節(jié)能建筑論文建筑節(jié)能減排論文

1、論述建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)的問題和措施文章主要就我市建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)存在的問題進(jìn)行探討和交流，分析了我市的節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)中主要存在的問題，并結(jié)合多年設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)提出了幾點(diǎn)節(jié)能措施。關(guān)鍵詞 建筑設(shè)計(jì)；節(jié)能；措施 在發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的道路上，建筑的節(jié)能和低碳注定成為繞不開的話題。低碳建筑已逐漸成為國際建筑界的主流趨勢。在我國二氧化碳排放中有40% 來自于建筑，建筑業(yè)還是占地大戶，僅以住宅面積為例，我國城鎮(zhèn)和村鎮(zhèn)住房面積2008年底達(dá)到530多億平方米，我國要實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)能低碳的目標(biāo)，如果建筑業(yè)不作為，至少是半句空話。在我國能耗結(jié)構(gòu)中，建筑能耗占社會(huì)總能耗近三之一，據(jù)調(diào)查，我國樓宇年電力消耗總量占全國總消耗量的10%，能源費(fèi)用超

2、過800億元，單位建筑面積能耗比世界頭號(hào)耗能大國美國2004年平均水平多出30%以上。樓宇建筑是能源消耗的主要領(lǐng)域。目前我國建筑業(yè)物質(zhì)消耗占全部物質(zhì)消耗總量的15%左右，建筑能耗約占全社會(huì)能耗的30%。同時(shí)，我國建筑耗能的效率僅為發(fā)達(dá)國家的30%左右，建筑節(jié)能的空間很大。 1 建筑設(shè)計(jì)中的問題 1）部分建筑節(jié)能不合理。對(duì)于我市的住宅小區(qū)，由于空調(diào)的啟停與人的活動(dòng)密切相關(guān)，這點(diǎn)與北方有很大的差別，所以空調(diào)設(shè)備不是住宅節(jié)能的主要問題。住宅小區(qū)最突出的問題是在規(guī)劃階段和初步設(shè)計(jì)階段很少根據(jù)夏季主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向進(jìn)行小區(qū)的自然通風(fēng)模擬，并根據(jù)結(jié)果進(jìn)行小區(qū)的合理規(guī)劃。由于布局不當(dāng)而造成的部分建筑自然通風(fēng)不良的并不

3、少見。建筑單體的自然通風(fēng)也未受到普遍的重視。許多建筑設(shè)計(jì)大面積的窗戶，而開啟部分的面積卻很小。由于缺乏自然通風(fēng)，空氣流通不暢，很多時(shí)間需要開空調(diào)，室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量差，不僅增大能耗，而且對(duì)健康不利。自然通風(fēng)優(yōu)良的住宅，開空調(diào)的時(shí)間可以大大減少，空調(diào)的能耗也會(huì)大大降低。由于可以少關(guān)閉窗戶，居室內(nèi)的空氣質(zhì)量自然也就好了。所以，小區(qū)的規(guī)劃和建筑自然通風(fēng)的設(shè)計(jì)，是與室內(nèi)熱環(huán)境和人們的健康有密切的關(guān)系，也是建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)的重要環(huán)節(jié)，而這一環(huán)節(jié)在我市的許多小區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)中或單體設(shè)計(jì)中被嚴(yán)重疏忽的地方。同時(shí)，許多建筑在建筑設(shè)計(jì)階段，建筑師對(duì)其進(jìn)行過必要的節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)，對(duì)建筑的布局、朝向、體形、間距、組團(tuán)布置及墻身、屋頂、地面

4、、門窗等圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)造、選材、熱工指標(biāo)曾按照國家規(guī)范的要求進(jìn)行了考慮。然而，在進(jìn)行建筑采暖設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)人員不按照建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算所得的耗熱（冷）量指標(biāo)確定采暖（空調(diào)）設(shè)備的數(shù)量，甚至根本不考慮房屋建筑已經(jīng)采取的節(jié)能措施，仍然一如既往地按非節(jié)能建筑進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，或者是有考慮，但不是按設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算結(jié)果執(zhí)行，而是加以過大的保險(xiǎn)系數(shù)。結(jié)果這樣所謂的節(jié)能建筑投入使用后，與普通建筑相比在能耗上并不節(jié)省，或者略有節(jié)省但效果不夠明顯，即人們常說節(jié)能建筑不節(jié)能。 2）建筑外遮陽不合理。隨著節(jié)能技術(shù)的推廣，建筑行業(yè)對(duì)建筑外遮陽也越來越重視。建筑外遮陽能有效地阻隔部分太陽光直接照射到建筑物的外圍結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是防止太陽輻射穿過

5、窗戶直接進(jìn)入室內(nèi)，從而有效降低室內(nèi)溫度，達(dá)到節(jié)能的最終目標(biāo)。在實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)中，設(shè)計(jì)師經(jīng)常會(huì)為了達(dá)到造型效果而刻意增加立面上的裝飾構(gòu)板，這些構(gòu)件由于并非從遮陽方面考慮，所以形式作用大于實(shí)際功能。這并不符合設(shè)計(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)原則和節(jié)能原則。 3）太陽能的利用不足。我市具有豐富的光、熱資源。但在我市的建筑設(shè)計(jì)中，充分利用太陽能這一大自然免費(fèi)提供的光熱資源的設(shè)計(jì)理念尚未完全進(jìn)入設(shè)計(jì)人員的頭腦中，即便有一些設(shè)計(jì)中考慮了太陽能，也是極為簡單和初級(jí)的。同時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)人員對(duì)新型的太陽能設(shè)施、設(shè)備的性能指標(biāo)及各類參數(shù)不了解、不熟悉，自然在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)也就不會(huì)采用此類節(jié)能設(shè)備。 2 建筑節(jié)能措施 2.1 設(shè)計(jì)者必須優(yōu)化建筑位置及朝向設(shè)

6、計(jì) 在方案設(shè)計(jì)中，建筑師需要對(duì)建筑的方位、體型、朝向進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，為充分利用自然風(fēng)、陽光等自然資源創(chuàng)造條件。同時(shí)，從方案設(shè)計(jì)開始到初步設(shè)計(jì)，工程師需要根據(jù)不斷調(diào)整的設(shè)計(jì)方案模擬量化建筑的能耗情況，計(jì)算空調(diào)和各類設(shè)備的裝機(jī)功率，比對(duì)各種影響因素，嚴(yán)格按設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算結(jié)果執(zhí)行，最后提供最佳的節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)方案。 2.2 建筑立面設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)與建筑外遮陽設(shè)計(jì)相結(jié)合 1）要明確各種外遮陽的適用性。建筑外遮陽的設(shè)置與太陽的位置、建筑物的朝向都有著密切的關(guān)系。在窗戶遮陽方面，實(shí)踐證明:水平遮陽能遮擋高度角較大、從上方入射的太陽光，適用于南向的窗戶；垂直遮陽能遮擋高度角較小、從側(cè)面斜入射的太陽光，適用于東北向、西北向和正北向的窗

7、戶；綜合遮陽則綜合了水平與垂直遮陽的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，適用于東南向、西南向和正南向的窗戶。此外，擋板式遮陽、簾式遮陽、百葉遮陽等方式對(duì)于窗戶遮陽都有非常好的效果，但對(duì)建筑采光則有一定的影響。而對(duì)于建筑墻體和屋面的遮陽，目前較為有效的方法是通過柵格遮陽和綠化遮陽。隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的不斷提高，建筑遮陽技術(shù)已越來越趨向智能化、自動(dòng)化、高效化。 2）要從構(gòu)件的設(shè)計(jì)上合理處理好遮陽與隔熱的問題。傳統(tǒng)的實(shí)體構(gòu)件 水平、垂直和綜合遮陽與墻體相連，其吸收的熱量會(huì)直接傳遞給外墻，而且容易構(gòu)成半開放式空間，遮陽構(gòu)件受太陽輻射后溫度上升，其一部分熱量通過表面?zhèn)鳠嵊煽諝鈳ё卟⑾蛏蟼鬟f，但由于其它遮陽構(gòu)件的阻擋，反而容易產(chǎn)生積聚現(xiàn)

8、象，在風(fēng)的作用下通過窗戶導(dǎo)入建筑室內(nèi)，從而不利于隔熱。解決的方法是在水平遮陽構(gòu)件的選擇上采用通透性的構(gòu)件，如金屬百葉、混凝土柵格板等，使上升的熱空氣能有效地散失，減少對(duì)室內(nèi)的影響。目前較為先進(jìn)的雙層玻璃幕墻系統(tǒng)中，為了利于熱空氣的上升，其兩層玻璃幕墻間的空氣夾層往往是一個(gè)可連續(xù)的整體，即垂直方向上的間隔均為通透的金屬構(gòu)件，確保熱空氣能上升并帶走熱量。因此，在遮陽構(gòu)件的選擇上要細(xì)致研究，不斷更新設(shè)計(jì)。 3）要合理設(shè)置遮陽板，避免影響室內(nèi)空氣的流動(dòng)速度。因?yàn)檎陉柊宓拇嬖跁?huì)對(duì)建筑物周圍的風(fēng)壓產(chǎn)生影響，當(dāng)其角度與風(fēng)向不一致時(shí)，風(fēng)速將會(huì)大大降低。實(shí)踐證明，由于設(shè)置了遮陽板，室內(nèi)風(fēng)速會(huì)減弱22%47%。而

9、且，遮陽的設(shè)置方式也會(huì)對(duì)氣流產(chǎn)生不同的影響。如實(shí)體水平遮陽板直接連接在窗頂，氣流進(jìn)入室內(nèi)后會(huì)上升，不利于房間中下部的通風(fēng)。若在實(shí)體板與墻體間增加空隙，或在遮陽板上部的墻體流出通風(fēng)口，又或?qū)⒄陉柊逶O(shè)在高于窗頂一段距離的位置，都能使得氣流的方向得到有效的調(diào)節(jié)，使房間中部和下部均得到良好的通風(fēng)，提高室內(nèi)環(huán)境的舒適性。而對(duì)于垂直遮陽來說，由于風(fēng)向是經(jīng)常變化的，所以固定的垂直遮陽板應(yīng)順應(yīng)所在地夏季的主導(dǎo)風(fēng)來設(shè)置相應(yīng)的角度，而更好的方法是采用可調(diào)節(jié)的垂直遮陽板，使建筑最大限度地適應(yīng)氣候的變化。 2.3 要加強(qiáng)設(shè)計(jì)人員的專項(xiàng)學(xué)習(xí) 相關(guān)管理部門及設(shè)計(jì)審查部門應(yīng)加大對(duì)太陽能節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)的審查，凡屬可利用太陽能設(shè)施節(jié)

10、能的，均應(yīng)建議采用，通過行政手段強(qiáng)制推行太陽能 這一我市得天獨(dú)厚的資源 節(jié)能措施。 3 結(jié)束語 建筑節(jié)能是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)工程，涉及方方面面的問題。上文所提及的三方面問題只是其中的一部分，在我市的節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)中，它們往往不被重視甚至被忽視，這會(huì)造成許多的設(shè)計(jì)漏洞，使建筑物能耗增加。本文專門把它們選出來進(jìn)行探討，正是為了集思廣益，共同探討建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)的新方法，在今后的設(shè)計(jì)中多研究、多嘗試、多積累、多總結(jié)，在有限的條件下將建筑功能與藝術(shù)和技術(shù)更好地結(jié)合，使建筑設(shè)計(jì)的各個(gè)方面都能體現(xiàn)節(jié)能的原則，努力創(chuàng)造低成本、高效率的節(jié)能建筑。 The problems and measures of building

11、energy saving designThe article with respect to the our city building energy conservation design problems to explore and exchange, analyzes the city 's energy-saving design main problems, combined with years of design experience puts forward some energy saving measures. In theKey words: architec

12、tural design; energy saving measures;In the development of low carbon economy, energy saving and low carbon destined to be not open around the topic. Low carbon building has gradually become the mainstream trend of international construction industry. In China's carbon dioxide emissions in 40% f

13、rom a building, construction industry or area of large family, only to residential area as an example, China's urban and rural housing area reached about 53000000000 square meters by the end of 2008, our country should realize energy saving and low carbon target, if the industry is not as, at le

14、ast half empty. In China's energy consumption structure, building energy consumption accounted for nearly three of social total energy consumption, according to the survey, China's building power consumption accounted for 10% of the total consumption, energy costs over $80000000000, energy c

15、onsumption of unit building area than the world's largest energy-consuming country the United States in 2004 30% more than the average level. The building energy consumption is the main field. At present our country construction material consumption accounted for about 15% of the total material

16、consumption, building energy consumption accounts for about 30% of the whole society energy consumption. At the same time, China's building energy efficiency is only 30% in developed countries, building energy saving of large space.1 problems in the design of1) part of building energy saving is

17、not reasonable. For the city of residential air conditioning, because the start-stop is closely related to human activities, this and the north are very different, so air conditioning equipment is not the main problem of residential energy saving. Residential quarters of the most outstanding issue i

18、s in the stage of planning and preliminary design phase, according to the prevailing wind direction in summer are rarely residential natural ventilation simulation, and according to the results of the plot plan. Because of the layout of improper part of the building natural ventilation are not uncom

19、mon. Single building natural ventilation is not widespread attention. Many architectural windows, and the opening part of the area is very small. Due to the lack of natural ventilation, air current not free, a lot of time need air conditioning, indoor air quality is poor, not only increases the ener

20、gy consumption, and bad for the health. Natural ventilation admirable residence, open air conditioning time can be reduced greatly, the energy consumption of air conditioning will be greatly reduced. Due to less closed windows, indoor air quality is good. Therefore, the area of planning and building

21、 natural ventilation design, and indoor thermal environment and people's health is closely related to, but also the important link of building energy-saving design, but this link in the city's many small design or monomer design are serious negligence place. At the same time, many of the bui

22、ldings in the design stage, the architect on the necessary of building energy-saving design, layout, orientation, shape, spacing, travel arrangement and wall, roof, floor, doors and windows and other enclosure structure, material selection, thermal indicators have according to national standard requ

23、irements were considered. However, in building heating design, design personnel in accordance with the building energy saving design calculated heat ( cold ) index to determine heating (air conditioning) the amount of equipment, and did not even consider building has the energy saving measures of as

24、 in the past, still according to non energy saving building design, or are considered, but not according to the design calculation results of execution, but to be excessive insurance coefficient. The results of such so-called energy-saving building is put into use, different from ordinary building o

25、n energy consumption does not save or save slightly, but the effect is not quite apparent, that is often said that energy saving building energy saving.2) the sun outside the building is not reasonable. With the promotion of energy-saving technology, the construction industry on the sun outside the

26、building are more and more attention. Building exterior shading can effectively prevent part of solar light irradiation to the periphery of building structure, especially to prevent solar radiation through the window directly into the chamber, thereby effectively reducing the indoor temperature, to

27、achieve the end goal of saving. In the actual design, designers often in order to achieve the shape effect and deliberately increase on the facade decoration board structure, these components as not from the sun into consideration, so the form effect is greater than the actual function. This is not

28、consistent with the design of the economy principle and the energy saving principle.3) the use of solar energy shortage. Our city has abundant light, heat resource. But in our architectural design, make full use of solar energy in the nature of light and heat resources are provided free of charge de

29、sign concept has not yet been fully into the minds of the designers, even if there are some design considerations of solar energy, is also extremely simple and primary. At the same time, the design of novel solar energy facilities, equipment performance and various parameters do not understand, not

30、familiar with the nature in the design, it would not have used such energy-saving equipment.2 architectural energy saving measures2.1 designer must optimize the position and orientation of architectural designIn the project design, architects need to building orientation, shape, direction optimizati

31、on, in order to make full use of natural wind, sun and other natural resources to create the conditions. At the same time, from programme design to the preliminary design, engineers need to constantly adjust the design simulation of building energy consumption calculation of quantification, air-cond

32、itioning and equipment installed power, ratio of various influencing factors, in strict accordance with the results of the design calculations, finally provides the best energy saving design.The 2.2 elevation of the building design should be combined with the design and building external solar shadi

33、ng1) to clear all kinds of external sun-shading applicability. Building exterior shading settings and the position of the sun, building orientation are closely related. The window shade, practice has proved that: the horizontal sunshade capable of shielding angle is larger, from the top of incident

34、sunlight, applicable to the south window; vertical shading can keep the height angle is small, from the side of the oblique incidence light from the sun, applicable to the northeast, northwest and north to the window; overall shading of the level and vertical shading advantages, applicable to the so

35、utheast, southwest and south to windows. In addition, the baffle type sunshade, curtain type sunshade, sunshade for window sunshade, has very good results, but the building will have a certain effect. As for building wall and roof sunshade, more effective method is through the grid and green visor v

36、isor. With the continuous improvement of social economy, building shading technology has more and more intelligent, automation, high efficiency.2) from the component design and reasonable deal with sunshade and heat insulation problems. The traditional entity component level, vertical and sunshade a

37、nd wall are connected, the absorbed heat will be passed directly to the exterior, but also constitute a half open space, sunshade component by solar radiation temperature rise, a part of the heat through the heat transfer from air to pass away, but due to other sunshade component of the block, but p

38、rone to accumulation phenomenon, under the action of wind through the window into the interior, which is not conducive to heat. The solution is in the horizontal sunshade component is chosen as the permeability of the components, such as metal louvers, concrete grid plate, so that the rising hot air

39、 can be effectively dissipated, reducing on indoor effect. The advanced double glass curtain wall system, in order to hot air rises, the two layers of glass curtain wall and the air between the interlayer is often a continuous whole, i.e. vertical intervals are permeable metal components, to ensure

40、that the hot air can rise up and take the heat. Therefore, the sunshade component selection to meticulous research, constantly updated design.3) should be arranged reasonably visor, avoid the influence of indoor air flow. Because of the existence of the visor of buildings around the pressure impact,

41、 when the angle and direction of inconsistencies, wind speed will be reduced greatly. Practice has proved that, due to the setting of the sun visor, indoor weaken 22% 47%. Moreover, shade settings will have different effects on the flow. If the entity level visor is connected directly to the window

42、top, air into the room after the rise, is not conducive to the room in the lower part of the ventilation. If the solid plate and wall between the increased gap, or in the upper part of the wall out of the visor vent, or the sun visor in each position some distance above the window, can make the airf

43、low direction can be effectively regulated, so that the room is middle and lower parts are good ventilation, improving the comfort of the indoor environment. But for the vertical shading, as the wind direction changes frequently, so the fixed vertical visor should comply with local summer prevailing wind