外文翻譯供應(yīng)鏈管理下的庫存控制可編輯

1、外文翻譯-供應(yīng)鏈管理下的庫存控制 附錄一 中文譯文供應(yīng)鏈管理下的庫存控制 供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)菄@核心企業(yè),通過對(duì)信息流、物流、資金流的控制,從采購原材料開始,制成中間產(chǎn)品以及最終產(chǎn)品,最后由銷售網(wǎng)絡(luò)把產(chǎn)品送到消費(fèi)者手中的將供應(yīng)商、制造商、分銷商、零售商、直到最終用戶連成一個(gè)整體的功能網(wǎng)鏈結(jié)構(gòu)模式。它是一個(gè)范圍更廣的企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)模式,它包含所有加盟的節(jié)點(diǎn)企業(yè)。這條鏈上的節(jié)點(diǎn)企業(yè)必須達(dá)到同步,協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)行,才有可能使鏈上的所有企業(yè)都能受益。這也就是供應(yīng)鏈管理理論的核心所在。庫存控制是影響供應(yīng)鏈管理成敗的重要因素之一。它直接關(guān)系著供應(yīng)鏈成本的高低和服務(wù)質(zhì)量的好壞。在供應(yīng)鏈管理環(huán)境下,庫存控制不再僅僅是某個(gè)單獨(dú)企業(yè)如何

2、降低庫存水平的問題,更需要企業(yè)有全局觀念,促使供應(yīng)鏈整體績效達(dá)到最優(yōu)。只有了解供應(yīng)鏈管理環(huán)境下庫存控制的特點(diǎn)及存在的問題才能有針對(duì)性地提出解決問題的策略和方法。一、供應(yīng)鏈環(huán)境下的庫存控制的特點(diǎn) 供應(yīng)鏈環(huán)境下的庫存控制不是簡單的需求預(yù)測和補(bǔ)給,而是通過庫存控制獲得用戶服務(wù)與利潤的優(yōu)化。供應(yīng)鏈環(huán)境下的庫存控制模式的最高境界是實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈的無縫連接,消除供應(yīng)鏈企業(yè)之間的高庫存現(xiàn)象。供應(yīng)鏈管理模式賦予庫存控制以下四個(gè)方面的新特點(diǎn):1.供應(yīng)鏈管理能夠暴露出企業(yè)庫存控制過程中的潛在問題和危機(jī),加強(qiáng)庫存控制程度2.供應(yīng)鏈管理可以有效地降低社會(huì)庫存量,減少庫存控制成本 供應(yīng)鏈的形成,要求對(duì)組成供應(yīng)鏈的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)作

3、出優(yōu)化,建立良好的協(xié)作關(guān)系,這種關(guān)系有利于促進(jìn)產(chǎn)品快速流通,降低社會(huì)庫存量,避免庫存浪費(fèi)和資金占用。3.供應(yīng)鏈管理有利于企業(yè)從“庫存實(shí)物控制”向“庫存信息控制”的轉(zhuǎn)變,實(shí)現(xiàn)信息化庫存控制的目標(biāo)4.供應(yīng)鏈管理確保了企業(yè)庫存控制的柔性和快速反應(yīng)能力 供應(yīng)鏈管理環(huán)境下,企業(yè)庫存得到了優(yōu)化,整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈中多余,呆滯的庫存降到了最低點(diǎn),面對(duì)市場需求的變化,企業(yè)可以迅速作出反應(yīng),調(diào)整產(chǎn)品或是改變策略,有效地規(guī)避了企業(yè)的經(jīng)營風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。二、供應(yīng)鏈管理環(huán)境下庫存控制存在的問題 雖然從宏觀理論上說,供應(yīng)鏈管理環(huán)境下的庫存控制較之傳統(tǒng)管理下的庫存控制有諸多優(yōu)勢,但整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈畢竟是由多個(gè)單一企業(yè)所構(gòu)成,在實(shí)際操作中,由于每

4、個(gè)企業(yè)對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈管理的理解存在差異,對(duì)自身企業(yè)獲利程度存在擔(dān)憂,甚至有些企業(yè)的獨(dú)立目標(biāo)與供應(yīng)鏈的總體目標(biāo)相悖等種種原因,導(dǎo)致在實(shí)際運(yùn)用供應(yīng)鏈管理環(huán)境下的庫存控制理論和方法時(shí),也不免會(huì)暴露出許多現(xiàn)實(shí)問題。目前在實(shí)踐中,主要存在幾個(gè)方面的問題:1.“鏈”上各企業(yè)仍然缺乏供應(yīng)鏈管理的整體觀念 雖然我們知道供應(yīng)鏈的整體績效取決于各個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈上的節(jié)點(diǎn)的績效,但是從客觀上說,各個(gè)部門又都是各自獨(dú)立的單元,都有各自獨(dú)立的使命和經(jīng)營目標(biāo)。有些目標(biāo)和供應(yīng)鏈的整體目標(biāo)是不相干的,更有可能是沖突的。各自為政的行為必然導(dǎo)致供應(yīng)鏈整體效率的低下。2.不準(zhǔn)確的交貨狀態(tài)數(shù)據(jù) 當(dāng)顧客下訂單時(shí),他們想確定什么時(shí)候能交貨。在等待交貨

5、的過程中,也可能會(huì)對(duì)訂單交貨狀態(tài)進(jìn)行修改,特別是當(dāng)交貨被延遲以后。許多企業(yè)并沒有及時(shí)而準(zhǔn)確地把推遲的訂單交貨的修改數(shù)據(jù)提供給用戶,其結(jié)果是用戶的不滿和良好愿望的損失。交貨狀態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)不及時(shí)、不準(zhǔn)確的主要原因是信息傳遞系統(tǒng)的問題。這種數(shù)據(jù)傳遞的不及時(shí),不準(zhǔn)確,會(huì)導(dǎo)致客戶滿意度的下降,也會(huì)造成供應(yīng)鏈中某些環(huán)節(jié)的企業(yè)為減少因這種狀況的投訴過多,而不得不增加庫存量。3.低效率的信息傳遞系統(tǒng) 在供應(yīng)鏈中,各個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈節(jié)點(diǎn)企業(yè)之間的需求預(yù)測,庫存狀態(tài),生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃都是供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要數(shù)據(jù),這些數(shù)據(jù)分布在不同的供應(yīng)鏈組織之間,要做到有效地快速響應(yīng)用戶需求,目前許多企業(yè)的信息系統(tǒng)并沒有很好地集成起來,當(dāng)供應(yīng)商需要了解用

6、戶的需求信息時(shí),常常得到的是延遲的信息和不準(zhǔn)確的信息。由于延遲引起誤差和影響庫存量的精確度,短期生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的實(shí)施也會(huì)遇到困難。4.缺乏合作與協(xié)調(diào)性 在供應(yīng)鏈管理下的庫存控制中,組織障礙是庫存增加的一個(gè)重要因素。供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)且粋€(gè)整體,需要協(xié)調(diào)各方活動(dòng),才能取得最佳的運(yùn)作效果。5.產(chǎn)品的過程設(shè)計(jì)沒有考慮供應(yīng)鏈上庫存的影響 現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)與先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的層出不窮,使產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)效率大幅度提高,而且具有較高的成本效益,但是供應(yīng)鏈庫存的復(fù)雜性常常被忽視了。結(jié)果所有節(jié)省下來的成本都被供應(yīng)鏈上的分銷與庫存成本給抵消了。同樣,在引進(jìn)新產(chǎn)品時(shí),如果不進(jìn)行供應(yīng)鏈的規(guī)劃,也會(huì)產(chǎn)生如運(yùn)輸時(shí)間過長,庫存成本高等原因而無法獲得成功

7、。三、供應(yīng)鏈管理環(huán)境下的庫存控制策略 針對(duì)以上問題,結(jié)合國內(nèi)外企業(yè)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)及理論研究成果,主要推出以下策略:供應(yīng)商管理庫存策略 即vmi(vendor managed inventory)庫存管理模式。供應(yīng)商管理庫存策略是指一種在用戶和供應(yīng)商之間的合作性策略,其基本設(shè)想是力圖通過集成供應(yīng)鏈上各節(jié)點(diǎn)企業(yè)的庫存控制職能,從而達(dá)到降低整體庫存費(fèi)用的目的。 vmi的主要思想是供應(yīng)商在用戶的允許下設(shè)立庫存,確定庫存水平,補(bǔ)給策略和擁有庫存控制權(quán)。在這種庫存控制策略下,允許上游組織對(duì)下游組織的庫存策略,訂貨策略進(jìn)行計(jì)劃和管理。vmi已廣泛應(yīng)用于供應(yīng)鏈管理環(huán)境下的庫存控制中。2.聯(lián)合庫存管理策略 實(shí)踐中,v

8、mi管理模式給供應(yīng)商帶來了巨大壓力。在vmi基礎(chǔ)上又發(fā)展起來了一種新的庫存管理策略,即聯(lián)合庫存管理模式j(luò)mi(joint managed inventory)。 jmi是一種上游企業(yè)和下游企業(yè)權(quán)利責(zé)任平衡和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)的庫存管理模式。jmi體現(xiàn)了戰(zhàn)略供應(yīng)商聯(lián)盟的新型企業(yè)合作關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)了供應(yīng)鏈企業(yè)之間雙方的互利合作關(guān)系。 聯(lián)合庫存管理是解決供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)中由于各節(jié)點(diǎn)企業(yè)的相互獨(dú)立庫存運(yùn)作模式導(dǎo)致的需求放大現(xiàn)象,提高供應(yīng)鏈的同步化程度的一種有效方法。聯(lián)合庫存管理強(qiáng)調(diào)供應(yīng)鏈中各個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)同時(shí)參與,共同制定庫存計(jì)劃,使供應(yīng)鏈過程中的每個(gè)庫存管理者都從相互之間的協(xié)調(diào)性考慮,保持供應(yīng)鏈各個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)之間的庫存管理者對(duì)需求的

9、預(yù)期保持一致,從而消除了需求變異放大現(xiàn)象。任何相鄰節(jié)點(diǎn)需求的確定都是供需雙方協(xié)調(diào)的結(jié)果,庫存管理不再是各自為政的獨(dú)立運(yùn)作過程,而是供需連接的紐帶和協(xié)調(diào)中心。3.協(xié)同式供應(yīng)鏈庫存管理策略 協(xié)同式供應(yīng)鏈庫存管理策略(collaborative planning forecasting & replenishment),簡稱cpfr,它是建立在vmi和jmi的最佳分級(jí)實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)上,同時(shí)拋棄了二者缺乏供應(yīng)鏈集成等主要缺點(diǎn),能同時(shí)降低分銷商的存貨量,增加供應(yīng)商的銷售量。它應(yīng)用一系列處理過程和技術(shù)模型,覆蓋整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈合作過程,通過共同管理業(yè)務(wù)過程和共享信息來改善分銷商和供應(yīng)商的伙伴關(guān)系,提高預(yù)測的準(zhǔn)

10、確度,最終達(dá)到提高供應(yīng)鏈效率,降低庫存和提高客戶滿意度的目的。4.多級(jí)庫存優(yōu)化與控制策略 基于協(xié)調(diào)中心的聯(lián)合庫存管理是一種聯(lián)邦式供應(yīng)鏈庫存管理策略,是對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈的局部優(yōu)化控制,而要進(jìn)行供應(yīng)鏈的全局性優(yōu)化與控制,則必須采用多級(jí)庫存優(yōu)化與控制策略。多級(jí)庫存優(yōu)化與控制是在單級(jí)庫存控制的基礎(chǔ)上形成的。多級(jí)庫存控制的方法有兩種:一種是非中心化(分布式)策略,另一種是中心化(集中式)策略。1非中心化的庫存控制策略。非中心化庫存控制是把供應(yīng)鏈的庫存控制分為三個(gè)成本歸結(jié)中心,即制造成本中心,分銷成本中心,零售商的成本中心,各中心根據(jù)自己的庫存成本做出優(yōu)化的控制策略。非中心化的庫存控制要取得整體的供應(yīng)鏈優(yōu)化效果,

11、需要增加供應(yīng)鏈的信息共享程度,使供應(yīng)鏈的各個(gè)部門都共享統(tǒng)一的市場信息。非中心化多級(jí)庫存控制策略能夠使企業(yè)根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況獨(dú)立做出快速?zèng)Q策,有利于發(fā)揮企業(yè)自己的獨(dú)立自主性和靈活機(jī)動(dòng)性。非中心化的多級(jí)庫存優(yōu)化策略管理上比較簡單,但是并不能保證產(chǎn)生整體的供應(yīng)鏈優(yōu)化。它需要企業(yè)之間的協(xié)調(diào)性比較好,如果協(xié)調(diào)性差,信息共享度低,有可能導(dǎo)致各自為政的局面。2中心化庫存控制。中心化控制是將控制中心放在核心企業(yè)上,由核心企業(yè)對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)的庫存進(jìn)行控制,協(xié)調(diào)上游與下游企業(yè)的庫存活動(dòng)。這樣核心企業(yè)也就成了供應(yīng)鏈上的數(shù)據(jù)中心(數(shù)據(jù)倉庫),擔(dān)負(fù)著數(shù)據(jù)的集成、協(xié)調(diào)功能。中心化庫存優(yōu)化控制的目標(biāo)是使供應(yīng)鏈上總的庫存成本最

12、低。用中心化策略,所有庫存點(diǎn)的控制參數(shù)是同時(shí)決定的,考慮了各個(gè)庫存點(diǎn)的相互關(guān)系,通過協(xié)調(diào)的辦法獲得庫存的優(yōu)化。但是中心化策略在管理上協(xié)調(diào)的難度較大,特別是供應(yīng)鏈的層次比較多,即供應(yīng)鏈的長度增加時(shí),更增加了協(xié)調(diào)控制的難度。 綜上所述,企業(yè)要想在競爭中取勝,必須迅速從傳統(tǒng)的管理模式向供應(yīng)鏈管理模式轉(zhuǎn)變,逐漸打破庫存控制中各自為政的局面,樹立全局觀念。根據(jù)企業(yè)所在供應(yīng)鏈面臨的庫存控制實(shí)際問題,找到適合自身及供應(yīng)鏈發(fā)展的管理策略,多種方法相結(jié)合,有的放矢,才能有效改善整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈的運(yùn)作效率,提高其系統(tǒng)性和集成性,從而使各個(gè)企業(yè)在供應(yīng)鏈中達(dá)到共贏目標(biāo)。 附錄二 外文資料原文 supply chain ma

13、nagement of inventory controlsupply chain is around the core enterprise, through to the information flow, logistics, cash flow control, purchasing raw materials from the beginning, intermediate products and the final product is made, and finally by the sales network products to the hands of consumer

14、s will suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and retailers, until the end user of a whole repeatedly function nets chain structure model. it is a broader enterprise structure mode, it contains all join node enterprise. this chain of nodes on the enterprise must synchronization, coordinated operatio

15、n, could keep the chain of all enterprises can benefit. this is the key of the supply chain management theory. inventory control effect the success or failure of the supply chain management is one of the important factors. it relates directly to the discretion of the supply chain cost and service qu

16、ality. in under the environment of supply chain management, inventory control is no longer just a single enterprise how to reduce inventory level problem, need more enterprise have global concept, and to promote the supply chain performance to achieve optimal. only know under the environment of supp

17、ly chain management inventory control characteristics and problems of can pertinently put forward the solution to the problem of strategies and methods.a, supply chain under the environment of the characteristics of the inventory control under the environment of supply chain inventory control is not

18、 a simple demand forecasting and supplies, but through the inventory control for customer service and profit optimization. under the environment of supply chain inventory control mode is the highest realm of the supply chain seamless connection, eliminate supply chain between enterprise's high i

19、nventory phenomenon. supply chain management mode gives inventory control the following four new features:the supply chain management can be exposed in the process of enterprise inventory control potential problems and crises, strengthen the inventory control degree 2.supply chain management can eff

20、ectively reduce the social inventory levels, reduce inventory control costs the formation of the supply chain, the requirements of various aspects of the supply chain to make optimization, establish good cooperation relationship that promote rapid product circulation, reduce social inventories, avoi

21、d inventory waste and capital to take up 3.supply chain management benefit to the enterprise from the "physical inventory control" to "inventory control" change, realize the goal of informatization inventory control 4.supply chain management ensures that the enterprise inventory

22、control of flexible and rapid response capability under the environment of supply chain management, enterprise inventory are optimized, the whole supply chain the extra, dazed inventory have hit bottom, with the change of market demand, the enterprise can make a quick reaction, adjustment of product

23、 or to change strategy, effectively evade the operating risk of an enterprisesecond, under the environment of supply chain management inventory control problems although from the macro theory, under the environment of supply chain management inventory control compared to the traditional management o

24、f inventory control have many advantages, but the whole supply chain after all is by many single enterprise form, in practice, since each enterprise on supply chain management understanding different, to own enterprise profit level concerns exist, and even some enterprise goal of independence and su

25、pply chain the overall target of abhorrent wait for a variety of causes, in actual use under the environment of supply chain management inventory control theory and method, unavoidable also can reveal many practical problems. at present in practice, there are several main aspects of the problem:1. &

26、quot;chain" on each enterprise still lack of supply chain management of overall concept though we know of the whole supply chain performance on all nodes on the performance of the supply chain, but objectively, each department and are independent units, all have their own independent mission an

27、d business objectives. some goals and supply chain of the overall aim is irrelevant, the more likely is the conflict. the behavior of its own free will inevitably leads to low efficiency of the whole supply chain.not accurate delivery state data when the customer orders, they want to make sure when

28、can you deliver. waiting for the delivery process, also may order to delivery status is changed, especially when delivery is delayed after. many firms have not timely and accurate delivery of order of the delay modify data provided to the user, the result is the user of discontent and the loss of go

29、od wishes. state data delivery in time, not accurate not is the main reason of the information system. this kind of data transmission is not seasonable, inaccurate, will lead to the decline of customer satisfaction, also can cause some link in the supply chain of the enterprise to reduce this situat

30、ion because too many complaints, and had to increase inventoriesthe low efficiency of information system in the supply chain, each node of the supply chain between enterprises demand forecast, stock situation, production plan is the supply chain management all the important data, these data distribu

31、tion in different between the organization of supply chain, to do efficiently and rapidly respond to user demand, at present a lot of enterprise information system have not well integrated, when supplier need to understand the needs of the users information, often get the information and no delay ac

32、curate information. delay due to cause errors and influence the accuracy of the stock, short-term production the implementation of the plan will also face difficultieslack of cooperation and coordinationin the supply chain management of inventory control, the organization obstacle is the increase of

33、 the inventory is an important factor. supply chain is a whole, need to coordinate all activities, to achieve the best effect of operation the process of product design without considering the influence of the supply chain inventorymodern product design and advanced manufacturing technology emerge i

34、n endlessly, make the product production efficiency greatly improved, and with high cost benefit, but the complexity of the supply chain inventory is often ignored. results all saving cost is the distribution and supply chain to offset the cost of inventory. similarly, in introducing new products, i

35、f not to supply chain planning, also can produce such as transportation time is too long, inventory cost is high and cannot succeed reasons three, under the environment of supply chain management inventory control strategy according to the problems,combining domestic and foreign enterprise practice

36、experience and theory research, mainly launch the following strategy: 1 supplier management inventory strategy that is vmi vendor managed inventory inventory management mode. vendor management inventory strategy is to point to a way between suppliers and users of cooperative strategy, the basic idea

37、 is to through the integrated supply chain on the nodal enterprises of the inventory control functions, so as to achieve the purpose of lower overall inventory costsvmi is the main ideas of the supplier in the user's permission set up under the inventory, confirm the inventory level, supply stra

38、tegy and have stock control. in this inventory control strategy, allow the organization to upstream of the downstream tissues inventory strategy, ordering strategy planning and management. vmi has been widely used in under the environment of supply chain management in the inventory controljoint inve

39、ntory management strategyin practice, vmi management mode to suppliers to bring a lot of pressure. vmi in again on the foundation developed a new inventory management strategy, is the inventory management mode jmi joint managed inventory jmi is a kind of upstream and downstream enterprise right ente

40、rprise responsibility balance and share the risk of inventory management mode. jmi embodies the strategic supplier alliance's new enterprise cooperation relations, the emphasis on the supply chain enterprise mutually beneficial cooperation between both sides joint inventory management is to solv

41、e the supply chain system because each node in the enterprise independent inventory operation mode in demand amplification phenomenon, improve the supply chain of the synchronization degree of a kind of effective method. joint inventory management emphasis on each node in the supply chain and partic

42、ipate in, make joint stock plan, make each of the supply chain process inventory managers have come from mutual coordination consideration, keep supply chain between each node of the inventory managers of demand expectations remain consistent, thus eliminating the demand variation amplification phen

43、omenon. any adjacent node determine the demand is both the supply and the demand coordination of result, inventory management is no longer the fragmented independent operation process, but the supply and demand of the connection link and the coordination centerxietongshi supply chain inventory manag

44、ement strategy xietongshi supply chain inventory management strategy collaborative planning forecasting and replenishment, hereinafter referred to as the cpfr, it is based on the best classification jmi and vmi based on practice, and abandon the lack of supply chain integration between main faults,

45、can also reduce the amount of stock of distributors, increase sales of suppliers. it used a series of treatment process and technology model, covering the whole supply chain cooperation process, through the joint management business process and share information to improve the distributors and suppl

46、iers of partnership, increase the prediction accuracy, eventually to improve the supply chain efficiency, reduce inventory and the purpose of improving customer satisfaction multilevel inventory optimization and control strategy based on coordination center of inventory management is a joint lianban

47、gshi supply chain inventory management strategy, is to supply chain of local optimization control, but must carry on the supply chain global optimization and control, it must use multilevel inventory optimization and control strategy. multi-stage inventory optimization and control is in the single s

48、tage formed on the basis of the inventory control. multi-stage inventory control method has two kinds: one kind is suppressive distributed strategy, and the other is the suppressive centralized strategy(1)the suppressive inventory control strategy. the suppressive inventory control is the supply cha

49、in inventory control can be divided into three cost down center, namely the manufacturing cost center, distribution cost center, retailers, and cost center, each center according to their own inventory cost optimization control strategy is made. the suppressive inventory control to get the whole sup

50、ply chain optimization effect, need to increase supply chain information sharing degree that the supply chain in every sector of the uniform market will share information. the multi-level inventory control strategy suppressive can make the enterprise according to the actual conditions of the indepen

51、dent decision making fast, to play enterprise their own initiative and flexible mobility. the multi-level inventory of suppressive optimization strategy management is simple, but does not guarantee the produce of the whole supply chain optimization. it requires the coordination between enterprises i