冷卻冷凝，先分離出亞鐵的氯化物，再分離中沸點(diǎn)的氯化物三氯化鐵，然后用冷四氯化鈦噴淋等辦法冷凝收集低沸點(diǎn)的氯化物四氯化鈦（內(nèi)含四氯化硅和三氯氧礬等），經(jīng)過濾除泥漿，得到粗制四氯

45、化鈦。粗四氯化鈦經(jīng)除礬（一般用礦物油），再經(jīng)蒸餾除去四氯化硅等低沸點(diǎn)雜質(zhì)，得到相對(duì)高純度的精制四氯化鈦。高溫下的氯氣和四氯化鈦極具腐蝕性，所以氯化爐即便是采用優(yōu)質(zhì)耐火材料，其使用壽命也是相對(duì)有限的。氯化最初反應(yīng)的熱量來自于電加熱，采用碳電阻塊，但一旦開始后，氯化反應(yīng)將放出足夠的熱量，無需進(jìn)一步外部加熱。事實(shí)上，為了控制氯化溫度，加入氯化爐的石油焦和鈦原料的量必須精確。如果氯化爐的溫度太低，原料中的tio2轉(zhuǎn)化成ticl4將不充分，而且未反應(yīng)的氯氣將通過氯化爐排出。如果溫度太高，氯化爐的材料將融化，氯化爐將被“堵塞”。石油焦中碳的主要目的是將鈦原料脫氧，使所含金屬氯化。只有在存在還原劑的條件下，

46、才能氯化tio2。4.2.2氧化工段核心設(shè)備是氧化反應(yīng)器。經(jīng)蒸發(fā)預(yù)熱的精制四氯化鈦、經(jīng)預(yù)熱的氧氣以及反應(yīng)所必需的成核劑、晶型轉(zhuǎn)化促進(jìn)劑等反應(yīng)物以各種方式加入氧化反應(yīng)器。氧化反應(yīng)引發(fā)溫度在800以上，主反應(yīng)一般在1300-1800進(jìn)行。從反應(yīng)器出來的氣流（夾帶著反應(yīng)生成的二氧化鈦顆粒）用低溫的循環(huán)氯氣驟冷到700以下，再經(jīng)沿程管路冷卻到200，逐級(jí)用旋風(fēng)分離器和布袋收集器將二氧化鈦從氯氣中分離出來，二氧化鈦經(jīng)脫氯處理后送后處理工序。在將ticl4氧化成適于鈦白應(yīng)用的tio2產(chǎn)品時(shí)，對(duì)其粒度控制非常嚴(yán)密，這是新建廠需解決技術(shù)訣竅。在反應(yīng)溫度下，氯氣和四氯化鈦都有極強(qiáng)的腐蝕性。所以氯化器常用不銹鋼制

47、成并襯有耐火材料。氧化反應(yīng)必須在氣相中進(jìn)行，而且最好是溫度剛剛超過600。因此，防止ticl4冷凝到反應(yīng)器壁上至關(guān)重要。通常用較大的反應(yīng)空間并在ticl4入口周圍連續(xù)不斷地導(dǎo)入惰性氮?dú)饬?，可以達(dá)到此目的。為增加tio2的收率，需在能形成tio2粒子的地方周圍加固體晶核。為此，有時(shí)將氯化鋁（alcl3）加到ticl4的進(jìn)料裝置中。氯化鋁氧化成氧化鋁（al2o3）,以細(xì)粒形式固化，提供了所需的晶核劑。輸入的空氣/氧氣氣流中所帶的少量蒸汽在快速冷卻階段形成水滴，這也可起到晶核的作用促進(jìn)tio2粒子的形成。除塵器上捕集的tio2含有大量的吸附氯，通過加熱或更通常的蒸汽處理除去，洗掉的氯被轉(zhuǎn)化成了鹽酸。

48、最后，用含硼酸0.1%的蒸汽進(jìn)一步處理，消除微量的氯和吸附在tio2粒子上的鹽酸。4.2.3后處理工段后處理工段由打漿、研磨、化學(xué)品制備、表面處理、過濾洗滌、噴霧干燥、微粉碎及成品包裝等主要工序組成：氧化工序來的tio2粉料進(jìn)入打漿槽，分散劑、脫鹽水計(jì)量后分別加入打漿槽；打漿合格的漿液送研磨工序。打漿工序來的漿料進(jìn)砂磨機(jī)進(jìn)料槽再分散后，經(jīng)砂磨機(jī)進(jìn)料泵打入砂磨機(jī)，研磨成粒徑小于1m的漿料，磨后漿料送入磨后貯槽，經(jīng)料漿分級(jí)泵送至分級(jí)器分級(jí)，粗料返回砂磨機(jī)，細(xì)料自流至表面處理罐。研磨工序來的漿料經(jīng)計(jì)量后進(jìn)入表面處理罐，再計(jì)量加入化學(xué)品制備工序來的各種表面處理劑，反應(yīng)完成后送往過濾工序。表面處理工序來

49、的漿料用泵送入吸片槽，葉濾機(jī)在吸片槽內(nèi)真空吸濾，完成上片后，橋吊吊起葉濾機(jī),放入充滿脫鹽水的水洗槽中進(jìn)行漿料洗滌。洗滌合格后橋吊吊起葉濾機(jī)在卸料槽中卸下漿料。卸料槽卸下的漿料進(jìn)入均質(zhì)器打漿均勻后，經(jīng)隔膜泵送入噴霧干燥器，在干燥器內(nèi)離心霧化后，由熱風(fēng)爐送入的熱風(fēng)干燥漿料，出干燥器的尾氣在袋濾器內(nèi)分離下粉料，熱風(fēng)經(jīng)排風(fēng)機(jī)排入大氣，干燥后的tio2粉料由輸送裝置送往微粉碎工序。噴霧干燥工序來的粉料經(jīng)氣流輸送系統(tǒng)送入汽粉前料倉，料倉下設(shè)置螺旋輸送機(jī)輸送粉料進(jìn)入汽流粉碎機(jī)，在汽流粉碎機(jī)入口處用移動(dòng)泵向粉料中加入粉碎助劑，在汽流粉碎機(jī)內(nèi)用中壓過熱蒸汽作為工質(zhì)，粉碎粉料至平均粒徑約0.3m，出汽流粉碎機(jī)物流

50、進(jìn)蒸汽旋風(fēng)分離粉料，出蒸汽旋風(fēng)尾氣流進(jìn)高溫袋濾器再分離出夾帶的tio2粉料，出高溫袋濾器氣流經(jīng)噴水激冷后進(jìn)入洗滌器，洗滌后的冷凝水去洗滌水槽用于水洗；出洗滌器的不凝性氣體經(jīng)汽液分離器，由排風(fēng)機(jī)排入大氣。由蒸汽旋風(fēng)收集的粉料由空氣風(fēng)機(jī)鼓入空氣流態(tài)化，粉料被空氣冷卻，物流進(jìn)入冷卻旋風(fēng)分離出粉料，出冷卻旋風(fēng)氣流進(jìn)袋濾器再分離夾帶粉料，出袋濾器氣流由排風(fēng)機(jī)排入大氣。由冷卻旋風(fēng)、袋濾器收集的粉料進(jìn)入成品包裝工序。微粉碎工序來的tio2成品進(jìn)入螺旋輸送機(jī)，送入成品料倉；可根據(jù)需要供25kg/袋包裝機(jī)使用，或供1000kg/袋包裝機(jī)使用。出包裝機(jī)包裝好的成品經(jīng)疊縮機(jī)、整型機(jī)后送往成品中轉(zhuǎn)料倉。圖4-1 氯化

51、法鈦白粉工藝流程方框示意圖金紅石 粉 碎 氯 化 石油焦 分 離 固體氯化物殘?jiān)?冷 凝 氯化尾氣（co、co2） 粗ticl4 化學(xué)處理劑 除 礬 分 離 （cu、h2s或油） 雜質(zhì) 蒸 餾 凈 化 精ticl4 co al 蒸 發(fā)alcl3 發(fā)生爐 ticl4氣體 h2o alcl3氣體 預(yù) 熱 預(yù) 熱 o2 氧 化 驟 冷 真空 混合站 分 離 洗 滌 離子交換水 補(bǔ)充cl2 氧化尾氣（cl2） 粗制tio2 噴霧干燥 天然氣 tmp、npg 離子交換水 分散打漿 單異丙醇胺 氣流粉碎 高壓蒸汽 砂磨分級(jí) 粗粒子 成品包裝 al、si鹽溶液 表面處理 成品金紅石鈦白粉 真空 過 濾 廢水4.3 物料平衡4.3.1 化學(xué)反應(yīng)如工藝流程圖4-1所示，其主要化學(xué)反應(yīng)如下：（1）氯化反應(yīng)金紅石氯化：tio2+2c+2cl22co+ ticl4鈦鐵礦氯化：2feti