AmericanSocialMovementsinthe1960s美國社會(huì)問題

1、american social movements of the 1960s and its social problemssocial movementn a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempts to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life. all social movements have two basic characteristics:

2、“ structure and spontaneity.”the civil right movementnthe american civil rights movement (19551968) refers to the reform movements in the united states aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against african americans and restoring suffrage in southern states. the jim crow laws n jim crow was a ch

3、aracter in an old song who was revived by a white comedian called daddy rice. rice used the character to make fun of black people and the way that they spoke. the term jim crow came to be used as an insult against black people. n in a bid to stop black americans from being equal, the southern states

4、 passed a series of laws known as jim crow laws which discriminated against blacks and made sure that they were segregated (treated unequally) from whites. because of jim crow laws- blacks were excluded form all newspapers and from trading. negroes gradually lost jobs in government, which they gaine

5、d after the civil war. nwhites owned the land, the police, the government, the courtrooms, the law, the armed forces, and the press. the political system denied blacks the right to vote. nmurders were conducted in secret and in public by white men. the blacks were harassed and abused, physically and

6、 verbally. these violent acts became a part of their life. nsigns were put up to separate facilities saying whites only and colored or negroes appearing on parks, toilets, waiting rooms, theatres, and water fountains.ku klux klann ku klux klan (kkk) is the name of several past and present secret dom

7、estic militant organizations in the united states, originating in the southern states, that are best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks and white robes. the kkk has a record of terrorism, violence, and lynching to intimidate, murder,

8、 and oppress african americans, jews and other minorities and to intimidate and oppose roman catholics and labor unions. greensboro lunch counter sit-in nin 1960 4 freshmen from north carolina agricultural and technical college in greensboro strolled into the f. w. woolworth store and quietly sat do

9、wn at the lunch counter. they were not served, but they stayed until closing time. the next morning they came with twenty-five more students. ronald martin, robert patterson, and mark martin stage sit-down strike after being refused service at an f.w. woolworth luncheon counter, greensboro, n.c. 196

10、0.ntwo weeks later similar demonstrations had spread to several cities, within a year similar peaceful demonstrations took place in over a hundred cities north and south. at shaw university in raleigh, north carolina, the students formed their own organization, the student non-violent coordinating c

11、ommittee (sncc, pronounced snick). nthe students bravery in the face of verbal and physical abuse led to integration in many stores even before the passage of the civil rights act of 1964. rosa louise mccauley parksn(february 4, 1913 october 24, 2005) was an african american civil rights activist wh

12、om the u.s. congress later called the mother of the modern-day civil rights movement.martin luther king, jr.nthe father of the modern civil right movement in the u.s.a. king was born 15 january 1929 and died on 4 april 1968. awarded the nobel peace prize in 1964, he died when he was assassinated in

13、memphis, tennessee. these are some of dr martin luther kings famous speeches which immortalized the civil rights movement of the 1960s and still give inspiration today the montgomery bus boycott nwhen rosa parks refused to give up her seat to a white person in montgomery, alabama, and was arrested i

14、n december 1955, she set off a train of events that generated a momentum the civil rights movement had never before experienced. deciding to boycott the buses, the african american community soon formed a new organization to supervise the boycott, the montgomery improvement association (mia). nthe y

15、oung pastor of the dexter avenue baptist church, reverend martin luther king, jr., was chosen as the first mia leader. the boycott, more successful than anyone hoped, led to a 1956 supreme court decision banning segregated buses. 5,000 at meeting outline boycott; bullet clips bus. montgomery, alabam

16、a, bus boycott.montgomery advertiser, december 6, 1955. the freedom ridesn the freedom riders of the early 1960s, organized by the congress of racial equality (core), rode through the south seeking integration of the bus, rail, and airport terminals. nthe august 28, 1963, march on washington riveted

17、 the nations attention. rather than the anticipated hundred thousand marchers, more than twice that number appeared, astonishing even its organizers. nblacks and whites, side by side, called on president john f. kennedy and the congress to provide equal access to public facilities, quality education

18、, adequate employment, and decent housing for african americans. brown v. board of education of topeka ngeorge e.c. hayes, left, thurgood marshall, center, and james m. nabrit, the lawyers who led the fight before the u.s. supreme court for abolition of segregation in public schools, descend the cou

19、rt steps in washington, d.c., on may 17, 1954. the supreme court ruled that segregation is unconstitutional. nthe 1965 voting rights act created a significant change in the status of african americans throughout the south. prior to this, only an estimated twenty-three percent of voting-age blacks we

20、re registered nationally, but by 1969 the number had jumped to sixty-one percent.n signing the voting rights act, august 6, 1965.u.s. news and world report, august 16, 1965.nthe civil rights act was passed by congress and signed into law by president johnson in the summer of 1964.the youth movementf

21、ree speech movement was a student protest which took place during the 1964-1965 school year on the campus of the university of california, berkeley under the informal leadership of students mario savio, brian turner, steve weissman, art goldberg, jackie goldberg, and others. in protests unprecedente

22、d at the time, students insisted that the university administration lift a ban on on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students right to free speech and academic freedom.counterculturen in the wake of the free speech movement and the new left appeared a phenomenon that historians calle

23、d the “counter culture”. the counterculture rejected capitalism and other american principles. they had morals different from taught by their parents. some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life. namong the most famous were the hippies. they sought new experience through dropping out, drugs. but it w